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Suggested Citation:"References." National Research Council. 1999. Review and Evaluation of Alternative Technologies for Demilitarization of Assembled Chemical Weapons. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9660.
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Suggested Citation:"References." National Research Council. 1999. Review and Evaluation of Alternative Technologies for Demilitarization of Assembled Chemical Weapons. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9660.
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Page 184
Suggested Citation:"References." National Research Council. 1999. Review and Evaluation of Alternative Technologies for Demilitarization of Assembled Chemical Weapons. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9660.
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Page 185
Suggested Citation:"References." National Research Council. 1999. Review and Evaluation of Alternative Technologies for Demilitarization of Assembled Chemical Weapons. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9660.
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Page 186

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References AEA. 1997. Proposal for Assessment of Technologies for As- sembled Chemical Weapon Demilitarization. Submitted in re- sponse to U.S. Army solicitation number DAAM01 -97-R00031, September 1997. Bethel Park, Pa.: AEA Technology. AEA. 1998a. Data Gaps Resolution Report. Submitted under con- tract number DAAM01 -98-R-0006, February 1998. Bethel Park, Pa.: AEA Technology. AEA. 1998b. Information provided by Bob Boylston, AEA, to Randy Seeker, NRC ACW Committee, August, 1998. Alailima, K., J. Capillo, E. Crowe, and M. Tuckey. 1995. Chemical Weapons Disposal: The Citizens' Solution to the Costly Mistake of Incineration. Berea, Ky.: Kentucky Environmental Foundation. Anderson, J.1979. Public Policy Making (2nd ed). New York: Holt, Rinehart, and Winston. ARCTECH and ICE Kaiser. 1998. Data Gap Resolution Technical Report: ACTODEMIL Technology for the Safe, Environmen- tally Friendly, and Cost Effective Demilitarization of Chemical Weapons. Submitted under Contract No. DAAM01-98-R-0001. Delivery Order #001. February 17, 1998. Chantilly, Va.: ARCTECH, Inc. Arthur Anderson.1998. A Schedule Risk Assessment of the Chemi- cal Stockpile Disposal Project. Prepared for the Program Man- ager for Chemical Demilitarization. Aberdeen Proving Ground, Md.: Program Manager for Chemical Demilitarization. ASME (American Society of Mechanical Engineers). 1988. Haz- ardous Waste Incineration: A Resource Document. New York: American Society of Mechanical Engineers. Batz, M.L., P.M. Garland, R.C. Reiter, M.D. Sanborn, and C.D. Stevenson. 1997. Explosion and ion association chemistry of the anion radicals of 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene, 2,6-dinitrotoluene, and trinitrobenzene. Journal of Organic Chemistry 62~7~: 2045- 2049. Bollog, J.M. 1992. Decontaminating soil with enzymes: an in situ method using phenolic and anilinic compounds. Environmental Science and Technology 26: 1876-1881. Bradbury, J., K. Branch, J. Heerwagen, and E. Liebow. 1994. Community Viewpoints of the Chemical Stockpile Disposal Pro- gram. Washington D.C.: Battelle Pacific Northwest Laboratories. Brown, M. 1993. Public Trust and Technology: Chemical Weap- ons Destruction in the United States. Washington D.C.: The Committee for National Security. 183 Bunte, G., H. Krause, and T. Hirth. 1997. Disposal of energetic materials by alkaline pressure hydrolysis and combined tech- niques. Journal of Propellants, Explosives, and Pyrotechnics. 22 (3~: 160-164. Burns and Roe. 1997. Assembled Chemical Weapon Assessment Program. Proposal submitted in response to U.S. Army Solici- tation No. DAAM01-97-R-0031. September 15, 1997. Oradell, N.J.: Burns and Roe Enterprises, Inc. Burns and Roe. 1998a. Data Gap Resolution Report. Submitted under Contract No. DAAM01-98-D-0007, Task 1. February 1998. Oradell, N.J.: Burns and Roe Enterprises, Inc. Burns and Roe.1998b. Final Demonstration Study Plan. Submitted under Contract No. DAAM01-98-D-0007, Task 2. November 1998. Oradell, N.J.: Burns and Roe Enterprises, Inc. Burns and Roe. 1999. Plasma Waste Converter Technology. Brief- ing to the Committee on Review and Evaluation of Alternative Technologies for Demilitarization of Assembled Chemical Weapons, Washington, D.C., March 11, 1999. Caton, J.E., R.T. Williams, and W.H. Griest. 1994. Characteriza- tion of insoluble fractions of TNT transformed by composting. Journal of Environmental Science and Health 29~4~: 659-670. Chemical Weapons Working Group. 1994. The Citizens' Solution for Chemical Weapons Disposal. Richmond, Ky.: Chemical Weapons Working Group. Chrostowski, P. and S. Foster. 1992. Scientific Peer Review of Greenpeace's Position on Hazardous Waste Incineration Im- pacts in Its "Report on the Hazardous Waste Incineration Cri- sis" and "Playing with Fire." Fairfax, Va.: Clement International Corporation. Clark, L.J. 1996. Report on Results of Community Interest Survey on the Destruction of Chemical Weapons at Anniston Army Depot. Jacksonville, Ala.: Center for Economic Development and Business Research, Jacksonville State University. Cobb, M.D., and J.H. Kuklinski. 1997. Changing minds: political arguments and political persuasion. American Journal of Politi- cal Science 41: 88-121. Cosmedes, L., and J. Tooby. 1994. Better than rational: evolution- ary psychology and the invisible hand. American Economic Review 84: 327-332. Costner, P. 1993. Chemical Weapons Demilitarization and Dis- posal: Johnston Atoll Chemical Disposal System, GB and VX Campaigns. Washington, D.C.: Greenpeace.

184 ALTERNATIVE TECHNOLOGIES FOR DEMILITARIZATION OF ASSEMBLED CHEMICAL WEAPONS Costner, P. 1994. The Incineration of HD Agent at JACADS: MPF Trial Burn and LIC Demonstration Burn. Washington, D.C.: Greenpeace. Costner, P., and J. Thornton. 1990. Playing with Fire: Hazardous Waste Incineration. Washington, D.C.: Greenpeace. Creighton, J., and L. Aggens. 1996. Environmental Managers' Handbook on Public Involvement. Fort Belvoir, Va.: U.S. De- partment of Energy, Institute for Water Resources. Cudahy, J. 1992. The Rest of the Story: Literature Research and Technical Review of the Greenpeace Report "Playing with Fire." Knoxville, Tenn.: Focus Environmental, Inc. Defense Environmental Alert. 1994. Environmentalists Attack as "Politicized" Report Pushing Incineration. January 26, 1994. Washington, D.C.: Defense Environmental Alert. De Frank, J.J., I.J. Fry, C.M. Foster, and J.P. Early. 1996. Biodeg- radation of Hydrolyzed Nerve Agent VX in Sequencing Batch Reactors. Pp. 203-209 in Proceedings of the 1996 Edgewood Research Development and Engineering Center Scientific Con- ference on Chemical and Biological Defense Research. Aber- deen, Md.: Edgewood Research Development and Engineering Center. Dellinger, B., W.A. Rubey, D.L. Hall, and J.L. Graham. 1986. Incinerability of hazardous wastes. Hazardous Waste and Hazardous Materials 3~2~: 139-150. Dempsey, C.R., and E.T. Oppelt. 1993. Incineration of hazardous waste: a critical review update. Air and Waste 43: 25-73. Department of the Army.1997. Toxic Chemical Agent Safety Stan- dards. DA Pam 385-61. March 31, 1997. Washington, D.C.: Department of the Army. DOD (U.S. Department of Defense). 1998. Assembled Chemical Weapons Assessment Program Annual Report to Congress. December 1998. Aberdeen Proving Ground, Md.: Program Manager for Assembled Chemical Weapons Assessment. Eissner, C. 1999. Assembled Chemical Weapons Assessment Pro- gram. Presentation to the Committee on Review and Evaluation of Alternative Technologies for Demilitarization of Assembled Chemical Weapons, Washington, D.C., March 11, 1999. EPA. 1998a. Human Health Risk Assessment Protocol for Hazard- ous Waste Combustion Facilities. EPA530-D-98-OOlB. July 1998 Agency (5305W): (http://www.epa.gov/epaoswer/ hazwaste/combust.htm) EPA (Environmental Protection Agency).1998b. Hazardous Waste Combustors; Revised Standards. Final Rule - Part 1: RCRA Comparable Fuel Exclusion. Permit Modifications for Hazard- ous Waste Combustion Units, Notification of Intent to Comply, Waste Minimization and Pollution Prevention Criteria For Com- pliance Extensions. June 19, 1998. Washington, D.C.: Environ- mental Protection Agency. Erickson, L. 1997. The binding of organic contaminants to humic substances. Centerpoint 4~1~: 13-14. Flynn, J., W. Burns, C.K. Mertz, and P. Slovic. 1992. Trust as a determinant of opposition to a high-level radioactive waste repository: analysis of a structural model. Risk Analysis 12: 417-430. Futrell, R., and C.G. Davies. 1996. Chemical Weapons Disposal Issue and Citizens' Participation: A Sociological Viewpoint. Berea, Ky.: Kentucky Environmental Foundation. GA (General Atomics). 1997. Treatability Study: Supercritical Water Oxidation of VX Hydrolysate. Test Report 229003/A. San Diego, Calif.: General Atomics, Inc. (produced under Subcontract PS-02552 from Stone & Webster Corporation, Army Prime Contract No. DAAA- 15 -91 -D-0005). GA (General Atomics). 1998. Assessment of Technologies for As- sembled Chemical Weapon Demilitarization Data Gap Resolu- tion Report. February 17, 1998. San Diego, Calif.: General Atomics, Inc. GAO (General Accounting Of fice). 1991. Chemical Weapons: Stockpile Destruction Cost Growth and Schedule Slippages are Likely to Continue. GAO/NSIAD-92- 18. November 20, 1991. 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Personal communication from Gerry Getman, Teledyne-Commodore, to Joan Berkowitz, Committee on Re- view and Evaluation of Alternative Technologies for Demilita- rization of Assembled Chemical Weapons, December 16, 1998. Glassman, I. 1987. Combustion (2nd ed). New York: Academic Press. Hammerberg, E.1998. Telephone interview with Ed Hammerberg, Indiana Hazardous Waste Management Administration, by Hank Jenkins-Smith, Committee on Review and Evaluation of Alternative Technologies for Demilitarization of Assembled Chemical Weapons, September 17, 1998. Hazelbeck, D.A., K.W. Downy, D.W. Ordway, A.J. Roberts, J.P. Elliot, and M.H. Spritzer. 1998. Design and Operational Data for Large-Scale HTO System. Pp. 763-767 in Proceedings of the 17th Annual IT3 Conference. Irvine, Calif.: University of California, Irvine, Office of Enviromental Health and Safety. Hill, K.Q. 1998. Policy agendas of the president and the mass pub- lic: a research validation and extension. American Journal of Political Science 42: 1328-1334. Hill, K.Q., and A. Hinton-Andersson. 1995. Pathways of represen- tation: a causal analysis of public opinion-policy linkages. American Journal of Political Science 39: 924-35. Hindman, D., I. Kornelly, B. Palzer, and P. Walker. 1999. Memo- randum to Joe Klimek, Startech, Environmental Corp., from the Dialogue Citizens' Advisory Technical Team, January 21,1999. ICF Kaiser.1998. Chemical Demilitarization Program Overarching Issues Assessment: Annual Report for FY 1998. Prepared for the Office of the Deputy Assistant Secretary of the Army for Chemical Demilitarization. Washington, D.C.: ICF Kaiser. Innovative Emergency Management and Rowan and Blewitt, Inc. 1995a. Chemical Demilitarization Public Outreach: Anniston

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This report examines seven disposal technologies being considered by the U.S. government as alternative methods to the process of incineration for destroying mortars, rockets, land mines, and other weapons that contain chemical warfare agents, such as mustard gas. These weapons are considered especially dangerous because they contain both chemical warfare agent and explosive materials in an assembled package that must be disassembled for destruction. The study identifies the strengths and weaknesses and advantages and disadvantages of each technology and assesses their potential for full-scale implementation.

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