|
Items in cart [4] |
Questions? Call 888-624-8373 |
| Copyright © 2009. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved. Terms of Use and Privacy Statement |
Below are the first 10 and last 10 pages of uncorrected machine-read text (when available) of this chapter, followed by the top 30 algorithmically extracted key phrases from the chapter as a whole.
Intended to provide our own search engines and external engines with highly rich, chapter-representative searchable text on the opening pages of each chapter.
Because it is UNCORRECTED material, please consider the following text as a useful but insufficient proxy for the authoritative book pages.
Do not use for reproduction, copying, pasting, or reading; exclusively for search engines.
OCR for page 176
APPENDIX C
ESTIMATED THYROID DOSES FROM "GLOBAL"
WEAPONS TEST FALLOUT IN AREAS DOWNWIND
FROM HANFORD
Report prepared for the NAS/NRC Board on Radiation Effects
Research
Harold L. Beck
Formerly, Director, Environmental Science Division
USDOE Environmental Measurements Laboratory
April I, 1999
176
OCR for page 177
Appendix C
I. INTRODUCTION
177
The CDC-FHCRC study considered only fallout from
weapons tests at the Nevada test site as a potential confounder
using doses estimated from the NC] study~ on doses from I-131
from Nevada weapons tests. However, a concern was expressed by
an NAS/NRC Committee that "global" fallout from weapons tests
conducted outside the U.S. should also have been considered. The
author of this report was asked to examine the literature and any
available data and estimate the doses that may have been received
by the population of counties downwind from Hanford from this
"global" fallout. This report estimates the thyroid doses received
by infants, children, teens, and adult males for each year of
significant testing for three areas (Benson, Franklin and Adams
Counties, WalIa Walla County and Stevens County, WA) and
compares the results with the NCT results for these same counties
for NTS fallout.
Table ~ lists estimated fission yields for each month
during the period 1952-63 when tests in the atmosphere were
conducted at sites in the Northern Hemisphere other than the
Nevada Test Site. The total number of tests was over 500.
Additional tests were conducted by China in the 1970's, however,
the additional yield, and thus additional fallout, was small
compared to the fallout in the years shown and thus was not
considered in this report. The fission yields shown represent the
sum of the estimated yields from all tests conducted during the
indicated month and are presented here only to indicate the months
when significant fallout might have occurred over large areas of
the world. The exact yields of many tests were not announced and
the ratios of fission yield to total yield are classified but are
estimated to be on average 50°/O. Thus the fission yields given in
Table ~ should not be taken as highly accurate but rather as a good
indication of the relative yields as a function of time. It can be
noted, however, that the total of the estimated fission yields from
all atmospheric tests is consistent with measurements of Sr-90
depositions
OCR for page 178
178
Review of the HTDS Draft Final Report
AS can be seen from the Table, the total fission yield
from these tests is over 150 MT compared to a total yield of about
~ MT from the approximately 80 tests carried out at the NTS.
However, most of these tests were carried out at sites far from the
U.S., primarily in the south Pacific at Bikini and Enewetok or in
the Soviet Union. Furthermore, because most of the yield was from
multi-megaton thermonuclear tests, it is estimated that about 80°/0
of the debris were injected into the stratosphere. For the
approximately 20% of the debris injected into the troposphere, a
considerable fraction was probably deposited locally or regionally,
particularly debris from surface shots as opposed to air bursts. The
amount of debris reaching various areas of the U.S. also depends
on the location of the test site. The tests in the Pacific were
conducted at latitudes fairly close to the equator while the tests in
the Soviet Union were at fairly high latitudes. Troposphere fallout
clouds tend to travel around the globe remaining primarily in the
same latitudinal band. Finally, the deposition at any particular site
depends primarily on whether or not rain occurred at the time the
debris was overhead. Thus it is not surprising that, as will be
shown, fission yield is only a very crude indicator of the fallout
deposition in the U.S.
Unfortunately, there is only a limited amount of actual
data on fallout deposition at particular sites in the U.S., particularly
for short-lived nuclides, and virtually none for I-131 deposition.
Fortunately, however, data on actual T-131 concentrations is milk
are available for some of the testing period.
II. AVAILABLE DATA
A number of potential data sources were reviewed
including the Quarterly Fallout Reports of the USAEC Health and
Safety Laboratory, Reports of Hearings conducted by the US
Congress Joint Committee on Atomic Energy. Monthly reports
issued by the Public Health Service, Environmental Monitoring
Reports from the Hanford Site and selected literature sources. Data
that was found that are relevant to this study are discussed below.
OCR for page 179
Appendix C
179
Milk:
T-131 was measured in milk from a number of dairy
farms in the counties adjoining the Hanford site for 1961 and 1962.
These data, taken from the 1961 and 1962 Site Environmental
Monitoring Reports3 and averaged by month, are given in Table 2.
Note that the data indicate significant amounts of I-131 in milk in
the summer of 1961, even though there were no weapons tests
before September 1961! Note also that the levels in milk varied
significantly from dairy to dairy, particularly in late 1962, probably
reflecting differences in the amount of feed received from fresh
pasture. Soldat~ indicated that on average only about 50°/O of the
cows were probably on pasture during October and November. The
Hanford Environmental Monitoring Report for 19584 also contains
some information on I-131 in milk. However, it appears only 4
measurements were made at a single dairy farm, Riverview. The
average of these four measurements was about 150 polio. No
information was given on exactly when the measurements were
made. The Public Health Service (PHS) starting in 1958 also
measured I-131 in milky Only a limited number of sites (about
12) were sampled in 195S, and for many the sampling did not
begin until July or August. The sampling network was expanded to
about 60 sites in 1961 and 1962. Selected PHS data are presented
in Table 3.
Deposition:
Unfortunately, no data on the deposition of I-131 is
available, either for the Hanford area, or for other areas of the U.S.
Soldat~ presents a few values for the I-131 concentration in forage
during 1961 and 1962 from which one can infer the approximate
deposition. However, beginning in 1957, the USAEC's Health and
Safety Laboratory (HASL) began measuring Sr-89 deposition
along with Sr-90 using pots and ion exchange columns.6 Although
Sr-89 has a half-life of about 50 ~ as opposed to the ~ days for T-
13l, it should still be a useful surrogate for estimating the
deposition of other short-lived radionuclides injected into the
OCR for page 180
180
Review of the HTDS Draft Final Report
troposphere. Unfortunately, Sr-89 was not measured near Hanford.
However, as shown in Table 4, the total annual Sr-89 deposition
rate per cm of precipitation appears to be fairly constant over large
regions of the country in any given year. Although, the data in the
table are for the entire year for months when fallout occurred, data
for months of heavy fallout exhibit the same general pattern. (Note
that one cannot compare differences from year to year in Table 4
since the fallout occurred over different intervals). This is not
unexpected since the debris clouds would be expected to have
dispersed considerably by the time they reached the U.S. and it is
well known that the primary mechanism for fallout far Tom the
immediate test sites is from precipitation scavenging. Thus it
should be possible to infer the deposition of Sr-89 near Hanford
from these data and the monthly precipitation values from the
counties near Hanford.
A limited amount of data on Ba-140 (Half-life = 12 d)
was available for three sites; Pittsburgh, Westwood, NI, and
Richfield, CA.7 These data were used to corroborate the estimated
relationship between Sr-89 and [-131 deposition.
Finally, for years prior to 1957, the only deposition data
available was from measurements from the HASE Gummed-Film
Network. Unfortunately, the gummed-film data for 1954, 1956 and
1958 have not been re-analyzed as were the data for the years of
NTS testing.8 However, HarIey9 presented estimates of gamma
dose made using the raw gummed-fiIm measurements. While the
absolute values are probably suspects, the relative annual estimates
should still provide a reasonable estimate of the relative short-lived
radionuclide deposition that can be used to estimate the fallout
deposition in 1956 and 1954.
Precipitation:
The monthly precipitation for Benton, Franklin Adams,
Walia Walia, and Stevens Counties taken from historical US
Weather Service Records are listed in Table 5. The data for
Benton, Franklin and Adams were averaged since the variations in
monthly precipitation in these three counties were small. The
OCR for page 181
Appendix C
monthly precipitation for Yakima and Kittitas Counties, which
supply milk to the Hanford area, were similar to that for Adams,
Franklin and Benton Counties.
I-! 3 ~ Releases from Hanford:
References ~ and 2 also provide data on the I-131
released from the Hanford stacks in 1958, 1961 and 1962. The
average daily releases were I.2 Ci/d in ];958, 0.54 Ci/d in 1961 and
0.33 Ci/d in 1962. This information was used to estimate the
Hanford contributions to the activity in milk values presented in
Table 2.
III. METHODOLOGY
The basic methodology used to estimate the doses from
I-131 near Hanford was as follows. For 1961 and 1962, the doses
for Franklin, Adams and Benton counties were estimated directly
from the measured I-131 in milk at farms near Hanford after first
correcting the milk data for Hanford plant contributions. Since all
three counties are part of the same milk shed and receive similar
amounts of rain, the estimated milk concentration data was
assumed to apply to all three counties and a single set of dose
estimates was made for these three counties. (The doses for
Yakima and Kittitas Counties, which are also part of the same milk
producing area, would also be similar to those for Franklin, Adams
and Benton due to the similar rainfall pattern). The Sr-89
depositions for 1957, 5S, 61 and 62 were then estimated from the
Sr-89 depositions at sites in the western U.S. and the measured
monthly rainfall for Hanford area counties. The ratios of the
deposition for WalIa Walla county and Stevens County to Benton-
Franklin-Adams were used to estimate the milk concentrations for
those counties for 1961 and 1962 from the measured milk near
Hanford. The calculated deposition in 1958 relative to 1961 and
1962 was then used to estimate the relative concentrations in milk
for 1957 and 1958 for all three county areas. The Sr-89 deposition
for 1956 and 1954 relative to 1958 was estimated from the
OCR for page 182
182
Review of the HTDS Draft Final Report
gummed-fiIm data and the concentrations in milk were assumed to
vary the same as the estimated deposition. Finally, the thyroid
doses for each county were estimated using the same conversions
factors from milk concentration to dose for that county used in the
NCT study. Further details are discussed below.
Estimated Fallout I- l 3 ~ in milk for Benton, Adams, Franklin
Counties:
The average annual I-131 concentration in milk for the
three dairies sampled was 48 pCi/L in 1961 (see Table 2~.
However, the average annual concentration based only on data
during months of global fallout is 33 pCi/~. Based on the activities
measured during the summer months prior to weapons testing, it is
estimated that about 40°/0 or 19 pCi/L of the average annual
activity in milk during months with fallout was from I- ~ 3 ~ released
from Hanford. The Hanford Plant contribution probably varied
from month to month depending on local meteorological
conditions so that the estimated plant contribution is somewhat
uncertain. The measured concentrations were highest for the
Ringold dairy farm, reflecting a probably greater fraction of feed
from fresh pasture, particularly during the fall months when fallout
occurred. Therefore, the average annual concentration for milk
from Ringold, reduced by 40°/0 (57 x 0.365 = 21 x 0.6 = 12 nCi-
d/~), was adopted as the best estimate of the concentration in milk
for 1961 for cows on pasture.
For 1962, again, adopting the data from the Ringold
farm as most representative of cows on maximum pasture, the total
activity measured was 75 pCi/L or about 15% higher than in 1961.
As discussed earlier, the T-131 releases from Hanford in 1962 were
0.33 Ci/d versus 0.54 Ci/d in 1961. Thus, on average one would
expect a Hanford contribution of about 60% that for ~ 96 ~ or about
20% of the activity measured in Ringold milk in 1962. The
concentration of I-131 in milk for 1962 for cows on pasture was
thus estimated to be 0.S x 75 x 0.365 = 22 nCi-~.
For 1958, only 4 measurements were reported, all for
the Riverview farm. The average of 150 pCi/L' would correspond
r
OCR for page 183
Appendix C
lS3
to a milk concentration of about 55 nCi-~. However, the releases
from Hanford during 1958 averaged I.2 Ci/d versus 0.54 Ci/d for
1961 implying a contribution from Hanford of about 15 nCi-~/L
based on the 1961 estimate. The net contribution of 40 nCi-~/L,
although highly uncertain, is in reasonable agreement with the
estimate of 30 nCi-~/L adopted for this study based on relative Sr-
89 deposition. (See next paragraph.)
Sr-89 Deposition for Benton-Adams-Frar~klin, Walla Walla and
Stevens Counties:
The Sr-90 deposition in each of the three sets of
counties was estimated on a monthly basis by multiplying the
monthly precipitation listed in Table 5 by a weighted average of
the Sr-89 deposition per cm of rains at the following western U.S.
sites where Sr-89 was measured: Seattle, Medford, Salt Lake City,
Vermilion, Richfield, weighting by the inverse of the distance from
each site. Only data for days with rain were used. The monthly
estimates were then summed to provide an estimate of total annual
Sr-89 deposition. For 1957, it was estimated that about 1/3 of the
estimated Sr-90 deposition at the above western U.S. sites where
Sr-89 was measured resulted from tests at the NTS during August
and September and this contribution was not included. Also, the
total deposition in 1962 through January ~ 963 was calculated but it
was decided to use only the deposition through November ~ 962 for
calculating milk concentrations. Most of the additional fallout
occurred in late December and January when cows were not on
pasture from high yield tests conducted in late December.
I-131/Sr-89 deposition:
It is generally accepted that the average residence time
for fallout released into the troposphere is about 301. It can then be
shown that on average about 21% of the I-131 and 63% of the Sr-
89 released into the troposphere will deposit before decay. Since
the fission yield of T-13 1 is about 7 x that of Sr-89, one would thus
expect on average an I-131/Sr-89 ratio of about 2.3. However, as
mentioned previously, about 80°/O of the fission products were
OCR for page 184
184
Review of the HTDS Draft Final Report
probably injected into the stratosphere where the average removal
half time is about ~ to 1.5 years. One would then expect only about
10°/O of the Sr-89 injected into the stratosphere (i.e. about ~ HO of
the total produced) to be deposited before decay. Almost all of the
T-131 injected into the stratosphere would decay before being
deposited. Thus the actual ratio of Sr-89 to I-131 expected on
average to be about (0.21 x 0.2) x 7 / (0.63 x 0.2 + 0.! x 0.~) =
I.5. This is of course a very rough approximation. The actual ratio
will vary from test to test and site to site. The ratio at any given
time will depend on the amount of debris injected into the
stratosphere and variations in stratospheric residence time from
season to season. It will also depend on variations in Sr-89 to T-131
deposition from site to site due to the fact that the T-131 is
deposited over a period of less than a month while the Sr-89 is
deposited over several months. However, since the annual Sr-89
estimates generally reflect the sum of fallout from a large number
of tests and seasons, a ratio of about I.5 would be expected to
reasonably reflect the annual average I-131/Sr-89. Furthermore,
the limited data on Ba-140 deposition tends to confirm the estimate
of I.5 as being a reasonable average. Ba-140 was measured at
Westwood, NI and Richmond, CA during 1961. The average ratio
over several months of data was 2.5. Ba-140/Sr-89 measurements
at Pittsburgh and Richmond during 195S, again for several months
of data, averaged 2.3. Since Ba-140 has a half life of 12 ~ versus
~ for T-13l, the expected Ba-140/Sr-89 ratio would be about I.5
times that of T-13l, implying an T-131/Sr-89 ratio of 2.4/~.5=~.6.
Thus the Sr-89 deposition estimates were multiplied by I.5 to
provide a rough estimate of the annual I-13 1 deposition. As will be
shown later, these T-131 deposition estimates, are in reasonable
agreement with the milk estimates based on comparable data from
NTS. However, it is important to note that the absolute I-131
deposition estimates were not used to estimate doses. Only the
relative Sr-89 depositions from year to year were used to estimate
doses.
OCR for page 185
Appendix C
185
Relative Deposition in 1954 and 1956 versus 1958 from Gummed-
fiIm:
The data in Table 6 indicate that the relative deposition
in 1956 relative to 1958 was about 0.4-0.6, about in the same ratio
as the fission yields. However, the gummed film data for 1954
indicate a ratio of only about 0.2-0.4 that of 195S, much less than
the relative fission yield. This is not exactly unexpected, however,
since all of the tests conducted in 1954 were surface shots
compared to only about 273 of the yield in 1958 being from surface
shots in 1958 and 3/4 in 1956. Surface shots would result in a much
larger proportion of the debris being deposited locally and
regionally as opposed to globally. Since these particular gummed-
fiIm data represent very crude estimates of short-lived fallout, and
the data in Table 6 does not reflect variations from site to site due
to variations in precipitation from year to year nor corrections for
differences in stratospheric deposition from year to year that are
known to be included in the annual estimates, it was decided to
adopt a ratio of deposition for each year of 0.4 of the 1958
deposition, even though the value may be somewhat conservative
for 1954. An improved estimate of the deposition for these years
might be possible with a re-evaluation of the gummed-fiIm data as
was done for the years of NTS testing, however, that was beyond
the scope of the present assessment. At any rate, the uncertainty in
overall deposition estimates for 1954 and 1956 is probably still no
worse than a factor of 2-3, comparable to that for NTS deposition
in these counties.
T-131 milk concentrations for 1954, 1956, 1957 and 1958:
The milk concentrations for each county for 1958
were estimated from the 1961 milk concentrations based on the
relative deposition in 1958 versus 1962. However, since about
10°/0 of the deposition in 1958 occurred in February and March,
before the pasture season, the 1958 milk concentrations were
reduced by 10°/0 below this ratio. For other years, almost all the
fallout occurred during the pasture season and thus the milk
concentrations were assumed to vary directly as the estimated
OCR for page 186
186
Review of the HTDS Draft Final Report
depositions. The assumption that the concentration in milk will
vary in direct proportion to the deposition is not strictly valid since
the interception of fallout by vegetation depends on the rainfall rate
and fraction of feed from fresh pasture. However, over an entire
pasture season encompassing many fallout events, the variations
should average out and the approximation should be fairly
reasonable. The relative milk concentrations inferred for 1958
versus 1961 and 1962 are consistent with the ratios of the
concentration in milk at sites in the western U.S. measured by the
PHS (see Table 3~. The relatively small variation in the PHS milk
values over large regions is also consistent with the deposition
estimates based on the Sr-89 data. The absolute concentrations
from the PHS network sites are generally lower than those
estimated for the Hanford area. This probably reflects the fact that
each PHS measurement is an average over a large milkshed that
incorporated cows that were not always on fresh pasture while the
Hanford area estimates are based on a maximum fresh pasture
scenano.
Dose Calculation:
The doses were calculated from the milk concentrations
using average milk to dose conversions for each age group for each
county inferred from the NTS doses (see Table 7~. The NTS dose
per unit annual milk concentration for infants and children vary
from year to year (Table 7) reflecting the fact that the age grouping
will change depencling on the exact dates of the fallout. However,
the present estimates use an average value. This may have
introduced a small bias into the estimated doses for infants and
children from "global" fallout.
IV: RESULTS
Table 7 provides the estimated "global" fallout doses
calculated as described above for the three regions downwind! from
Hanford. Benton, Adams and Franklin counties were combined
since the deposition was essentially the same in these three
OCR for page 187
Appendix C
~7
counties. The NTS dose estimates are actually the estimates for
Frar~klin County. However, the NTS dose estimates for all three
counties are very similar. Walla WalIa was considered separately
because of its significantly higher rainfall rate and much higher
NTS fallout while Stevens County is included to indicate the doses
further away from the Hanford site. Stevens County probably also
can be considered to have similar deposition as Spokane County
and probably supplied much of the milk for Spokane residents.
The results shown in Table 7 indicate that the "global" fallout
doses near Hanford were lower but of the same order as the doses
from NTS fallout.
Since the dose estimates given here are essentially
ratios of the measured milk concentrations of fresh farm milk when
cows are on pasture, they were compared with NTS estimated
doses for milk from a backyard cow. These doses are similar to
those for fresh milk consumed on the farm. For other classes of
milk drinker, the relative global to NTS doses would be similar
although the absolute doses would be lower. Note that the
estimated doses in Table 7 are doses from ingestion of milk and do
not include the small additional doses from other foods.
The absolute I-131 deposition estimates given in Table
7 were not used to calculate doses. Only the relative depositions
from year to year were used. It is, however, encouraging to note
that the estimated T-131 depositions from global fallout relative to
the estimated milk concentrations are in concordance with the
same ratios for NTS fallout where the milk concentrations were
calculated directly from the estimated deposition. This indicates a
measure of self-consistency that supports the validity of the
methodology used to estimate the milk concentrations and
resulting doses. As discussed previously, the exact ratio of milk
concentration to deposition will vary somewhat due to variations in
the amount of feed from fresh pasture and variations in the
interception of fallout by vegetation. The estimated I-131
depositions for 1961 and 1962 are also in reasonable agreement
with the limited data on I-131 concentration in fresh forage
OCR for page 188
188
Review of the HTDS Draft Final Report
reported by Soldat in reference 3, using mass interception factors
reported in reference I.
The i- ~ 3 ~ thyroid doses from NTS fallout were
estimated to have uncertainties of about a factor of 3-4. Most of
this uncertainty was from the estimate of fallout deposition, which
was based on interpolation of the sparse data from the gummed-
fiIm network. The "global" fallout estimates for 1961 and 1962,
being based on actual data are probably less uncertain, probably no
worse than a factor of 2. The doses for 195S, based on the relative
interpolated Sr-89 deposition are also probably less uncertain than
the NTS with the 1958 to 1961/1962 ratios being accurate to about
+/- 50°/O. However the uncertainty in dose estimates for 1958 is of
course correlated to the uncertainty in the 1961, 1962 milk data
and assumes the same ratio for deposition to milk concentration.
Finally, the 1956 and 1954 estimates are more uncertain, perhaps
as much as an additional factor of 2. Since the same factors were
used to convert from milk concentration to dose for both NTS and
global fallout, any error in this conversion (other than as discussed
for infants and children) would be about the same for both fallout
sources. Thus, one concludes that considering the uncertainty in
both the NTS and "global" fallout dose estimates, the differences
between the two sets of dose estimates are probably not
statistically significant. it is interesting to note also that on the
basis of the observed milk data from Hanford, the doses to the
population around Hanford from site releases were a significant
fraction of those from fallout in these same years.
The dose estimates in Table 7 may be compared to the
population-weighted estimate for the 50-60 degree latitude band of
the Northern Hemisphere estimated by UNSCEAR2 of T.6 mSv
from all weapons fallout. This estimate is of course a very rough
average, which assumes uniform deposition of I-131 over the
entire latitude band. The Hanford area would be expected to have
lower doses than the average due to the significantly lower average
precipitation, but higher due to being relatively closer to the test
sites in the Pacific.
OCR for page 189
Appendix C
~9
Finally, it should be kept in mind when comparing
these to doses from the Hanford HEDR Study, that persons
exposed as infants in 1946, i.e. those with the highest doses, would
have been exposed to NTS and global fallout as teenagers. Infants
exposed to global fallout would of course not have been exposed
during the major releases from Hanford.
OCR for page 190
190
Table 1. ESTIMATED FISSION YIELD*
Review of the HTDS Draft Final Report
Month MT Month MT
Nov-52 0.9 Feb-58 1.4
Mar-58 0.4
Mar-54 8.7 Apr-58 0.0
Apr-54 3.6 May-58 1.2
May-54 5.3 Jun-58 5.7
Jun-54 0.0 Ju1-58 5.8
Ju1-54 0.1 Aug-58 4.3
1954 Total 18 Sep-58 1.1
Oct-58 5.8
May-56 3.7 Nov-58 0.0
Jun-56 0.9 1958 26
Ju1-56 6.5
Aug-56 0.5 Sep-61 3.0
Sep-56 0.6 Oct-61 6.0
Oct-56 0.0 Nov-61 11.0
Nov-56 0.0 Dec-61 0.0
Dec-56 0.4 1961 Total 20
1956 Total 13
May-62 2.0
Sep-57 0.4 Jun-62 3.0
Oct-57 2.3 Ju1-62 8.0
Nov-57 0.6 Aug-62 8.0
1957 Total 3 Sep-62 9.0
Oct-62 20.0
Nov-62 13.0
Dec-62 11.0
1962 Total 74
* NTS tests not included
Source: Reference 2 and unpublished data.
OCR for page 191
Appendix C
Table 2. Hanford Milk Measurements (pCi/L, average for month)
191
Ringold Riverview Benton Eltopia Mesa mean
J 1961 28 <50 <50 ND ND <50
F 17 <50 <50 ND ND O
M <50 <50 <50 ND ND 17
A 33 43 <50 ND ND 27
M 42 37 25 ND ND 33
J 52 30 21 ND ND 36
J <50 ND <50 ND ND <50
A <50 <50 <50 ND ND <50
S 47 58 <50 ND ND 40
O 357 67 120 ND ND 180
N 34 98 312 ND ND 150
D 16 9 13 ND ND 17
Annual 57 37 48 ND ND 48
Average
Estimated 23 15 19 19
Hanford
Contribution
-
J 1962 5 3 2 ND ND
F
M
A
M
A
S
o
N
D
3
4
6 2 2 1 2
30
4
29
12
109
76
344
277
3
12 8 10
2
23
14
58
38
32
11
23
52
43
31
23
2
4
5
17
72 17
113 177
283
31
6
12
261
10
3
16
12
62
90
190
71
Annual 75 16 16 41 45 39
Average
Estimated 15 3 3 8 9
Hanford
Contribution
OCR for page 192
192
Review of the HTDS Draft Final Report
Table 3. PHS Milk Data, Average Annual Concentration (pCi/L)
1958 1961 1962 58/61 58/62 62/61
Fargo >25 (45 E) 19 23 >1.3(2.3E) >1.1 1.2
Sacramento 31 6 13 5.2 2.4 2.2
Spokane >16 (40E) 11 53 >1.5(3.6E) >0.3 4.9
SLC 31
Atlanta >14 (20E) 11 22 >1.3
Chicago >22 (30E) 28 36 >0.8 1.3
NYC 28 24 30 1.2 0.9 1.3
Seattle >20 26 <1.3
Portland 22 25 1.2
Helena >24 36 <1.5
Cincinnati 33
Network 35E 21 31 1.7E 1.2E 1.5
Avg.
Hanford
80E 34 60 2.5E 1.3E 1.8
E = Estimated (data available for only part of year).
Table 4. Sr-89 Deposition per cm rain (nCi/m2 per cm*)
1958
1961
1962
Site Precip Sr-89 Precip Sr-89 Precip Sr-89
New York 85 1.3 28 2.4 78 2.0
Pittsburgh 77 1.3 25 1.6 63 2.1
Chicago 60 1.3 54 >1 42 2.0
Vermilion, SD 33 2.5 14 5.7 57 2.2
Salt Lake City 18 2.9 12 5.4 20 3.7
Medford, OR ND 24 0.9 50 1.9
Richmond, CA 18 2.1 17 2.0 51 2.0
Seattle 43 2.5 20 2.5 59 2.5
*Totals for months with fallout. Precipitation in cm.
OCR for page 193
Appendix C
Table 5. Monthly Precipitation (cm)
Adams,
Benton,
Month Franklin
Counties
Walla Walla Stevens
County County Seattle
1952 Nov-52 0.8 1.1 1.8 4.2
1954 Mar-54 2.0 2.8 2.6 5.4
Apr-54 0.8 3.4 2.3 6.9
May-54 1.0 1.7 3.5 4.5
Jun-54 1.1 3.0 3.3 4.6
Ju1-54 3.0 3.3 5.0 10
Total 8 14 17 31
1956 May-56 2.1 6.3 2.7 1.7
Jun-56 2.3 2.4 3.3 7.1
Ju1-56 0.7 0.3 2.0 0.2
Aug-56 0.9 3.8 3.3 2.4
Sep-56 0.4 0.3 0.4 5.6
Oct-56 2.6 5.4 4.9 10.4
Nov-56 0.6 1.7 0.8 4.1
Dec-56 1.5 4.9 2.5 6.8
Total 11 25 20 38
1957 Sep-57 0.4 4.0 2.0 4.7
Oct-57 1.3 4.0 4.0 9.2
Nov-57 2.0 5.3 7.0 12
Total 4 13 13 26
1958 Feb-58 4.8 5.0 9.0 14.3
Mar-58 2.0 4.3 3.2 6.6
Apr-58 2.8 9.1 7.1 3.7
May-58 1.7 5.5 1.6 2.3
Jun-58 1.2 2.5 3.5 2.1
Ju1-58 0.3 0.0 3.7 0
Aug-58 0.2 0.0 0.6 1.1
Sep-58 0.3 1.6 2.0 3.7
Oct-58 0.6 1.3 2.5 7.9
193
OCR for page 194
194
Table 5. con't.
Review of the HTDS Draft Final Report
Adams,
Benton,
Year Month Franklin Walla Walla Stevens
Counties County County Seattle
Nov-58 2.8 5.5 9.6 15.9
Total 17 35 43 58
1961 Sep-61 0.5 0.4 0.8 1.6
Oct-61 0.7 3.4 3.8 7.2
Nov-61 2.0 4.6 4.7 11.2
Dec-6 1 2.5 6.2 10.0 14.2
Total 6 15 19 34
1962 May-62 4.5 10.5 5.7 2.7
Jun-62 0.4 0.7 2.7 1.5
Ju1-62 0.0 0.0 0.1 4.0
Aug-62 1.1 1.1 2.0 5.1
Sep-62 1.1 5.2 3.2 8.7
Oct-62 3.2 8.5 5.9 1 8.1
Nov-62 2.2 5.9 7.6 9.7
Dec-62 2.2 6.9 5.2 4.9
1963 Jan-63 1.3 2.3 0.6 4.5
Total 16 41 33 59
Table 6. Ratio of Gummed-Film Gamma Dose Estimates
Site 1954/58 1956/58
Boise, ID 0.3 0.5
Billings, MT 0.3 0.7
Salt Lake City 0.4 0.5
Grand Junction, CO 0.5 0.6
Seattle,WA 0.3 0.4
Medford, OR 0.1 0.4
San Francisco, CA 0.2 0.4
Yield ratio 0.7 0 4
Yield from surface shots: 100% in 1954, 75% in 1956, 67% in 1958.
OCR for page 195
Appendix C
Table 7. Estimated Doses by Age-Group and County
195
Benton, Adams, Franklin
I-131 Milk Infant t Child Teent Adult
Deposition nCi-d/L mSv mSv mSv mSv
ncilm2
G 1954 20 13 3 1.5 0.52 0.20
L 1956 20 13 3 1.5 0.52 0.20
O 1957 11 6 1 0.7 0.24 0.09
B 1958 50 30 6 3.3 1.20 0.45
A 1961 18 12 2 1.3 0.48 0.18
L *1962 36 (63) 22 4 2.4 0.88 0.33
TOTAL 155 96 1.5
N 1952 115 81 15 8.3 3.1 1.2
T 1953 53 29 6 3.4 1.2 0.5
S 1955 40 29 6 3.6 1.3 0.5
1957 76 83 16 8.7 3.2 1.2
TOTAL 284 222 3.3
(Franklin)
Walla Walla
I-131 Milk Infant t Childt Teent Adult
Deposition nCi-d/L mSv mSv mSv mSv
ncilm2
G 1954 36 24 5 2.9 1.0 0.38
L 1956 36 24 5 2.9 1.0 0.38
O 1957 30 18 4 2.2 0.72 0.29
B 1958 90 53 12 6.4 2.1 0.84
A 1961 33 22 5 2.6 0.88 0.35
L *1962 124 (190) 75 17 9.0 3.0 1.2
TOTAL 350 216 3.4
N 1952 175 95 18 11 3.8 1.4
T 1953 80 46 10 5.5 2.0 0.8
S 1955 60 36 9 4.9 1.8 0.7
1957 800 540 94 51 19 7.1
TOTAL 1120 717 10
OCR for page 196
196
Table 7. Estimated Doses (con 't.)
Review of the HTDS Draft Final Report
Stevens
I-131 Milk Infant t Childt Teent Adult
Deposition nCi-d/L mSv mSv mSv mSv
ncilm2
G 1954 60 45 7 4.9 1.8 0.58
L 1956 60 45 7 4.9 1.8 0.58
O 1957 30 20 3 2.2 0.8 0.26
B 1958 150 90 14 9.9 3.6 1.2
A 1961 45 30 5 3.3 1.2 0.39
L *1962 106(145) 66 11 7.2 2.6 0.86
TOTAL 450 296 3.8
N 1952 150 110 18 10 4.1 1.3
T 1953 250 150 29 16 6.4 2.1
S 1955 50 47 6 5 2.1 0.5
1957 90 100 15 9 4.0 1.3
TOTAL 550 460 5.2
1951, 1958 NTS, 1952 global fallout doses negligible.
*deposition through November (deposition through Jan 1963 in parenthesis).
t Totals not applicable because individuals will change age-category.
Infant: 1-5 months
Child: 1-4 yr.
Teen: 10-14 yr.
OCR for page 197
Appendix C
REFERENCES
197
iEstimated Exposures and Thyroid Doses Received by the American People
from Iodine-131 in Fallout Following Nevada Atmospheric Nuclear Bomb
Tests. National Cancer Institute, 1997.
2Reports.of the United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic
Radiation. UNSCEAR, 1982, 1993.
3Hanford Environmental Monitoring Program Annual Report for 1961, HW-
71999; Hanford Environmental Monitoring Program Annual Report for
1962, HW-76526. See also J.K. Soldat, The Relationship between I-131
Concentrations in Various Environmental Samples, Health Physics 9, 1167,
1963.
Anderson, B.V., Hanford Environmental Monitoring Annual Report-1958,
HW-61676.
Radiological Heals Data. U.S. Public Health Service. Monthly Reports for
1958, 1961, 1962.
6Final Tabulation of Monthly Sr-90 Fallout Data: 1954-1976. USERDA Report
HASL-329, 1977.
7USAEC Health and Safety Laboratory Quarterly Fallout Reports for 1958,
1959, 1961, 1962.
~Beck, H.L., Heifer, I.K., Bouville, A, Dreicer, M. Estimates of Fallout in the
Continental U.S. from Nevada Weapons Testing Based on Gummed-film
Monitoring Data, Health Physics 59~5), 565-576, 1990.
9Harley, J.H., N.A. Hallden and S.Y. Ong. Summary of Gummed-film Results
Through December 1959. U.S.A.E.C Report HASL-93, Sept. 1960.
Representative terms from entire chapter:
milk concentrations
