A
AAS, see American Astronomical Society
Academic facilities, see Universities and colleges
Accretion and accretion disks, 58, 63, 72, 80, 83, 112, 127
defined, 214
Adaptive optics, 11, 20, 45, 103-104, 105, 109, 114, 147
defined, 214
Giant Segmented Mirror Telescope (GSMT), 10, 11, 31, 33, 35, 36, 37, 38, 45, 46, 54, 55, 57, 58, 72, 76, 77-78, 79, 97, 100, 101-106, 118
Advanced Cosmic-ray Composition Experiment for the Space Station (ACCESS), 14, 33, 45, 123-124
Advanced Radio Interferometry between Space and Earth (ARISE), 10, 14, 33, 37, 42, 54, 81, 83, 98, 127, 195
Advanced Solar Telescope (AST), 8, 10, 13, 31, 33, 37, 41, 45, 54, 66, 68, 98, 114-116
Airborne observatories
balloon programs, 5, 14, 24, 33, 43, 45, 89, 90, 129, 195
Ultralong-Duration Balloon (ULDB) program, 33, 45, 135, 195
Stratospheric Observatory for Infrared Astronomy (SOFIA), 24, 54, 100, 109, 110
ALMA, see Atacama Large Millimeter Array
American Association for the Advancement of Science, 160
American Association of Variable Star Observers, 143
American Astronomical Society (AAS), xxvii, xviii, 2, 21, 139-140, 142, 145, 160, 164, 166-167, 169, 171, 173, 199, 201-202
American Astronomical Society’s Examination of Graduate Education in Astronomy, The, 171, 201-202
American Physical Society, 202
Andromeda Galaxy, 79
Antarctica
Antarctic Muon and Neutrino Detector Array (AMANDA), 44, 123
South Pole Submillimeter-wave Telescope (SPST), 10, 13, 33, 37, 43, 54, 75, 98, 128-129, 131
Apache Point, 140
Arecibo telescope, 125-126
ARISE, see Advanced Radio Interferometry between Space and Earth
AST, see Advanced Solar Telescope;
Division of Astronomical Sciences
Asteroids, see Comets and asteroids;
Near-Earth objects
Astro-E, 118
Astrometric Interferometry Mission, see Space Interferometry Mission
Astronomical Society of the Pacific, 142, 145, 160, 164, 166-167, 169, 173, 202
Astrophysics Theory Program (NASA), 14, 29, 33, 44
Atacama Large Millimeter Array (ALMA), 4, 8, 11, 12, 20, 24, 30, 31, 38, 42, 54, 57, 72, 75, 110, 130, 189
Atmospheres, planetary, 12, 13, 24, 36, 43, 57, 58, 83, 99, 109, 111, 112, 116, 119-120, 147, 153, 154
see also Adaptive optics;
Airborne observatories;
Climate and weather, planetary;
Terrestrial planets
B
Bahcall report, see Decade of Discovery in Astronomy and Astrophysics, The
Balloon programs, 5, 14, 24, 33, 43, 45, 89, 90, 129, 195
Ultralong-Duration Balloon (ULDB) program, 33, 45, 135, 195
BeppoSAX satellite, 73, 74, 75
Berkeley-Illinois-Maryland Association (BIMA), 41, 128, 130, 206 (n.4)
see also Combined Array for Research in Millimeter-wave Astronomy
Big Bang, 2, 19, 32, 43, 53, 71, 86, 88, 89-91, 124, 134-135, 219
BIMA, see Berkeley-Illinois-Maryland Association
Biomedical science
astronomy’s contribution to, 147-151 (passim), 154, 157-158
ultraviolet radiation, health impacts, 154
see also Extraterrestrial life
Black holes, 2, 3, 8, 14, 19, 40, 42, 53, 54, 68, 70, 112, 117-118, 120, 122, 123, 126, 127, 155
Constellation-X Observatory, 10, 11, 33, 37, 38, 118
defined, 221
formation and evolution, 3, 8, 11, 18, 32, 38, 53
galactic nuclei, 14, 19, 38, 39, 42, 66, 73, 78, 80-85, 105, 109, 120, 121, 126, 127, 134
quasars, 11, 20, 38, 77, 80, 126, 220
BOOMERANG telescope, 90
Brazil, 101
C
Caltech Submillimeter Observatory, 130, 206 (n.4)
Canadian Space Agency, 9, 36, 101, 131
Canary Islands, Gran Telescopio Canarias, 101, 206 (n.1)
CARMA, see Combined Array for Research in Millimeter-wave Astronomy
CCDs, see Charge-coupled devices
Center for Adaptive Optics, 20
Center for High Angular Resolution Astronomy Array, 110
Centimeter-wavelength astronomy, 125-127
Advanced Radio Interferometry between Space and Earth (ARISE), 10, 14, 33, 37, 42, 54, 81, 83, 98, 127, 195
Arecibo telescope, 125-126
Expanded Very Large Array (EVLA), 8, 10, 11, 31, 33, 37, 38, 54, 78, 83, 85, 97, 125, 126, 127
HALCA, 127
list of facilities, 126
Low Frequency Array (LOFAR), 14, 33, 45, 54, 78, 126, 127
Square Kilometer Array (SKA), 8, 10, 26, 31, 33, 37, 41, 46, 54, 78, 125, 127, 132, 189
Very Large Array (VLA), 11, 38, 74, 75, 84, 125, 126, 140, 180, 187
Very Long Baseline Array, 14, 81, 84, 125, 126, 127
CGRO, see Compton Gamma Ray Observatory
Chandra X-ray Observatory, 20, 70, 71, 118, 194, 198
Charge-coupled devices (CCDs), 148-149, 216
Chile, 101
European Southern Observatory, 31, 102-103, 206 (n.1)
Climate and weather, planetary Earth, 9, 66, 150, 153-154
giant planets, 58
COBE, see Cosmic Background Explorer
Colleges, see Universities and colleges
Combined Array for Research in Millimeter-wave Astronomy (CARMA), 10, 13, 26, 33, 37, 41-42, 54, 72, 98, 130, 189
Comets and asteroids, 19, 58, 61, 62, 108, 128, 142, 154
see also Kuiper Belt objects;
Near-Earth objects
Communications
energetic particles, disruption by, 154
interferomic timing technique, 152
mirrors and antennas, 146-147
radio astronomy and, 149
solar magnetism, disruption by, 66
Compton Gamma Ray Observatory (CGRO), 13, 20, 40, 73, 74, 75, 120-121, 194, 198
Energetic Gamma Ray Experiment, 13, 40, 83, 120
Computer technology, xvii, 15, 21, 46, 107, 108, 140, 156-157
astronomy’s contribution to industry, 150-153 (passim)
laboratory astrophysics and, 134
National Virtual Observatory, 10, 12, 14, 33, 34, 37, 39, 44, 132-133
numerical simulation, 7, 29, 106, 116, 152-153
see also Internet
Congress of the United States, xvi, 24, 29, 178, 194, 203-206
Constellation-X Observatory, 10, 11, 33, 37, 38, 54, 72, 75-76, 80, 83, 85, 89, 91, 97, 118-119
Cosmic Background Explorer (COBE), 28, 88, 89, 90, 129, 195
Cosmic Background Imager, 89
Cosmic microwave background, 4-5, 20, 24, 28, 42, 43, 87, 88-91, 128-131, 214
Cosmic rays, 14, 33, 40, 44, 45, 80, 85, 123, 155
BeppoSAX satellite, 73, 74, 75
Fly’s Eye telescope, 85, 123, 217
Cosmology, 3, 8, 18, 20-21, 27-28, 31-32, 41, 43, 53, 54, 86-91, 119, 156, 205
age of the universe, 3, 53, 73, 77, 86
Big Bang, 2, 19, 32, 43, 53, 71, 86, 88, 89-91, 124, 134-135, 219
cosmic microwave background, 4-5, 20, 24, 28, 42, 43, 87, 88-91, 128-131, 214
European Planck Surveyor, 5, 8, 20, 24, 30, 43, 54, 89, 91, 129
expansion of the universe, 3, 19, 32, 53, 75, 86-87, 155;
see also Dark matter and energy;
Big Bang supra;
redshifts infra
galactic evolution, 3, 9, 11, 19, 20, 32, 36, 38, 52, 53, 73-80, 102, 104, 106, 108-109;
see also redshifts infra
galactic formation, 3, 8, 9, 11, 18, 20, 32, 36, 38, 43, 45, 52, 53, 75, 76, 78, 83, 102, 104, 106, 127, 138
Microwave Anisotropy Probe (MAP), 5, 20, 24, 43, 54, 89, 129, 131
redshifts, 12, 19, 36, 38, 39, 75, 77, 78, 83, 86, 88, 100
Cost factors, 5, 7, 9, 14-15, 22, 25, 34, 45-46, 182, 186-188, 194-195
balloon programs, 14, 33, 45, 135
centimeter wavelength astronomy, 127
Explorer program, 28
international collaboration, 8, 30-31
large telescopes, general, 103
numerical simulation, 7
prioritized initiatives described, 9, 11, 14-15, 34-36, 38-44 (passim)
prioritized initiatives, list of, 10, 33, 37
see also Funding
Cross-disciplinary approaches, see Interdisciplinary approaches
Cryogenic Dark Matter Search II, 94, 124
Cryogenics, 36, 44, 46, 93, 100-101, 102, 110, 111, 112, 123, 124, 149
D
Dark matter and energy, 3, 8, 12, 15, 32, 39, 43-44, 53, 73, 77, 86-87, 91-94, 107, 124, 127, 155
see also Black holes
Darwin mission, 31
Data exploration, xvii, 107, 153, 156-157
National Virtual Observatory, 10, 12, 14, 33, 34, 37, 39, 44, 132-133
Decade of Discovery in Astronomy and Astrophysics, The (“1991 survey”), 2, 5, 9, 20, 24, 25, 100, 174, 184
Department of Defense, 32, 149, 178
Department of Education, 160
Department of Energy, 6, 13, 32, 40, 178, 179, 203
federal agency coordination, 7-8, 27-28, 30, 195-196, 204-205
plasma physics, 27-28
Discovery program (NASA), 22, 35
Division of Astronomical Sciences (AST), 27, 175, 179, 182, 186, 188, 190-191, 193, 206
Dunn Solar Telescope, 115
E
Earth
astronomical environment, effect on, general, 3, 54, 66, 114, 116-117;
see also Near-Earth objects
comets and asteroids, collisions, 19, 154
environmental pollution, 196-197
ultraviolet radiation, impacts, 154
see also Terrestrial Planet Finder;
Terrestrial planets
Economic factors, see Cost factors;
Funding;
Private sector
Education, see Professional education;
Public education and outreach
Einstein, Albert, 40, 84, 87, 155
see also Relativistic phenomena
Energetic Gamma Ray Experiment (EGRET), 13, 40, 83, 120
Energetic X-ray Imaging Survey Telescope (EXIST), 10, 13-14, 33, 37, 42, 54, 73, 85, 98, 120-122, 195
Environmental pollution, 150, 151, 196-197
ultraviolet radiation, health impacts, 154
European Far Infrared Space Telescope (FIRST), 5, 8, 24, 30, 75, 109, 110
European Planck Surveyor, 5, 8, 20, 24, 30, 43, 54, 89, 91, 129
European Science Foundation, 30
European Solar and Heliospheric Observatory, see Solar and Heliospheric Observatory
European Southern Observatory, 31, 102-103, 206 (n.1)
European Space Agency, 9, 13, 109
Atacama Large Millimeter Array (ALMA), 4, 8, 11, 12, 20, 24, 30, 31, 38, 42, 54, 57, 72, 75, 110, 130, 189
European Planck Surveyor, 5, 8, 20, 24, 30, 43, 54, 89, 91, 129
Laser Interferometer Space Antenna (LISA), 41
Next Generation Space Telescope (NGST), 36
Terrestrial Planet Finder (TPF), 31
European Very Large Telescope, 100
EUVE, see Extreme Ultraviolet Explorer
EXIST, see Energetic X-ray Imaging Survey Telescope
Expanded Very Large Array (EVLA), 8, 10, 11, 31, 33, 37, 38, 54, 78, 83, 85, 97, 125, 126, 127
Explorer program (NASA), 7, 22, 28, 34, 35, 73, 113, 120, 135, 194, 195
Extraterrestrial life, 3, 9, 18, 32, 52, 53, 157-158
intelligent, 131-132
Terrestrial Planet Finder (TPF), 9, 10, 12, 31, 33, 35, 37, 39, 111-112
Extreme Ultraviolet Explorer (EUVE), 28, 113
F
Far Ultraviolet Spectroscopy Explorer, 113
FASR, see Frequency Agile Solar Radio telescope
FCRAO, see Five College Radio Astronomy Observatory
Federal Funding of Astronomical Research, xvi, xvii, 21, 133, 203
Federal government
program coordination, 7-8, 15, 27-28, 29-30, 181-183, 204-205
public education initiatives, 15, 48, 160
see also Congress of the United States;
Funding;
National Aeronautics and Space Administration;
National Science Foundation;
Office of Management and Budget;
specific departments
Fellowships, see Postdoctoral fellowships
FIRST, see European Far Infrared Space Telescope
Five College Radio Astronomy Observatory (FCRAO), 130
Fly’s Eye telescope, 85, 123, 217
Foreign countries, see International perspectives;
terms beginning European;
specific countries
France, 125
Frequency Agile Solar Radio telescope (FASR), 10, 13, 33, 37, 42-43, 54, 98, 115, 116, 189
Funding, xvi, 5, 6, 9, 21, 24-26, 108, 204
balloon programs, 135
competitive grants programs, 25, 133, 187, 190-193, 201, 199
competitive reviews, 6, 27, 34, 185-186, 188, 189, 190, 205, 206
computer technology, 5, 24-25, 178, 179
Department of Energy, 196
Federal Funding of Astronomical Research, xvi, xvii, 21, 133, 203
international collaboration, 8, 30-31, 184-185
laboratory astrophysics, 134
NASA, 5, 14-15, 24-26, 32, 33, 34-35, 44, 45-46, 133-134, 146, 163, 178
National Astrophysical Theory Postdoctoral Program (NASA/NSF), 33, 44, 133
NSF, xvii, xviii, 5, 6, 25, 26, 29, 33, 38, 44, 45, 48-49, 108, 133, 134, 146, 160-161, 163, 178, 179, 181-182, 185, 186-188, 189-193, 199, 205-206
competitive reviews, 6, 27, 34, 185-186, 187-188, 189, 190, 205, 206
prioritized initiatives, descriptions, 9, 11, 13, 14-15, 32, 34-36, 40
prioritized initiatives, list of, 10, 33
professional education, 5, 15, 25-26;
see also Postdoctoral fellowships
professional societies, 201-203
public education initiatives, 15, 146, 160-161, 163-164, 167, 175
theoretical initiatives, 5, 7, 25, 29, 133-134, 187-188
see also Cost factors;
Postdoctoral fellowships
G
Galaxies, 2, 3, 53, 73-85, 88, 107, 109
active, 14, 80, 83, 85, 109, 112, 120, 126, 214
clusters, 38, 42, 75-76, 85, 91, 104, 106, 117-118, 128
Constellation-X Observatory, 10, 11, 33, 37, 38, 54, 72, 75-76, 80, 83, 85, 89, 91, 97, 118-119
evolution, 3, 9, 11, 19, 20, 32, 36, 38, 52, 53, 73-80, 102, 104, 106, 108-109, 113;
see also Cosmology;
Redshifts
formation, 3, 8, 9, 11, 18, 20, 32, 36, 38, 43, 45, 52, 53, 75, 76, 78, 83, 102, 104, 106, 127, 138
gravitational lensing, 12, 19, 39, 55, 56-57, 93-94, 127, 217
massive compact halo objects (MACHOs), 93-94, 219
nuclei, 14, 19, 38, 39, 42, 66, 73, 78, 80-85, 105, 109, 120, 121, 126, 127, 134
quasars, 11, 20, 38, 77, 80, 126, 220
starbursts and starburst galaxies, 39, 73, 84-85, 110, 112, 126, 221
structure, general, 24, 85, 88, 111
see also Interstellar and intergalactic media and processes;
Milky Way;
Stars
Galaxy Evolution Explorer, 113
Galileo probe, 216
Gamma-ray astronomy, 8, 10, 13, 15, 19, 74, 80, 117, 179
defined, 217
Energetic Gamma Ray Experiment (EGRET), 13, 40, 83, 120
Energetic X-ray Imaging Survey Telescope (EXIST), 10, 13-14, 33, 37, 42, 54, 73, 85, 98, 120-122, 195
Gamma-ray Large Area Space Telescope (GLAST), 8, 10, 13, 31, 33, 37, 40, 42, 54, 73, 83, 98, 119-121, 195
Very Energetic Radiation Imaging Telescope Array System (VERITAS), 10, 13, 33, 37, 42, 83, 98, 120
Gamma-ray bursts, 19, 40, 42, 72-73, 74-75, 76, 85, 107, 109, 117, 120, 121, 122, 123
GBT, see Green Bank Telescope
Gemini optical-infrared telescopes, 20, 30, 101, 103, 118, 178, 180, 181, 183, 184
Giant planets, 3, 19, 54, 55, 57, 58, 61, 62, 106
Giant Segmented Mirror Telescope (GSMT), 10, 11, 31, 33, 35, 36, 37, 38, 45, 46, 54, 55, 57, 58, 72, 76, 77-78, 79, 97, 100, 101-106, 118
GLAST, see Gamma-ray Large Area Space Telescope
Global Oscillations Network Group (GONG), 180, 204
Global Positioning System, 152, 197
Graduate Assistance in Areas of National Need (GAANN), 172
Gran Telescopio Canarias, 101, 206 (n.1)
Gravitational forces, xvii, 13, 22, 63, 107, 155, 193
accretion and accretion disks, 58, 63, 72, 80, 83, 112, 127, 214
Big Bang, 89-90
galactic mergers, 83-84
Gravity Probe B, 122
Laser Interferometer Space Antenna (LISA), 8, 10, 13, 31, 33, 37, 40-41, 54, 83, 98, 122, 195
see also Black holes;
Dark matter and energy
Gravitational lensing, 12, 19, 39, 55, 56-57, 93-94, 127, 217
Gravitational Physics: Exploring the Structure of Space and Time, 22, 84
Gravity Probe B, 122
Great Observatories (NASA), 7, 28
Chandra X-ray Observatory, 20, 70, 71, 118, 194, 198
Compton Gamma Ray Observatory (CGRO), 13, 20, 40, 73, 74, 75, 120, 194, 198
Energetic Gamma Ray Experiment, 13, 40, 83, 120
defined, 217
Hubble Space Telescope (HST), 5, 9, 20, 24, 30, 36, 69, 74, 75, 83, 84, 86, 100, 102, 109, 113, 118, 133, 142, 147, 149, 194, 198, 216
Space Infrared Telescope Facility (SIRTF), 4, 20, 24, 36, 54, 75, 100, 110
Green Bank Telescope (GBT), 125, 189
Ground-based programs, xv, 2, 5, 6, 12-13, 15, 24, 26-28, 29, 33, 34, 46, 47, 96, 99, 101, 129, 178-193, 204
Antarctic Muon and Neutrino Detector Array (AMANDA), 44, 123
private sector, general, 6, 27, 39-40, 101, 108, 127, 182, 183
university facilities, 6, 26-27, 39-40, 181, 183, 188, 189, 190, 191
see also Infrared astronomy, ground-based;
Laboratory astrophysics;
National Science Foundation;
Optical astronomy, ground-based;
Radio astronomy, ground-based;
Ultraviolet astronomy, ground-based
GSMT, see Giant Segmented Mirror Telescope
H
HALCA, 127
Hands-on Astrophysics, 143
Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, 145
Hertz Submillimeter Telescope, 130
HESSI, see High Energy Solar Spectroscopic Imager
HET, see Hobby-Eberly Telescope
High-Energy Astronomical Observatory (HEAO-1), 42, 98
High-energy astrophysics, xvii, 44, 72, 117-124, 155, 193, 195
see also Cosmic rays;
Gamma-ray astronomy;
Gamma-ray bursts;
Particle astrophysics
High Energy Solar Spectroscopic Imager (HESSI), 115
High Energy Transient Explorer (HETE-2), 120
Historical perspectives, 1, 18-21, 52, 178, 181
Decade of Discovery in Astronomy and Astrophysics, The (“1991 survey”), 2, 5, 9, 20, 24, 25, 100, 174, 184
Hobby-Eberly Telescope (HET), 101, 103
Hubble Space Telescope (HST), 5, 9, 20, 24, 30, 36, 69, 74, 75, 83, 84, 86, 100, 102, 109, 113, 118, 133, 142, 147, 149, 194, 198, 216
Human factors, xv, 21, 23, 139, 158, 160, 178
practical contributions to society, 146-158
see also Organizational and institutional factors;
Professional education;
Public education and outreach
I
Image analysis, 101, 143, 151, 152-153, 156-157, 172
India, 125
Informal Science Education program, 164
Infrared Astronomical Satellite (IRAS), 28
Infrared astronomy, general, 96-99, 149
defined, 218
galactic evolution, 75
Infrared astronomy, ground-based, xvii, 6, 15, 76-77, 110-111, 182, 183, 189
Advanced Solar Telescope (AST), 8, 10, 13, 31, 33, 37, 41, 45, 54, 66, 68, 98, 114-116
Gemini optical-infrared telescopes, 20, 30, 101, 103, 118, 178, 180, 181, 183, 184
Keck telescopes, 74, 75, 100, 101-102, 103, 105, 110, 111, 118, 178, 181
National Optical Astronomy Observatories (NOAO), 6, 20, 27, 143, 151, 179, 181, 183-184
Telescope System Instrumentation Program (TSIP), 10, 12-13, 26, 33, 37, 40, 54, 108-109
Infrared astronomy, space-based, xvii, 4, 46, 110-113
European Far Infrared Space Telescope (FIRST), 5, 8, 24, 30, 75, 109, 110
Infrared Astronomical Satellite (IRAS), 28
Next Generation Space Telescope (NGST), 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 31, 33, 35-39 (passim), 54, 57, 72, 76-78, 83, 85, 87, 97, 100-102, 104, 106, 110, 112
Space Infrared Telescope Facility (SIRTF), 4, 20, 24, 36, 54, 75, 100, 110
Space Interferometry Mission (SIM), 4, 12, 20, 24, 35, 54, 55, 94, 109, 110, 111
Terrestrial Planet Finder (TPF), 9, 10, 12, 31, 33, 35, 37, 39, 45, 54, 57, 97, 110-112
Infrared Spatial Interferometer, 110
Institut de Radioastronomie Millimétrique (IRAM), 130, 131
Institutional factors, see Organizational and institutional factors;
Professional societies;
Universities and colleges
Intelligence, extraterrestrial, see Search for extraterrestrial intelligence
Interdisciplinary approaches, 4, 6, 18, 154-158, 193
federal agency coordination, 7-8, 27-28, 30, 181-182
Interferometry, 4, 15, 46, 99, 110-111, 126, 151-152
Advanced Radio Interferometry between Space and Earth (ARISE), 10, 14, 33, 37, 42, 54, 81, 83, 98, 127, 195
defined, 218
Expanded Very Large Array (EVLA), 8, 10, 11, 31, 33, 37, 38, 54, 78, 83, 85, 97, 125, 126, 127
HALCA, 127
Infrared Spatial Interferometer, 110
Laser Interferometer Gravitational-wave Observatory (LIGO), 22, 122
Laser Interferometer Space Antenna (LISA), 8, 10, 13, 31, 33, 37, 40-41, 54, 83, 98, 122, 195
Low Frequency Array (LOFAR), 14, 33, 45, 54, 78, 126, 127
Space Interferometry Mission (SIM), 4, 12, 20, 24, 35, 54, 55, 94, 109, 110, 111
Terrestrial Planet Finder (TPF), 9, 10, 12, 31, 33, 35, 37, 39, 45, 54, 57, 97, 110-112
Very Large Array (VLA), 11, 38, 74, 75, 84, 125, 126, 140, 180, 187
Very Large Telescope Interferometer, 101, 111
Very Long Baseline Array, 14, 81, 84, 125, 126, 127
very long baseline interferometry, general, 30
International Dark Sky Association, 196
International perspectives, xv-xvi, 22, 101, 123, 125, 130-131, 181
Atacama Large Millimeter Array (ALMA), 4, 8, 11, 12, 20, 24, 30, 31, 38, 42, 54, 57, 72, 75, 110, 130, 189
collaboration framework, 8, 30-31, 182
costs and funding for collaborative efforts, 8, 30-31, 184-185
Square Kilometer Array (SKA), 8, 10, 26, 31, 33, 37, 41, 46, 54, 78, 125, 127, 132, 189
see also terms beginning European;
specific countries
International Space Station
Advanced Cosmic-ray Composition Experiment for the Space Station (ACCESS), 14, 33, 45, 123-124
Energetic X-ray Imaging Survey Telescope (EXIST), 10, 13-14, 33, 37, 42, 54, 73, 85, 98, 120-122, 195
International Ultraviolet Explorer (IUE), 28
Internet
Los Alamos preprint server, 196
National Virtual Observatory, 10, 12, 14, 33, 34, 37, 39, 44, 132-133
Interstellar and intergalactic media and processes, 3, 53, 63-65, 68, 78-80, 85, 100, 106, 109, 110, 117-118, 123
cosmic microwave background, 4-5, 20, 24, 28, 42, 43, 87, 88-91, 128-131, 214
Giant Segmented Mirror Telescope, 10, 11, 31, 33, 35, 36, 37, 38, 45, 46, 54, 55, 57, 58, 72, 76, 77-78, 79, 97, 100, 101-106, 118
see also Dark matter and energy
Interstellar Probe program (NASA), 22
IRAM, see Institut de Radioastronomie Millimétrique
IRAS, see Infrared Astronomical Satellite
IUE, see International Ultraviolet Explorer
J
James Clerk Maxwell Telescope (JCMT), 131
Atacama Large Millimeter Array (ALMA), 31, 130
Japanese Advanced Satellites for Cosmology and Astrophysics, 8, 30
solar astronomy (Nobeyama Radioheliograph), 115, 130, 131
Subaru telescope, 101, 206 (n.1)
Galileo probe, 216
Shoemaker-Levy 9 comet, 19, 61, 62, 142
K
Keck telescopes, 74, 75, 100, 101-102, 103, 105, 110, 111, 118, 178, 181
Kitt Peak McMath-Pierce Telescope, 114, 115
Kuiper Belt objects (KBOs), 2, 12, 19, 36, 39, 58, 60, 100, 107, 128
L
Laboratory astrophysics, xvii, 14, 21, 33, 34, 134-135, 155-156, 195-196
see also Department of Energy
Large-aperture Synoptic Survey Telescope (LSST), 10, 11-12, 33, 37, 38-39, 42, 54, 58, 61, 72, 87, 93, 97, 106-108, 132, 154
Large Binocular Telescope (LBT), 101, 111
Large Hadron Collider, 135
Large Millimeter Telescope (LMT), 131
Laser Interferometer Gravitational-wave Observatory (LIGO), 22, 122
Laser Interferometer Space Antenna (LISA), 8, 10, 13, 31, 33, 37, 40-41, 54, 83, 98, 122, 195
LBT, see Large Binocular Telescope
LMT, see Large Millimeter Telescope
Long-term Space Astrophysics (LTSA) program, 198-199
Los Alamos National Laboratory, 196
Low Frequency Array (LOFAR), 14, 33, 45, 54, 78, 126, 127
Lowell Observatory, 140
LSST, see Large-aperture Synoptic Survey Telescope
LTSA, see Long-term Space Astrophysics
Lyman-α clouds, 106
M
Magellan telescope, 101
Magnetic phenomena, 13, 14, 41, 43, 45, 58, 63, 65-66, 68, 72, 80, 83, 96, 97, 98, 114-119 (passim), 122, 124, 127, 134, 135, 153, 155
Advanced Solar Telescope (AST), 8, 10, 13, 31, 33, 37, 41, 45, 54, 66, 68, 98, 114-116
Magnetohydrodynamics, 116, 119, 153
defined, 219
MAP, see Microwave Anisotropy Probe
Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 200
Massive compact halo objects (MACHOs), 93-94
MAXIMA telescope, 90
McCray report, see Strategy for Ground-based Optical and Infrared Astronomy, A
Medical science, see Biomedical science
MERLIN, see Multi-Element Radio Linked
Interferometer Network
Methodology, see Research methodology
Mexico, 131
Microwave Anisotropy Probe (MAP), 5, 20, 24, 43, 54, 89, 129, 131
Microwaves, cosmic microwave background, 4-5, 20, 24, 28, 42, 43, 87, 88-91, 128-131, 214
Mid-size Explorer mission (MIDEX), 73
Milky Way, 2, 19, 20, 36. 52, 53, 55, 73, 77, 81, 106, 111, 138, 219
massive compact halo objects (MACHOs), 93-94
supernovae, 42
white dwarf binaries, 40-41
Millimeter Array (MMA), 4, 20, 24
see also Atacama Large Millimeter Array
Millimeter-wavelength astronomy, 65, 128, 129
Atacama Large Millimeter Array (ALMA), 4, 8, 11, 12, 20, 24, 30, 31, 38, 42, 54, 57, 72, 75, 110, 130, 189
Berkeley-Illinois-Maryland Association (BIMA), 41, 128, 130, 206 (n.4)
Combined Array for Research in Millimeter-wave Astronomy (CARMA), 10, 13, 26, 33, 37, 41-42, 54, 72, 98, 130, 189
Five College Radio Astronomy Observatory (FCRAO), 130
Institut de Radioastronomie Millimétrique (IRAM), 130, 131
list of telescopes, 130-131
Millimeter Array (MMA), 4, 20, 24
Nobeyama Radioheliograph, 115, 130, 131
Owens Valley Radio Observatory (OVRO), 41, 128, 130, 206 (n.4)
Minority groups, professional development, 200-201
Mission operations and data analysis (NASA), 5, 25, 27
MMT, see Multiple Mirror Telescope
Multidisciplinary approaches, see Interdisciplinary approaches
Multi-Element Radio Linked Interferometer Network (MERLIN), 125
Multiple Mirror Telescope (MMT), 101
Museums and planetariums, 140-141, 143, 163-164
N
NAIC, see National Astronomy and Ionosphere Center
National Aeronautics and Space Administration, xvi, 6, 7, 8, 22, 58, 178, 201, 203, 204-205
Advanced Radio Interferometry between Space and Earth (ARISE), 10, 14, 33, 37, 42, 54, 81, 83, 98, 127, 195
balloon programs, 5, 14, 24, 33, 43, 45, 89, 90, 129, 195
Ultralong-Duration Balloon (ULDB) program, 33, 45, 135, 195
Chandra X-ray Observatory, 20, 70, 71, 118, 194, 198
committee recommendations, 11, 12, 13, 14-15, 24-25, 28-29, 32, 40, 41, 43, 45, 193-195
Compton Gamma Ray Observatory (CGRO), 13, 20, 40, 73, 74, 75, 120, 194, 198
Energetic Gamma Ray Experiment, 13, 40, 83, 120
coordination with other federal agencies, 8, 29-30, 204-205
Cosmic Background Explorer (COBE), 28, 88, 89, 90, 129, 195
Discovery program (NASA), 22, 35
Energetic X-ray Imaging Survey Telescope (EXIST), 10, 13-14, 33, 37, 42, 54, 73, 85, 98, 120-122, 195
Explorer program (NASA), 7, 22, 28, 34, 35, 73, 113, 120, 135, 194, 195
funding, 5, 14-15, 24-26, 32, 33, 34-35, 44, 45-46, 133-134, 146, 163, 178
Gamma-ray Large Area Space Telescope (GLAST), 8, 10, 13, 31, 33, 37, 40, 42, 54, 73, 83, 98, 119-120, 195
Hubble Space Telescope (HST), 5, 9, 20, 24, 30, 36, 69, 74, 75, 83, 84, 86, 100, 102, 109, 113, 118, 133, 142, 147, 149, 194, 198, 216
International Space Station
Advanced Cosmic-ray Composition Experiment for the Space Station (ACCESS), 14, 33, 45, 123-124
Energetic X-ray Imaging Survey Telescope (EXIST), 10, 13-14, 33, 37, 42, 54, 73, 85, 98, 120-122, 195
Keck telescopes, 74, 75, 100, 101-102, 103, 105, 110, 111, 118, 178, 181
laboratory astrophysics, 134
Laser Interferometer Space Antenna (LISA), 8, 10, 13, 31, 33, 37, 40-41, 54, 83, 98, 122, 195
mission operations and data analysis, 5, 25, 27
National Astrophysical Theory Postdoctoral Program (NASA/NSF), 33, 44-45, 133
professional education, 33, 44, 133, 198-199
public education, 143, 146, 160, 163-164, 165-166, 175, 176, 204
Solar Dynamics Observatory (SDO), 10, 13, 33, 37, 41, 54, 68, 98, 115, 116-117, 195
space debris, 196-197
Space Science Advisory Committee, 8, 30, 205
see also Great Observatories
National Astronomy and Ionosphere Center (NAIC), 6, 27, 180, 181
National Astrophysical Theory Postdoctoral Program (NASA/NSF), 33, 44, 133
National Optical Astronomy Observatories (NOAO), 6, 20, 21, 27, 143, 151, 179, 181, 183-184
National Radio Astronomy Observatory (NRAO), 6, 26, 151, 179-180, 181, 184
National science education standards, 142-143
National Science Foundation, xvi, xvii, 5, 6, 20, 108, 201, 203
Advanced Solar Telescope (AST), 8, 10, 13, 31, 33, 37, 41, 45, 49, 54, 66, 68, 98, 114-116
committee recommendations, 12-13, 27, 29-30, 32, 40-41, 45, 49, 179-193
competitive reviews, 6, 27, 34, 185-186, 188, 189, 205, 206
coordination efforts, 7, 29-30, 180, 181-182, 204-205
Division of Astronomical Sciences (AST), 27, 175, 179, 182, 186, 188, 190-191, 193, 206
funding, xvii, xviii, 5, 6, 25, 26, 29, 33, 38, 44, 45, 48-49, 108, 133, 134, 146, 160-161, 163, 178, 179, 181-182, 185, 186-188, 189-193, 199, 205-206
competitive reviews, 6, 27, 34, 185-186, 188, 189, 190, 205, 206
Gemini optical-infrared telescopes, 20, 30, 101, 103, 118, 178, 180, 181, 183, 184
Giant Segmented Mirror Telescope (GSMT), 10, 11, 31, 33, 35, 36, 37, 38, 45, 46, 54, 55, 57, 58, 72, 76, 77-78, 79, 97, 100, 101-106, 118
Global Oscillations Network Group (GONG), 180, 204
Green Bank Telescope (GBT), 125, 189
laboratory astrophysics, 134
National Astronomy and Ionosphere Center (NAIC), 6, 27, 180, 181
National Astrophysical Theory Postdoctoral Program, 33, 44, 133
National Optical Astronomy Observatories, 6, 20, 21, 27, 143, 151, 179, 181, 183-184
National Radio Astronomy Observatory (NRAO), 6, 27, 151, 179-180, 181, 183-184
professional education, 160, 162-163, 175, 181, 198, 200
National Astrophysical Theory Postdoctoral Program (NASA/NSF), 33, 44, 133
public education, 48-49, 143, 145, 160-161, 163-164, 169, 175, 181, 204
Solar and Heliospheric Observatory (SOHO), 8, 13, 30, 116, 134, 204
Telescope System Instrumentation Program (TSIP), 10, 12-13, 26, 33, 37, 40, 54, 108-109
theoretical studies, 5, 25, 29, 186, 187-188, 193
Very Large Array (VLA), 11, 38, 74, 75, 84, 125, 126, 140, 180, 187
Very Long Baseline Array (VLBA), 14, 81, 84, 125, 126, 127
National Solar Observatory (NSO), 6, 27, 116, 140, 184
National Virtual Observatory, 10, 12, 14, 33, 34, 37, 39, 44, 132-133
Naval Research Laboratory, 45
Near-Earth objects (NEOs), 58, 61, 38-39, 58, 61, 107, 108
see also Comets and asteroids;
Kuiper Belt objects
Netherlands, 14, 45, 73, 125, 131
Neutrinos, 19, 44, 65, 91, 96, 117, 123, 155, 156, 179
defined, 219
Neutron stars, 38, 42, 55, 68, 70, 72, 73, 76, 117-118, 121-122, 155, 156
New Zealand, 101
Next Generation Space Telescope (NGST), 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 31, 33, 35-39 (passim), 54, 57, 72, 76-78, 83, 85, 87, 97, 100-102, 104, 106, 110, 112
NOAO, see National Optical Astronomy Observatories
Nobeyama Radioheliograph, 115, 130, 131
Northern Hemisphere Auger project, 44
NRAO, see National Radio Astronomy Observatory
NSO, see National Solar Observatory
Nuclear physics, xvii, 27-28, 38, 155, 193, 195, 205
Numerical simulation, 7, 29, 106, 116, 152 153
O
Office of Management and Budget, 22
Office of Science and Technology Policy, 8, 30
One Hectare Telescope, 127
Optical astronomy, general, 96-99, 148-149, 179
defined, 220
Optical astronomy, ground-based, xvii, 6, 11-12, 39-40, 76, 113, 180, 181, 182, 183, 189, 204
Advanced Solar Telescope (AST), 8, 10, 13, 31, 33, 37, 41, 45, 54, 66, 68, 98, 114-116
Gemini optical-infrared telescopes, 20, 30, 101, 103, 118, 178, 180, 181, 183, 184
Giant Segmented Mirror Telescope (GSMT), 10, 11, 31, 33, 35, 36, 37, 38, 45, 46, 54, 55, 57, 58, 72, 76, 77-78, 79, 97, 100, 101-106, 118
Keck telescopes, 74, 75, 100, 101-102, 103, 105, 110, 111, 118, 178, 181
Large-aperture Synoptic Survey Telescope (LSST), 10, 11-12, 33, 37, 38-39, 42, 54, 58, 61, 72, 87, 92, 97, 106-108, 132, 154
Large Binocular Telescope (LBT), 101, 111
National Optical Astronomy Observatories (NOAO), 6, 20, 21, 27, 143, 151, 179, 181, 183-184
Telescope System Instrumentation Program (TSIP), 10, 12-13, 26, 33, 37, 40, 54, 108-109
see also Adaptive optics
Optical astronomy, space-based, xvii, 15, 113-114
Hubble Space Telescope (HST), 5, 9, 20, 24, 30, 36, 69, 74, 75, 83, 84, 86, 100, 102, 109, 113, 118, 133, 142, 147, 149, 194, 198, 216
Solar Dynamics Observatory, 10, 13, 33, 37, 41, 54, 68, 98, 115, 116-117, 195
Organizational and institutional factors, xv, 26-28
education, general public, 140-141
federal agency coordination, 7-8, 15, 27-28, 29-30, 181-183, 204-205
ground-based facilities, 6, 180, 181-183, 188-190
international collaboration, 8, 30-31
see also Cost factors;
Funding;
Universities and colleges
Owens Valley Radio Observatory (OVRO), 41, 128, 130, 206 (n.4)
see also Combined Array for Research in Millimeter-wave Astronomy
OWL telescope, 31
P
Palomar Observatory, 74, 75, 178
Palomar Testbed Interferometer, 110
Particle astrophysics, xvii, 22, 42, 43-44, 65, 80, 85, 92, 123-124, 154, 155, 195
Antarctic Muon and Neutrino Detector Array (AMANDA), 44, 123
neutrinos, 19, 44, 65, 91, 96, 117, 123, 155, 156, 179, 219
photons, 40, 42, 72, 83, 85, 99, 100, 115-116, 117, 120, 122, 123, 124, 148
see also Cosmic rays
gravitational lensing, 12, 19, 39, 55, 56-57, 93-94, 127, 217
Photons, 40, 42, 72, 83, 85, 99, 100, 115-116, 117, 120, 122, 123, 124, 148
Planck Surveyor, see European Planck Surveyor
Planetariums, see Museums and planetariums
extrasolar, 2, 3, 8-9, 18, 21, 24, 32, 55-62, 138
see also Terrestrial Planet Finder infra;
Terrestrial planets infra
formation and evolution, 9, 11, 18, 32, 38, 39, 52, 54, 55-62, 63, 68, 100, 106, 108, 114
protoplanetary disks, 11, 38, 39, 57, 63
giant planets, 3, 19, 54, 55, 57, 58, 61, 62, 106, 109, 112, 220
gravitational lensing, 12, 19, 39, 55, 56-57, 93-94, 127, 217
life on, 3, 9, 18, 32, 52, 53, 131-132, 157-158
Terrestrial Planet Finder (TPF), 9, 10, 12, 31, 33, 35, 37, 39, 45, 54, 57, 97, 110-112
terrestrial planets, other, 3, 9, 10, 12, 20, 31, 33, 35, 37, 39, 45, 54, 55, 138
see also Solar systems;
specific planets
Plasma physics, 27-28, 41, 80, 134, 153, 155
solar, 114
Poland, 101
Pollution, see Environmental pollution
Postdoctoral fellowships, 5, 14, 25, 26, 33, 34, 44, 133, 172, 198, 199, 200
ground-based astronomy, 6, 27, 39-40, 101, 108, 127, 182, 183
Professional education, 4, 9, 48, 132, 160, 162, 170-174, 178, 181, 194-195, 197-203
elementary and secondary teachers, 4, 15, 48, 54, 138-143 (passim), 160, 164, 165, 167, 169, 175, 202
see also postdoctoral fellowships infra
minorities, 200-201
NSF, 160, 162-163, 175, 181, 198, 200
National Astrophysical Theory Postdoctoral Program (NASA/NSF), 33, 44, 133
postdoctoral fellowships, 5, 14, 25, 26, 33, 34, 44, 133, 172, 198, 199, 200
women astronomers, 199-200
see also Internet;
Universities and colleges
Professional societies, 201-203
American Association for the Advancement of Science, 160
American Association of Variable Star Observers, 143
American Astronomical Society (AAS), xxvii, xviii, 2, 21, 139-140, 142, 145, 160, 164, 166-167, 169, 171, 173, 199, 201-202
American Physical Society, 202
Astronomical Society of the Pacific (ASP), 142, 145, 160, 164, 166-167, 169, 173, 202
International Dark Sky Association, 196
Project ARIES, 145
Project ASTRO, 145, 160-161, 164
Protoplanetary disks, 11, 38, 39, 57, 63, 106, 109, 112
defined, 220
Public education and outreach, 4, 9, 15, 18, 22, 44, 47-49, 132, 138-146, 158, 160-170, 174-176, 181
elementary and secondary teachers, 4, 15, 48, 54, 138-143 (passim), 160, 164, 165, 167, 169, 175, 202
minority scientists, 201
museums and planetariums, 140-141, 143, 163-164
NASA, 143, 146, 160, 163-164, 165-166, 175, 176, 204
National Science Education Standards, 142-143
NSF, 48-49, 143, 145, 160-161, 163-164, 169, 175, 181, 204
see also Internet
Q
Quasars, 11, 20, 38, 77, 80, 126
defined, 220
gravitational lensing, 12, 19, 39, 55, 56-57, 93-94, 127, 217
R
Radio astronomy, general, 124-132, 150, 153
cosmic microwave background, 4-5, 20, 24, 28, 42, 43, 87, 88-91, 128-131, 214
defined, 220
extraterrestrial intelligence, 131-132
intergalactic media, 80
search for extraterrestrial intelligence (SETI), 131-132
see also Centimeter-wavelength astronomy;
Millimeter-wavelength astronomy;
Submillimeter-wavelength astronomy
Radio astronomy, ground-based, 6, 13, 14, 46, 180, 182, 189, 204
Arecibo telescope, 125-126
Atacama Large Millimeter Array (ALMA), 4, 8, 11, 12, 20, 24, 30, 31, 38, 42, 54, 57, 72, 75, 110, 130, 189
Berkeley-Illinois-Maryland Association (BIMA), 41, 128, 130, 206 (n.4)
Caltech Submillimeter Observatory, 130, 206 (n.4)
Combined Array for Research in Millimeter-wave Astronomy (CARMA), 10, 13, 26, 33, 37, 41-42, 54, 72, 98, 130, 189
Expanded Very Large Array (ELVA), 8, 10, 11, 31, 33, 37, 38, 54, 78, 83, 85, 97, 125, 126, 127
Five College Radio Astronomy Observatory (FCRAO), 130
Frequency Agile Solar Radio telescope (FASR), 10, 13, 33, 37, 42-43, 54, 98, 115, 116, 189
HALCA, 127
Hertz Submillimeter Telescope, 130
Low Frequency Array (LOFAR), 14, 33, 45, 54, 78, 126, 127
Millimeter Array (MMA), 4, 20, 24
National Astronomy and Ionosphere Center (NAIC), 6, 27, 180, 181
National Radio Astronomy Observatory (NRAO), 6, 27, 151, 179-180, 181, 184
Nobeyama Radioheliograph, 115, 130, 131
Owens Valley Radio Observatory (OVRO), 41, 128, 130, 206 (n.4)
South Pole Submillimeter-wave Telescope (SPST), 10, 13, 33, 37, 43, 54, 75, 98, 128-129, 131
Square Kilometer Array (SKA), 8, 10, 26, 31, 33, 37, 41, 46, 54, 78, 125, 127, 132, 189
Very Large Array (VLA), 11, 38, 74, 75, 84, 125, 126, 140, 180, 187
Very Long Baseline Array, 14, 81, 84, 125, 126, 127
very long baseline interferometry, general, 30
Radio astronomy, space-based, 150
Advanced Radio Interferometry between Space and Earth (ARISE), 10, 14, 33, 37, 42, 54, 81, 83, 98, 127, 195
Next Generation Space Telescope (NGST), 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 31, 33, 35-39 (passim), 54, 57, 72, 76-78, 83, 85, 87, 97, 100-102, 104, 106, 110, 112
white dwarf binaries, 40-41, 68, 72, 117
Redshifts, 12, 19, 36, 38, 39, 75, 77, 78, 83, 86, 88, 100
defined, 220
Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider, 134-135
gravitational lensing, 12, 19, 39, 55, 56-57, 93-94, 127, 217
see also Cosmic rays
Research-Based Science Education (program), 143
Research methodology
international collaboration, 8, 30-31, 182
see also Technology development;
Theory
Robotic Optical Transient Search Experiment (ROTSE), 74, 75
Roentgen Satellite, 120
Rossi X-ray Timing Explorer (RXTE), 28
S
SAFIR, see Single Aperture Far Infrared Observatory
Satellites, see Spaced-based programs
Scientific Assessment Group for Experiments in Non-Accelerator Physics, 7-8
SDO, see Solar Dynamics Observatory
Search for extraterrestrial intelligence (SETI), 131-132
Shoemaker-Levy 9 comet, 19, 61, 62, 142
SIM, see Space Interferometry Mission
Single Aperture Far Infrared Observatory (SAFIR), 9, 10, 33, 35, 37, 39, 54, 75, 83, 85, 97, 109-110
SIRTF, see Space Infrared Telescope Facility
SKA, see Square Kilometer Array
Sloan Digital Sky Survey, 88, 132
SMA, see Submillimeter Array
SOFIA, see Stratospheric Observatory for Infrared Astronomy
Solar and Heliospheric Observatory (SOHO), 8, 13, 30, 115, 116, 134, 204
Solar astronomy, xvii, 6. 14, 65-68, 114-117, 135, 155, 180, 189, 204
Advanced Solar Telescope (AST), 8, 10, 13, 31, 33, 37, 41, 45, 54, 66, 68, 114-116
Dunn Solar Telescope, 115
Earth, climate and, 9, 66, 150, 153-154
Earth, ultraviolet radiation effects, 154
Frequency Agile Solar Radio telescope (FASR), 10, 13, 33, 37, 42-43, 54, 98, 115, 116, 189
High Energy Solar Spectroscopic Imager (HESSI), 115
magnetic phenomena, 65-66, 114-117 (passim), 135
National Solar Observatory (NSO), 6, 27, 116, 140, 184
Solar and Heliospheric Observatory (SOHO), 8, 13, 30, 116, 134, 204
Solar-B telescope, 115
Solar Dynamics Observatory (SDO), 10, 13, 33, 37, 41, 54, 68, 98, 115, 116-117, 195
Solar Probe program (NASA), 22
Solar-Terrestrial Relations Observatory (STEREO), 115
Synoptic Optical Long-term Investigation of the Sun (SOLIS), 14, 33, 45, 114, 115
Transition Region and Coronal Explorer (TRACE), 67, 68, 115
Yohkoh telescope, 115
see also Stars
Solar-B telescope, 115
Solar Dynamics Observatory (SDO), 10, 13, 33, 37, 41, 54, 68, 98, 115, 116-117, 195
Solar Probe program (NASA), 22
Solar systems, 2, 9, 55-62, 112
comets and asteroids, 19, 58, 61, 62, 108, 128, 142, 154
formation, 3, 12, 19, 32, 54, 55
protoplanetary disks, 11, 38, 39, 57, 63, 106, 109, 112, 220
Kuiper Belt objects (KBOs), 2, 12, 19, 36, 39, 58, 60, 100, 107, 128
near-Earth objects (NEOs), 58, 61, 38-39, 58, 61, 107, 108
see also Planets;
specific planets
Solar-Terrestrial Relations Observatory (STEREO), 115
SOLIS, see Synoptic Optical Long-term Investigation of the Sun
Southern African Large Telescope (SALT), 101
Southern Hemisphere Pierre Auger Observatory project, 44, 85, 123
South Pole Submillimeter-wave Telescope (SPST), 10, 13, 33, 37, 43, 54, 75, 98, 128-129, 131
Southwestern Consortium of Observatories for Public Education, 140
Space-based programs, xv, 2, 13-14, 15, 32, 33, 34-35, 46, 47, 178
Laser Interferometer Space Antenna (LISA), 8, 10, 13, 31, 33, 37, 40-41, 54, 83, 98, 122, 195
spacecraft communications, 15, 46, 47, 152
see also High-energy astrophysics;
Infrared astronomy, space-based;
International Space Station;
National Aeronautics and Space Administration;
Optical astronomy, space-based;
Radio astronomy, space-based;
Ultraviolet astronomy, space-based
Space Infrared Telescope Facility (SIRTF), 4, 20, 24, 36, 54, 75, 100, 110
Space Interferometry Mission (SIM), 4, 12, 20, 24, 35, 54, 55, 93, 109, 110, 111
Space Science Advisory Committee (NASA), 8, 30, 205
Space Station, see International Space Station
Space Telescope Science Institute (STScI) survey, 197, 199
Space weather, 9, 66, 106, 116-117
Spain, 101
SPST, see South Pole Submillimeter-wave Telescope
Square Kilometer Array (SKA), 8, 10, 26, 31, 33, 37, 41, 46, 54, 78, 125, 127, 132, 189
Starbursts and starburst galaxies, 39, 73, 84-85, 110, 112, 126
defined, 221
Stars, 2, 3, 10, 11, 63-73, 117
evolution, 40-41, 52, 63, 68-73, 107, 117, 134;
see also Black holes;
Supernovae
formation, 3, 8, 11, 18, 32, 36, 38, 52, 53, 54, 57, 63-66, 68, 75, 76-77, 78, 83, 100, 102, 104, 106, 109, 112, 113, 127, 128;
see also Protoplanetary disks
gravitational lensing, 12, 19, 39, 55, 56-57, 93-94, 127, 217
late stages stellar evolution, 3
neutron stars, 38, 42, 55, 68, 70, 72, 73, 76, 117-118, 121-122, 155, 156
quasars, 11, 20, 38, 77, 80, 126, 220
gravitational lensing, 12, 19, 39, 55, 56-57, 93-94, 127, 217
red giants, 68-69
white dwarf binaries, 40-41, 68, 72, 117
see also Black holes;
Galaxies;
Interstellar and intergalactic media and processes;
Solar astronomy;
Supernovae
STEREO, see Solar-Terrestrial Relations Observatory
Strategic Defense Initiative, 149
Strategy for Ground-based Optical and Infrared Astronomy, A, 108
Stratospheric Observatory for Infrared Astronomy (SOFIA), 24, 54, 100, 109, 110
STScI, see Space Telescope Science Institute
Subaru telescope, 101, 206 (n.1)
Submillimeter Array (SMA), 130
Submillimeter-wavelength astronomy, xvii, 25, 65, 75
Caltech Submillimeter Observatory, 130, 206 (n.4)
Hertz Submillimeter Telescope, 130
list of telescopes, 130-131
South Pole Submillimeter-wave Telescope (SPST), 10, 13, 33, 37, 43, 54, 75, 98, 128-129, 131
Submillimeter Array (SMA), 130
Supernovae, 12, 39, 42, 68, 70, 72, 87, 88, 106, 107, 121, 123, 134
interstellar and intergalactic gas, 3, 78, 80
see also Black holes;
Neutron stars
Superstring theory, 94
Swedish Vacuum Tower, 115
Swift mission (Explorer program), 120
Synoptic Optical Long-term Investigation of the Sun (SOLIS), 14, 33, 45, 114, 115
T
Taiwan, 130
Technology development, xvii, 8-11 (passim), 14-15, 26, 31-41 (passim), 45-47, 99-135, 174, 186, 194-195, 205-206
Telescopes, ground-based, see Ground-based programs;
Infrared astronomy, ground-based;
National Science Foundation;
Optical astronomy, ground-based;
Radio astronomy, ground-based;
Ultraviolet astronomy, ground-based
Telescopes, space-based, see High-energy astrophysics;
Infrared astronomy, space-based;
International Space Station;
National Aeronautics and Space Administration;
Optical astronomy, space-based;
Radio astronomy, space-based;
Ultra-violet-astronomy, space-based
Telescope System Instrumentation Program (TSIP), 10, 12-13, 26, 33, 37, 40, 54, 108-109
Terrestrial Planet Finder (TPF), 9, 10, 12, 31, 33, 35, 37, 39, 45, 54, 57, 97, 110-112
Terrestrial planets, 3, 9, 10, 12, 20, 31, 33, 35, 37, 39, 45, 54, 55, 138
see also Earth;
Extraterrestrial life
Theory, 14, 19, 106, 133-134, 155
black holes, 19, 120, 122, 126
comets and asteroids, 108
cosmological constant, 87
dust in the universe, 110
funding, 5, 7, 25, 29, 133-134, 187-188
galaxy formation and evolution, 106, 126, 127
gamma rays, 19
general framework, xv, xvii, 3, 7, 28-29, 33, 53, 96
giant planets, 57
massive compact halo objects (MACHOs), 93
NASA’s Astrophysics Theory Program, 14
National Astrophysical Theory Postdoctoral Program (NASA/NSF), 33, 44, 133
NSF role, 5, 25, 29, 186, 187-188, 193
numerical simulation, 7, 29, 106, 116, 152-153
planet formation, 106
relativity, 40, 84, 87, 119, 120, 155
gravitational lensing, 12, 19, 39, 55, 56-57, 93-94, 127, 217
stellar formation and evolution, 63-64, 106, 126, 127
supernovae, 106
superstring, 94
Theory challenges, 7, 28-29, 106, 108, 110, 112, 116, 117, 119, 120, 122, 123, 126, 127, 129
Titan satellite of Saturn, 109
TPF, see Terrestrial Planet Finder
Transition Region and Coronal Explorer (TRACE), 67, 68, 115
TSIP, see Telescope System Instrumentation Program
Two Micron All Sky Survey (2MASS), 132
U
Ultralong-Duration Balloon (ULDB) program, 33, 45, 135, 195
Ultraviolet astronomy, general, 96-99, 148-149, 150
defined, 222
Ultraviolet astronomy, ground-based, 74, 75, 100, 101-102, 103, 105, 110, 111, 118, 178, 181
Ultraviolet astronomy, space-based, xvii, 15, 24, 46, 113-114
Extreme Ultraviolet Explorer (EUVE), 28, 113
Far Ultraviolet Spectroscopy Explorer (FUSE), 113
Galaxy Evolution Explorer, 113
International Ultraviolet Explorer (IUE), 28
Solar Dynamics Observatory, 10, 13, 33, 37, 41, 54, 68, 98, 115, 116-117, 195
United Kingdom, 101, 115, 125, 131
Universe at Your Fingertips: An Astronomy Activity and Resource Notebook, The, 143
Universe in the Classroom, 145
Universities and colleges, 5, 15, 25, 48, 167-174, 205
ground-based facilities, 6, 26-27, 39-40, 181, 183, 188, 189, 190, 191
see also Professional training
Uranus, 58
U.S. Axion Experiment, 94,
see Axions
U.S.-European Collaboration in Space Science, 30
V
Very Energetic Radiation Imaging Telescope Array System (VERITAS), 10, 13, 33, 37, 42, 83, 98, 121
Very Large Array (VLA), 11, 38, 74, 75, 84, 125, 126, 140, 180, 187
see also Expanded Very Large Array
Very Large Telescope Interferometer (VLT), 101, 111
Very Long Baseline Array (VLBA), 14, 81, 84, 125, 126, 127
W
Weather, see Climate and weather, planetary;
Space weather
WFC3, see Wide Field Camera 3
White dwarves, 40-41, 68, 72, 117
Wide Field Camera 3 (WFC3), 103
WIMP, see Neutralinos
Women scientists, professional development, 199-200
World Wide Web, see Internet
X
X-ray astronomy, 10, 11, 15, 46, 67, 75, 80, 117-118, 148, 149, 150
Astro-E, 118
Chandra X-ray Observatory, 20, 70, 71, 118, 194, 198
Constellation-X Observatory, 10, 11, 33, 37, 38, 53, 54, 72, 75-76, 80, 83, 85, 89, 91, 97, 118-119
defined, 222
Energetic X-ray Imaging Survey Telescope (EXIST), 10, 13-14, 33, 37, 42, 54, 73, 85, 98, 120-122, 195
High-Energy Astronomical Observatory (HEAO-1), 42, 98
Rossi X-ray Timing Explorer (RXTE), 28
X-ray Multi-Mirror (XMM-Newton), 8, 30, 118
Y
Yohkoh telescope, 115