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ENHANCING THE POSTDOCTORAL EXPERIENCE FOR SCIENTISTS AND ENGINEERS: A Guide for Postdoctoral Scholars, Advisers, Institutions, Funding Organizations, and Disciplinary Societies
Earth, Amospheric and Ocean Sciences
Engineering
Health Sciences
Mathematical & Computer Sciences
Psychology
Social Sciences
Total All Disciplines
897
2,830
12,137
642
612
383
39,619
15
46
2,110
8
25
24
3,407
834
11
1
1,165
20
77
459
10
21
1,089
4
45
551
5
21
12
1,006
80
66
363
21
17
26
982
15
44
368
7
9
1
953
14
87
77
16
16
32
945
3
39
401
42
5
15
904
14
67
375
2
13
6
813
6
28
342
6
11
10
730
22
45
311
1
4
6
647
41
48
246
17
13
631
8
7
272
2
2
3
623
17
1
238
1
1
7
559
6
81
156
5
8
2
554
20
70
101
3
5
3
539
15
31
225
24
3
6
479
43
63
29
9
12
478
33
89
6
2
471
22
45
100
1
10
13
465
30
102
47
7
42
3
456
5
4
127
7
23
28
408
149
406
123
400
162
2
399
the recession of the early 1990s brought longer-lasting sluggishness and caution in university hiring.5 With limited permanent job prospects, the population of postdocs reached unprecedented size6 and postdoctoral terms lengthened.7
5
Zumeta, W. “State Higher Education Finance and Policy Developments: 1997.” The NEA 1998 Almanac of Higher Education. Washington, DC: National Education Association, 1998.
6
Association of American Universities. Committee on Postdoctoral Education, Report and Recommendations. Washington, DC, 1998.
7
Regets, M. “Has the Use of Postdocs Changed?” National Science Foundation, Division of Science Resources Studies Issue Brief. NSF 99-310, 1999.
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