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Natural Attenuation for Groundwater Remediation
3
SCIENTIFIC BASIS FOR NATURAL ATTENUATION
65
Contaminants and Hydrogeologic Settings,
66
Removal of Contaminant Sources,
69
Movement of Contaminants in the Subsurface,
78
Transformation of Contaminants in the Subsurface,
82
Transformation by Microorganisms,
82
Transformation by Chemical Reactions,
106
Integration of the Mechanisms That Affect Subsurface Contaminants,
113
Case Studies of Natural Attenuation,
115
Summary: Appropriate Circumstances for Considering Natural Attenuation,
135
Conclusions,
140
References,
141
4
APPROACHES FOR EVALUATING NATURAL ATTENUATION
150
Footprints of Natural Attenuation Processes,
151
Creating a Conceptual Model,
154
Analyzing Site Data,
172
Monitoring the Site,
203
Conclusions,
204
Recommendations,
207
References,
209
5
PROTOCOLS FOR DOCUMENTING NATURAL ATTENUATION
212
Criteria for a Good Protocol,
213
Overview of Protocols,
219
Adequacy of Protocols,
231
Adequacy of Decision-Making Tools,
241
Adequacy of Training,
244
Adequacy of Policies Concerning Use of Protocols,
248
Conclusions,
250
Recommendations,
252
References,
253
APPENDIXES
A
ACRONYMS
255
B
PRESENTERS AT THE COMMITTEE’S INFORMATION-GATHERING MEETINGS
257
C
BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES OF COMMITTEE MEMBERS AND STAFF
259
INDEX
265
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