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Leinwand, Sol. (1998~. Classroom realities we do not often talk about. Mathematics Teaching in the Middle School, 3~5), 330-331. Lewis, A C. (1995~. Believing in ourselves, progress and straggle in urban middle school reform, 1989-1995. New York: Edna McConnell Clark Foundation. Lipsitz, I., Jackson, A.W., & Austin, LM. (1997~. What works in middle-grades school reform. Phi Delta Kappan 78~7), 517-519. Lipsitz, I., Mizzell, M.H., Jackson, A.W., & Austin, LM. (1997~. Speaking with one voice: A manifesto for middle-grades reform. Phi Delta Kappan, 78~7), 533-540. Manauchureri, A., Enderson, M.C., & Pugnucco, LA. (1998~. Exploring geometry with technol- ogy. Mathematics Teaching in the Middle School, 3~6), 436-443. McEwin, C.K., & Dickinson, T.S. (1995~. The professional preparation of middle level teachers: Profiles of sa~ccessf?'l programs. Columbus, OH: National Middle School Association. McEwin, C.K, Dickinson, T.S., & Jenkins, D.M. (1996~. America's middle schools: Practices and progress: A 25 year perspective. Columbus, OH: National Middle School Association. National Board for Professional Teaching Standards. (1993~. The early adolescence/ generalist standards. San Antonio, TX: National Board for Professional Teaching Standards. National Middle School Association. (1995~. This we believe: Developmentally responsive middle level schools. Columbus, OH: National Middle School Association. National Center for Educational Statistics. (1996~. P?`rsaving excellence: A study of U.S. eighth- grade mathematics and science achievement in international context. Washington, DC: Author. National Center for Educational Statistics. (1997~. P?`rsaving excellence: A study of U.S. foavrth- grade mathematics and science achievement in international context. Washington, DC: Author. Oldfather, P., & McCaughlin, H.~. (1993~. Gaining and losing voice: A longitudinal study of students' continuing impulse to learn across elementary and middle level contexts. Research in Middle Level Education, Fall 1993, 1-25. Phillips, E., & Lappan, G. (1998~. Algebra: The first gate. In L Leutziner (Ed.), Mathematics in the Middle (pp. 10-19~. Reston, VA National Council of Teachers of Mathematics. APPE N DIX 6 Reese, C.M., Miller, KE., Mazzeo, I., & Dossey, I. (1997) NAEP 1996 mathematics report card for the national and the states: Findings from the National Assessment of Ed ?Y cationaI Progress. Washington, DC: National Center for Educa- tion Statistics. Reys, By. (1994~. Promoting number sense in the middle grades. Mathematics Teaching in the Middle School, 1~2), 114-120. Reys, R E. (1998~. Computation versus number sense. Mathematics Teaching in the Middle School, 4~2), 110-119. Reys,R.E.,Reys,B.~.,Barnes,D.E.,Beem,]. K, Lapan, R T., & Papick, I. I. (1998~. Stan- dards-based middle school mathematics: What do students think? In L. Leutzinger (Ed.), Mathematics in the Middle (pp. 153-157~. Reston, VA National Council of Teachers of Mathematics. Romberg, T. A. (1998~. Designing middle school mathematics materials using problems created to help students progress from informal reasoning to formal mathematical reasoning. In L Leutzinger (Ed.), Mathematics in the Middle (pp. 107-119~. Reston, VA National Council of Teachers of Mathematics. Rosenzweig, S. (1997~. The five foot bookshelf: Readings on middle-level education and reform. Phi Delta Kappan 78~7), 551-556. Silver, E.A., & Cal, J. (1996~. An analysis of arithmetic problem posing by middle school students. foavrnal for Research in Mathematics Education, 27~5 ), 521-539. Silver, E.A., & Kenney, P. (1993~. An examination of relationships between 1990 NAEP math- ematics items for grade 8 and selected themes from the NCTM standards. [ournalfor Research in Mathematics Education, 24~2), 159- 167. Silver, E.A., Mamona-Downs, J., Leung, S.S., & Kenney, P. A. (1996~. Posing mathematics problems: An exploratory study. {ournalfor Research in Mathematics Education, 27~3), 293- 309. Silver, E. A., Shapiro, L J., & Deutsch, A. (1993~. Sense making and the solution of division problems involving remainders: An examina- tion of middle school students' solution processes and their interpretations of solu- tions. foavrnal for Research in Mathematics Education, 24~2), 117-135.
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