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Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 2001. Astronomy and Astrophysics in the New Millennium. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9839.
×

Index

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 2001. Astronomy and Astrophysics in the New Millennium. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9839.
×

A

AAS, see American Astronomical Society

Academic facilities, see Universities and colleges

Accretion and accretion disks, 58, 63, 72, 80, 83, 112, 127

defined, 214

Adaptive optics, 11, 20, 45, 103-104, 105, 109, 114, 147

defined, 214

giant planets, 57, 61

Giant Segmented Mirror Telescope (GSMT), 10, 11, 31, 33, 35, 36, 37, 38, 45, 46, 54, 55, 57, 58, 72, 76, 77-78, 79, 97, 100, 101-106, 118

Advanced Cosmic-ray Composition Experiment for the Space Station (ACCESS), 14, 33, 45, 123-124

Advanced Radio Interferometry between Space and Earth (ARISE), 10, 14, 33, 37, 42, 54, 81, 83, 98, 127, 195

Advanced Solar Telescope (AST), 8, 10, 13, 31, 33, 37, 41, 45, 54, 66, 68, 98, 114-116

Airborne observatories

balloon programs, 5, 14, 24, 33, 43, 45, 89, 90, 129, 195

Ultralong-Duration Balloon (ULDB) program, 33, 45, 135, 195

Stratospheric Observatory for Infrared Astronomy (SOFIA), 24, 54, 100, 109, 110

ALMA, see Atacama Large Millimeter Array

American Association for the Advancement of Science, 160

American Association of Variable Star Observers, 143

American Astronomical Society (AAS), xxvii, xviii, 2, 21, 139-140, 142, 145, 160, 164, 166-167, 169, 171, 173, 199, 201-202

American Astronomical Society’s Examination of Graduate Education in Astronomy, The, 171, 201-202

American Physical Society, 202

Andromeda Galaxy, 79

Antarctica

Antarctic Muon and Neutrino Detector Array (AMANDA), 44, 123

South Pole Submillimeter-wave Telescope (SPST), 10, 13, 33, 37, 43, 54, 75, 98, 128-129, 131

Apache Point, 140

Arecibo telescope, 125-126

ARISE, see Advanced Radio Interferometry between Space and Earth

AST, see Advanced Solar Telescope;

Division of Astronomical Sciences

Asteroids, see Comets and asteroids;

Near-Earth objects

Astro-E, 118

Astrometric Interferometry Mission, see Space Interferometry Mission

Astronomical Society of the Pacific, 142, 145, 160, 164, 166-167, 169, 173, 202

Astrophysics Theory Program (NASA), 14, 29, 33, 44

Atacama Large Millimeter Array (ALMA), 4, 8, 11, 12, 20, 24, 30, 31, 38, 42, 54, 57, 72, 75, 110, 130, 189

Atmospheres, planetary, 12, 13, 24, 36, 43, 57, 58, 83, 99, 109, 111, 112, 116, 119-120, 147, 153, 154

pollution, 150, 151, 196

see also Adaptive optics;

Airborne observatories;

Climate and weather, planetary;

Terrestrial planets

Australia, 101, 125

Axions, 93, 124

B

Bahcall report, see Decade of Discovery in Astronomy and Astrophysics, The

Balloon programs, 5, 14, 24, 33, 43, 45, 89, 90, 129, 195

Ultralong-Duration Balloon (ULDB) program, 33, 45, 135, 195

BeppoSAX satellite, 73, 74, 75

Berkeley-Illinois-Maryland Association (BIMA), 41, 128, 130, 206 (n.4)

see also Combined Array for Research in Millimeter-wave Astronomy

Big Bang, 2, 19, 32, 43, 53, 71, 86, 88, 89-91, 124, 134-135, 219

BIMA, see Berkeley-Illinois-Maryland Association

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 2001. Astronomy and Astrophysics in the New Millennium. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9839.
×

Biomedical science

astronomy’s contribution to, 147-151 (passim), 154, 157-158

ultraviolet radiation, health impacts, 154

see also Extraterrestrial life

Black holes, 2, 3, 8, 14, 19, 40, 42, 53, 54, 68, 70, 112, 117-118, 120, 122, 123, 126, 127, 155

Constellation-X Observatory, 10, 11, 33, 37, 38, 118

defined, 221

formation and evolution, 3, 8, 11, 18, 32, 38, 53

galactic nuclei, 14, 19, 38, 39, 42, 66, 73, 78, 80-85, 105, 109, 120, 121, 126, 127, 134

quasars, 11, 20, 38, 77, 80, 126, 220

theory, 19, 120, 122, 126

BOOMERANG telescope, 90

Brazil, 101

Brown dwarfs, 19, 20, 63, 109

C

Caltech Submillimeter Observatory, 130, 206 (n.4)

Canada, 31, 128

Canadian Space Agency, 9, 36, 101, 131

Canary Islands, Gran Telescopio Canarias, 101, 206 (n.1)

CARMA, see Combined Array for Research in Millimeter-wave Astronomy

CCDs, see Charge-coupled devices

Center for Adaptive Optics, 20

Center for High Angular Resolution Astronomy Array, 110

Centimeter-wavelength astronomy, 125-127

Advanced Radio Interferometry between Space and Earth (ARISE), 10, 14, 33, 37, 42, 54, 81, 83, 98, 127, 195

Arecibo telescope, 125-126

Expanded Very Large Array (EVLA), 8, 10, 11, 31, 33, 37, 38, 54, 78, 83, 85, 97, 125, 126, 127

HALCA, 127

list of facilities, 126

Low Frequency Array (LOFAR), 14, 33, 45, 54, 78, 126, 127

Square Kilometer Array (SKA), 8, 10, 26, 31, 33, 37, 41, 46, 54, 78, 125, 127, 132, 189

Very Large Array (VLA), 11, 38, 74, 75, 84, 125, 126, 140, 180, 187

Very Long Baseline Array, 14, 81, 84, 125, 126, 127

CGRO, see Compton Gamma Ray Observatory

Chandra X-ray Observatory, 20, 70, 71, 118, 194, 198

Charge-coupled devices (CCDs), 148-149, 216

Chile, 101

European Southern Observatory, 31, 102-103, 206 (n.1)

Climate and weather, planetary Earth, 9, 66, 150, 153-154

giant planets, 58

COBE, see Cosmic Background Explorer

Colleges, see Universities and colleges

Combined Array for Research in Millimeter-wave Astronomy (CARMA), 10, 13, 26, 33, 37, 41-42, 54, 72, 98, 130, 189

Comets and asteroids, 19, 58, 61, 62, 108, 128, 142, 154

see also Kuiper Belt objects;

Near-Earth objects

Communications

energetic particles, disruption by, 154

interferomic timing technique, 152

mirrors and antennas, 146-147

radio astronomy and, 149

solar magnetism, disruption by, 66

spacecraft, 15, 46, 47, 152

Compton Gamma Ray Observatory (CGRO), 13, 20, 40, 73, 74, 75, 120-121, 194, 198

Energetic Gamma Ray Experiment, 13, 40, 83, 120

Computer technology, xvii, 15, 21, 46, 107, 108, 140, 156-157

astronomy’s contribution to industry, 150-153 (passim)

funding, 5, 24-25, 178, 179

laboratory astrophysics and, 134

National Virtual Observatory, 10, 12, 14, 33, 34, 37, 39, 44, 132-133

numerical simulation, 7, 29, 106, 116, 152-153

professional education, 171, 172

theoretical applications, 7, 29

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 2001. Astronomy and Astrophysics in the New Millennium. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9839.
×

see also Internet

Congress of the United States, xvi, 24, 29, 178, 194, 203-206

Constellation-X Observatory, 10, 11, 33, 37, 38, 54, 72, 75-76, 80, 83, 85, 89, 91, 97, 118-119

Cosmic Background Explorer (COBE), 28, 88, 89, 90, 129, 195

Cosmic Background Imager, 89

Cosmic microwave background, 4-5, 20, 24, 28, 42, 43, 87, 88-91, 128-131, 214

Cosmic rays, 14, 33, 40, 44, 45, 80, 85, 123, 155

BeppoSAX satellite, 73, 74, 75

Fly’s Eye telescope, 85, 123, 217

Cosmology, 3, 8, 18, 20-21, 27-28, 31-32, 41, 43, 53, 54, 86-91, 119, 156, 205

age of the universe, 3, 53, 73, 77, 86

Big Bang, 2, 19, 32, 43, 53, 71, 86, 88, 89-91, 124, 134-135, 219

cosmic microwave background, 4-5, 20, 24, 28, 42, 43, 87, 88-91, 128-131, 214

European Planck Surveyor, 5, 8, 20, 24, 30, 43, 54, 89, 91, 129

expansion of the universe, 3, 19, 32, 53, 75, 86-87, 155;

see also Dark matter and energy;

Big Bang supra;

redshifts infra

galactic evolution, 3, 9, 11, 19, 20, 32, 36, 38, 52, 53, 73-80, 102, 104, 106, 108-109;

see also redshifts infra

galactic formation, 3, 8, 9, 11, 18, 20, 32, 36, 38, 43, 45, 52, 53, 75, 76, 78, 83, 102, 104, 106, 127, 138

mergers, 40-41, 75, 78, 83-84

Microwave Anisotropy Probe (MAP), 5, 20, 24, 43, 54, 89, 129, 131

redshifts, 12, 19, 36, 38, 39, 75, 77, 78, 83, 86, 88, 100

Cost factors, 5, 7, 9, 14-15, 22, 25, 34, 45-46, 182, 186-188, 194-195

balloon programs, 14, 33, 45, 135

centimeter wavelength astronomy, 127

Explorer program, 28

Hubble Space Telescope, 5, 24

international collaboration, 8, 30-31

large telescopes, general, 103

numerical simulation, 7

prioritized initiatives described, 9, 11, 14-15, 34-36, 38-44 (passim)

prioritized initiatives, list of, 10, 33, 37

see also Funding

Cross-disciplinary approaches, see Interdisciplinary approaches

Cryogenic Dark Matter Search II, 94, 124

Cryogenics, 36, 44, 46, 93, 100-101, 102, 110, 111, 112, 123, 124, 149

D

Dark matter and energy, 3, 8, 12, 15, 32, 39, 43-44, 53, 73, 77, 86-87, 91-94, 107, 124, 127, 155

axions, 94, 124

see also Black holes

Darwin mission, 31

Data exploration, xvii, 107, 153, 156-157

National Virtual Observatory, 10, 12, 14, 33, 34, 37, 39, 44, 132-133

Decade of Discovery in Astronomy and Astrophysics, The (“1991 survey”), 2, 5, 9, 20, 24, 25, 100, 174, 184

Department of Defense, 32, 149, 178

Department of Education, 160

Department of Energy, 6, 13, 32, 40, 178, 179, 203

federal agency coordination, 7-8, 27-28, 30, 195-196, 204-205

plasma physics, 27-28

Discovery program (NASA), 22, 35

Division of Astronomical Sciences (AST), 27, 175, 179, 182, 186, 188, 190-191, 193, 206

Doppler shifts, 55-56, 117

Dunn Solar Telescope, 115

E

Earth

astronomical environment, effect on, general, 3, 54, 66, 114, 116-117;

see also Near-Earth objects

climate, 9, 66, 150, 153-154

comets and asteroids, collisions, 19, 154

environmental pollution, 196-197

ultraviolet radiation, impacts, 154

see also Terrestrial Planet Finder;

Terrestrial planets

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 2001. Astronomy and Astrophysics in the New Millennium. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9839.
×

Economic factors, see Cost factors;

Funding;

Private sector

Education, see Professional education;

Public education and outreach

Einstein, Albert, 40, 84, 87, 155

see also Relativistic phenomena

Energetic Gamma Ray Experiment (EGRET), 13, 40, 83, 120

Energetic X-ray Imaging Survey Telescope (EXIST), 10, 13-14, 33, 37, 42, 54, 73, 85, 98, 120-122, 195

Environmental pollution, 150, 151, 196-197

ultraviolet radiation, health impacts, 154

European Far Infrared Space Telescope (FIRST), 5, 8, 24, 30, 75, 109, 110

European Planck Surveyor, 5, 8, 20, 24, 30, 43, 54, 89, 91, 129

European Science Foundation, 30

European Solar and Heliospheric Observatory, see Solar and Heliospheric Observatory

European Southern Observatory, 31, 102-103, 206 (n.1)

European Space Agency, 9, 13, 109

Atacama Large Millimeter Array (ALMA), 4, 8, 11, 12, 20, 24, 30, 31, 38, 42, 54, 57, 72, 75, 110, 130, 189

European Planck Surveyor, 5, 8, 20, 24, 30, 43, 54, 89, 91, 129

Laser Interferometer Space Antenna (LISA), 41

Next Generation Space Telescope (NGST), 36

Terrestrial Planet Finder (TPF), 31

European Very Large Telescope, 100

EUVE, see Extreme Ultraviolet Explorer

EXIST, see Energetic X-ray Imaging Survey Telescope

Expanded Very Large Array (EVLA), 8, 10, 11, 31, 33, 37, 38, 54, 78, 83, 85, 97, 125, 126, 127

Explorer program (NASA), 7, 22, 28, 34, 35, 73, 113, 120, 135, 194, 195

Extraterrestrial life, 3, 9, 18, 32, 52, 53, 157-158

intelligent, 131-132

Terrestrial Planet Finder (TPF), 9, 10, 12, 31, 33, 35, 37, 39, 111-112

Extreme Ultraviolet Explorer (EUVE), 28, 113

F

Far Ultraviolet Spectroscopy Explorer, 113

FASR, see Frequency Agile Solar Radio telescope

FCRAO, see Five College Radio Astronomy Observatory

Federal Funding of Astronomical Research, xvi, xvii, 21, 133, 203

Federal government

program coordination, 7-8, 15, 27-28, 29-30, 181-183, 204-205

public education initiatives, 15, 48, 160

see also Congress of the United States;

Funding;

National Aeronautics and Space Administration;

National Science Foundation;

Office of Management and Budget;

specific departments

Fellowships, see Postdoctoral fellowships

FIRST, see European Far Infrared Space Telescope

Five College Radio Astronomy Observatory (FCRAO), 130

Fly’s Eye telescope, 85, 123, 217

Foreign countries, see International perspectives;

terms beginning European;

specific countries

France, 125

Frequency Agile Solar Radio telescope (FASR), 10, 13, 33, 37, 42-43, 54, 98, 115, 116, 189

Funding, xvi, 5, 6, 9, 21, 24-26, 108, 204

balloon programs, 135

competitive grants programs, 25, 133, 187, 190-193, 201, 199

competitive reviews, 6, 27, 34, 185-186, 188, 189, 190, 205, 206

computer technology, 5, 24-25, 178, 179

Department of Energy, 196

Federal Funding of Astronomical Research, xvi, xvii, 21, 133, 203

international collaboration, 8, 30-31, 184-185

laboratory astrophysics, 134

NASA, 5, 14-15, 24-26, 32, 33, 34-35, 44, 45-46, 133-134, 146, 163, 178

National Astrophysical Theory Postdoctoral Program (NASA/NSF), 33, 44, 133

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 2001. Astronomy and Astrophysics in the New Millennium. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9839.
×

NSF, xvii, xviii, 5, 6, 25, 26, 29, 33, 38, 44, 45, 48-49, 108, 133, 134, 146, 160-161, 163, 178, 179, 181-182, 185, 186-188, 189-193, 199, 205-206

competitive reviews, 6, 27, 34, 185-186, 187-188, 189, 190, 205, 206

prioritized initiatives, descriptions, 9, 11, 13, 14-15, 32, 34-36, 40

prioritized initiatives, list of, 10, 33

professional education, 5, 15, 25-26;

see also Postdoctoral fellowships

professional societies, 201-203

public education initiatives, 15, 146, 160-161, 163-164, 167, 175

theoretical initiatives, 5, 7, 25, 29, 133-134, 187-188

see also Cost factors;

Postdoctoral fellowships

G

Galaxies, 2, 3, 53, 73-85, 88, 107, 109

active, 14, 80, 83, 85, 109, 112, 120, 126, 214

clusters, 38, 42, 75-76, 85, 91, 104, 106, 117-118, 128

Constellation-X Observatory, 10, 11, 33, 37, 38, 54, 72, 75-76, 80, 83, 85, 89, 91, 97, 118-119

evolution, 3, 9, 11, 19, 20, 32, 36, 38, 52, 53, 73-80, 102, 104, 106, 108-109, 113;

see also Cosmology;

Redshifts

formation, 3, 8, 9, 11, 18, 20, 32, 36, 38, 43, 45, 52, 53, 75, 76, 78, 83, 102, 104, 106, 127, 138

mergers, 40-41, 75, 78, 83-84

gravitational lensing, 12, 19, 39, 55, 56-57, 93-94, 127, 217

massive compact halo objects (MACHOs), 93-94, 219

nuclei, 14, 19, 38, 39, 42, 66, 73, 78, 80-85, 105, 109, 120, 121, 126, 127, 134

quasars, 11, 20, 38, 77, 80, 126, 220

starbursts and starburst galaxies, 39, 73, 84-85, 110, 112, 126, 221

structure, general, 24, 85, 88, 111

see also Interstellar and intergalactic media and processes;

Milky Way;

Stars

Galaxy Evolution Explorer, 113

Galileo probe, 216

Gamma-ray astronomy, 8, 10, 13, 15, 19, 74, 80, 117, 179

defined, 217

Energetic Gamma Ray Experiment (EGRET), 13, 40, 83, 120

Energetic X-ray Imaging Survey Telescope (EXIST), 10, 13-14, 33, 37, 42, 54, 73, 85, 98, 120-122, 195

Gamma-ray Large Area Space Telescope (GLAST), 8, 10, 13, 31, 33, 37, 40, 42, 54, 73, 83, 98, 119-121, 195

Very Energetic Radiation Imaging Telescope Array System (VERITAS), 10, 13, 33, 37, 42, 83, 98, 120

Whipple Observatory, 120, 140

Gamma-ray bursts, 19, 40, 42, 72-73, 74-75, 76, 85, 107, 109, 117, 120, 121, 122, 123

GBT, see Green Bank Telescope

Gemini optical-infrared telescopes, 20, 30, 101, 103, 118, 178, 180, 181, 183, 184

Germany, 101, 109, 125, 130

Giant planets, 3, 19, 54, 55, 57, 58, 61, 62, 106

Giant Segmented Mirror Telescope (GSMT), 10, 11, 31, 33, 35, 36, 37, 38, 45, 46, 54, 55, 57, 58, 72, 76, 77-78, 79, 97, 100, 101-106, 118

GLAST, see Gamma-ray Large Area Space Telescope

Global Oscillations Network Group (GONG), 180, 204

Global Positioning System, 152, 197

Graduate Assistance in Areas of National Need (GAANN), 172

Gran Telescopio Canarias, 101, 206 (n.1)

Gravitational forces, xvii, 13, 22, 63, 107, 155, 193

accretion and accretion disks, 58, 63, 72, 80, 83, 112, 127, 214

Big Bang, 89-90

galactic mergers, 83-84

Gravity Probe B, 122

Laser Interferometer Space Antenna (LISA), 8, 10, 13, 31, 33, 37, 40-41, 54, 83, 98, 122, 195

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 2001. Astronomy and Astrophysics in the New Millennium. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9839.
×

Triad program, 122, 221

see also Black holes;

Dark matter and energy

Gravitational lensing, 12, 19, 39, 55, 56-57, 93-94, 127, 217

Gravitational Physics: Exploring the Structure of Space and Time, 22, 84

Gravity Probe B, 122

Great Observatories (NASA), 7, 28

Chandra X-ray Observatory, 20, 70, 71, 118, 194, 198

Compton Gamma Ray Observatory (CGRO), 13, 20, 40, 73, 74, 75, 120, 194, 198

Energetic Gamma Ray Experiment, 13, 40, 83, 120

defined, 217

Hubble Space Telescope (HST), 5, 9, 20, 24, 30, 36, 69, 74, 75, 83, 84, 86, 100, 102, 109, 113, 118, 133, 142, 147, 149, 194, 198, 216

Space Infrared Telescope Facility (SIRTF), 4, 20, 24, 36, 54, 75, 100, 110

Green Bank Telescope (GBT), 125, 189

Ground-based programs, xv, 2, 5, 6, 12-13, 15, 24, 26-28, 29, 33, 34, 46, 47, 96, 99, 101, 129, 178-193, 204

Antarctic Muon and Neutrino Detector Array (AMANDA), 44, 123

Fly’s Eye, 85, 123

Ice Cube experiment, 44, 123

private sector, general, 6, 27, 39-40, 101, 108, 127, 182, 183

university facilities, 6, 26-27, 39-40, 181, 183, 188, 189, 190, 191

see also Infrared astronomy, ground-based;

Laboratory astrophysics;

National Science Foundation;

Optical astronomy, ground-based;

Radio astronomy, ground-based;

Ultraviolet astronomy, ground-based

GSMT, see Giant Segmented Mirror Telescope

H

HALCA, 127

Hands-on Astrophysics, 143

Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, 145

Hertz Submillimeter Telescope, 130

HESSI, see High Energy Solar Spectroscopic Imager

HET, see Hobby-Eberly Telescope

High-Energy Astronomical Observatory (HEAO-1), 42, 98

High-energy astrophysics, xvii, 44, 72, 117-124, 155, 193, 195

see also Cosmic rays;

Gamma-ray astronomy;

Gamma-ray bursts;

Particle astrophysics

High Energy Solar Spectroscopic Imager (HESSI), 115

High Energy Transient Explorer (HETE-2), 120

Historical perspectives, 1, 18-21, 52, 178, 181

Decade of Discovery in Astronomy and Astrophysics, The (“1991 survey”), 2, 5, 9, 20, 24, 25, 100, 174, 184

Hobby-Eberly Telescope (HET), 101, 103

Hubble Space Telescope (HST), 5, 9, 20, 24, 30, 36, 69, 74, 75, 83, 84, 86, 100, 102, 109, 113, 118, 133, 142, 147, 149, 194, 198, 216

Human factors, xv, 21, 23, 139, 158, 160, 178

practical contributions to society, 146-158

see also Organizational and institutional factors;

Professional education;

Public education and outreach

I

Ice Cube experiment, 44, 123

Image analysis, 101, 143, 151, 152-153, 156-157, 172

India, 125

Informal Science Education program, 164

Infrared Astronomical Satellite (IRAS), 28

Infrared astronomy, general, 96-99, 149

defined, 218

galactic evolution, 75

Infrared astronomy, ground-based, xvii, 6, 15, 76-77, 110-111, 182, 183, 189

Advanced Solar Telescope (AST), 8, 10, 13, 31, 33, 37, 41, 45, 54, 66, 68, 98, 114-116

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 2001. Astronomy and Astrophysics in the New Millennium. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9839.
×

Gemini optical-infrared telescopes, 20, 30, 101, 103, 118, 178, 180, 181, 183, 184

Keck telescopes, 74, 75, 100, 101-102, 103, 105, 110, 111, 118, 178, 181

National Optical Astronomy Observatories (NOAO), 6, 20, 27, 143, 151, 179, 181, 183-184

Telescope System Instrumentation Program (TSIP), 10, 12-13, 26, 33, 37, 40, 54, 108-109

Infrared astronomy, space-based, xvii, 4, 46, 110-113

European Far Infrared Space Telescope (FIRST), 5, 8, 24, 30, 75, 109, 110

Infrared Astronomical Satellite (IRAS), 28

Next Generation Space Telescope (NGST), 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 31, 33, 35-39 (passim), 54, 57, 72, 76-78, 83, 85, 87, 97, 100-102, 104, 106, 110, 112

Space Infrared Telescope Facility (SIRTF), 4, 20, 24, 36, 54, 75, 100, 110

Space Interferometry Mission (SIM), 4, 12, 20, 24, 35, 54, 55, 94, 109, 110, 111

Terrestrial Planet Finder (TPF), 9, 10, 12, 31, 33, 35, 37, 39, 45, 54, 57, 97, 110-112

Infrared Spatial Interferometer, 110

Institut de Radioastronomie Millimétrique (IRAM), 130, 131

Institutional factors, see Organizational and institutional factors;

Professional societies;

Universities and colleges

Intelligence, extraterrestrial, see Search for extraterrestrial intelligence

Interdisciplinary approaches, 4, 6, 18, 154-158, 193

federal agency coordination, 7-8, 27-28, 30, 181-182

Interferometry, 4, 15, 46, 99, 110-111, 126, 151-152

Advanced Radio Interferometry between Space and Earth (ARISE), 10, 14, 33, 37, 42, 54, 81, 83, 98, 127, 195

defined, 218

Expanded Very Large Array (EVLA), 8, 10, 11, 31, 33, 37, 38, 54, 78, 83, 85, 97, 125, 126, 127

HALCA, 127

Infrared Spatial Interferometer, 110

Laser Interferometer Gravitational-wave Observatory (LIGO), 22, 122

Laser Interferometer Space Antenna (LISA), 8, 10, 13, 31, 33, 37, 40-41, 54, 83, 98, 122, 195

Low Frequency Array (LOFAR), 14, 33, 45, 54, 78, 126, 127

Space Interferometry Mission (SIM), 4, 12, 20, 24, 35, 54, 55, 94, 109, 110, 111

Terrestrial Planet Finder (TPF), 9, 10, 12, 31, 33, 35, 37, 39, 45, 54, 57, 97, 110-112

Very Large Array (VLA), 11, 38, 74, 75, 84, 125, 126, 140, 180, 187

Very Large Telescope Interferometer, 101, 111

Very Long Baseline Array, 14, 81, 84, 125, 126, 127

very long baseline interferometry, general, 30

International Dark Sky Association, 196

International perspectives, xv-xvi, 22, 101, 123, 125, 130-131, 181

Atacama Large Millimeter Array (ALMA), 4, 8, 11, 12, 20, 24, 30, 31, 38, 42, 54, 57, 72, 75, 110, 130, 189

collaboration framework, 8, 30-31, 182

costs and funding for collaborative efforts, 8, 30-31, 184-185

Square Kilometer Array (SKA), 8, 10, 26, 31, 33, 37, 41, 46, 54, 78, 125, 127, 132, 189

see also terms beginning European;

specific countries

International Space Station

Advanced Cosmic-ray Composition Experiment for the Space Station (ACCESS), 14, 33, 45, 123-124

Energetic X-ray Imaging Survey Telescope (EXIST), 10, 13-14, 33, 37, 42, 54, 73, 85, 98, 120-122, 195

International Ultraviolet Explorer (IUE), 28

Internet

Los Alamos preprint server, 196

National Virtual Observatory, 10, 12, 14, 33, 34, 37, 39, 44, 132-133

public education, general, 48, 49, 140, 142, 146, 163

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 2001. Astronomy and Astrophysics in the New Millennium. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9839.
×

Interstellar and intergalactic media and processes, 3, 53, 63-65, 68, 78-80, 85, 100, 106, 109, 110, 117-118, 123

cosmic microwave background, 4-5, 20, 24, 28, 42, 43, 87, 88-91, 128-131, 214

Giant Segmented Mirror Telescope, 10, 11, 31, 33, 35, 36, 37, 38, 45, 46, 54, 55, 57, 58, 72, 76, 77-78, 79, 97, 100, 101-106, 118

see also Dark matter and energy

Interstellar Probe program (NASA), 22

IRAM, see Institut de Radioastronomie Millimétrique

IRAS, see Infrared Astronomical Satellite

Italy, 73, 101

IUE, see International Ultraviolet Explorer

J

James Clerk Maxwell Telescope (JCMT), 131

Japan, 125, 127, 181

Atacama Large Millimeter Array (ALMA), 31, 130

Japanese Advanced Satellites for Cosmology and Astrophysics, 8, 30

solar astronomy (Nobeyama Radioheliograph), 115, 130, 131

Subaru telescope, 101, 206 (n.1)

Jupiter, 55, 106, 109

Galileo probe, 216

Shoemaker-Levy 9 comet, 19, 61, 62, 142

K

Keck Foundation, xviii, 181

Keck telescopes, 74, 75, 100, 101-102, 103, 105, 110, 111, 118, 178, 181

Kitt Peak McMath-Pierce Telescope, 114, 115

Kuiper Belt objects (KBOs), 2, 12, 19, 36, 39, 58, 60, 100, 107, 128

L

Laboratory astrophysics, xvii, 14, 21, 33, 34, 134-135, 155-156, 195-196

see also Department of Energy

Large-aperture Synoptic Survey Telescope (LSST), 10, 11-12, 33, 37, 38-39, 42, 54, 58, 61, 72, 87, 93, 97, 106-108, 132, 154

Large Binocular Telescope (LBT), 101, 111

Large Hadron Collider, 135

Large Millimeter Telescope (LMT), 131

Laser Interferometer Gravitational-wave Observatory (LIGO), 22, 122

Laser Interferometer Space Antenna (LISA), 8, 10, 13, 31, 33, 37, 40-41, 54, 83, 98, 122, 195

LBT, see Large Binocular Telescope

LMT, see Large Millimeter Telescope

Long-term Space Astrophysics (LTSA) program, 198-199

Los Alamos National Laboratory, 196

Low Frequency Array (LOFAR), 14, 33, 45, 54, 78, 126, 127

Lowell Observatory, 140

LSST, see Large-aperture Synoptic Survey Telescope

LTSA, see Long-term Space Astrophysics

Lyman-α clouds, 106

M

Magellan telescope, 101

Magnetic phenomena, 13, 14, 41, 43, 45, 58, 63, 65-66, 68, 72, 80, 83, 96, 97, 98, 114-119 (passim), 122, 124, 127, 134, 135, 153, 155

Advanced Solar Telescope (AST), 8, 10, 13, 31, 33, 37, 41, 45, 54, 66, 68, 98, 114-116

Magnetohydrodynamics, 116, 119, 153

defined, 219

MAP, see Microwave Anisotropy Probe

Mars, 109, 153

Mass media, 141-142, 163

Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 200

Massive compact halo objects (MACHOs), 93-94

MAXIMA telescope, 90

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 2001. Astronomy and Astrophysics in the New Millennium. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9839.
×

McCray report, see Strategy for Ground-based Optical and Infrared Astronomy, A

Medical science, see Biomedical science

MERLIN, see Multi-Element Radio Linked

Interferometer Network

Methodology, see Research methodology

Mexico, 131

Microwave Anisotropy Probe (MAP), 5, 20, 24, 43, 54, 89, 129, 131

Microwaves, cosmic microwave background, 4-5, 20, 24, 28, 42, 43, 87, 88-91, 128-131, 214

Mid-size Explorer mission (MIDEX), 73

Milky Way, 2, 19, 20, 36. 52, 53, 55, 73, 77, 81, 106, 111, 138, 219

massive compact halo objects (MACHOs), 93-94

supernovae, 42

white dwarf binaries, 40-41

Millimeter Array (MMA), 4, 20, 24

see also Atacama Large Millimeter Array

Millimeter-wavelength astronomy, 65, 128, 129

Atacama Large Millimeter Array (ALMA), 4, 8, 11, 12, 20, 24, 30, 31, 38, 42, 54, 57, 72, 75, 110, 130, 189

Berkeley-Illinois-Maryland Association (BIMA), 41, 128, 130, 206 (n.4)

Combined Array for Research in Millimeter-wave Astronomy (CARMA), 10, 13, 26, 33, 37, 41-42, 54, 72, 98, 130, 189

Five College Radio Astronomy Observatory (FCRAO), 130

Institut de Radioastronomie Millimétrique (IRAM), 130, 131

list of telescopes, 130-131

Millimeter Array (MMA), 4, 20, 24

Nobeyama Radioheliograph, 115, 130, 131

Owens Valley Radio Observatory (OVRO), 41, 128, 130, 206 (n.4)

Minority groups, professional development, 200-201

Mission operations and data analysis (NASA), 5, 25, 27

MMT, see Multiple Mirror Telescope

M31 and M32 galaxies, 78, 79

Multidisciplinary approaches, see Interdisciplinary approaches

Multi-Element Radio Linked Interferometer Network (MERLIN), 125

Multiple Mirror Telescope (MMT), 101

Museums and planetariums, 140-141, 143, 163-164

N

NAIC, see National Astronomy and Ionosphere Center

National Aeronautics and Space Administration, xvi, 6, 7, 8, 22, 58, 178, 201, 203, 204-205

Advanced Radio Interferometry between Space and Earth (ARISE), 10, 14, 33, 37, 42, 54, 81, 83, 98, 127, 195

balloon programs, 5, 14, 24, 33, 43, 45, 89, 90, 129, 195

Ultralong-Duration Balloon (ULDB) program, 33, 45, 135, 195

Chandra X-ray Observatory, 20, 70, 71, 118, 194, 198

committee recommendations, 11, 12, 13, 14-15, 24-25, 28-29, 32, 40, 41, 43, 45, 193-195

Compton Gamma Ray Observatory (CGRO), 13, 20, 40, 73, 74, 75, 120, 194, 198

Energetic Gamma Ray Experiment, 13, 40, 83, 120

coordination with other federal agencies, 8, 29-30, 204-205

Cosmic Background Explorer (COBE), 28, 88, 89, 90, 129, 195

Discovery program (NASA), 22, 35

Energetic X-ray Imaging Survey Telescope (EXIST), 10, 13-14, 33, 37, 42, 54, 73, 85, 98, 120-122, 195

Explorer program (NASA), 7, 22, 28, 34, 35, 73, 113, 120, 135, 194, 195

funding, 5, 14-15, 24-26, 32, 33, 34-35, 44, 45-46, 133-134, 146, 163, 178

Gamma-ray Large Area Space Telescope (GLAST), 8, 10, 13, 31, 33, 37, 40, 42, 54, 73, 83, 98, 119-120, 195

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 2001. Astronomy and Astrophysics in the New Millennium. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9839.
×

Hubble Space Telescope (HST), 5, 9, 20, 24, 30, 36, 69, 74, 75, 83, 84, 86, 100, 102, 109, 113, 118, 133, 142, 147, 149, 194, 198, 216

International Space Station

Advanced Cosmic-ray Composition Experiment for the Space Station (ACCESS), 14, 33, 45, 123-124

Energetic X-ray Imaging Survey Telescope (EXIST), 10, 13-14, 33, 37, 42, 54, 73, 85, 98, 120-122, 195

Keck telescopes, 74, 75, 100, 101-102, 103, 105, 110, 111, 118, 178, 181

laboratory astrophysics, 134

Laser Interferometer Space Antenna (LISA), 8, 10, 13, 31, 33, 37, 40-41, 54, 83, 98, 122, 195

mission operations and data analysis, 5, 25, 27

National Astrophysical Theory Postdoctoral Program (NASA/NSF), 33, 44-45, 133

professional education, 33, 44, 133, 198-199

public education, 143, 146, 160, 163-164, 165-166, 175, 176, 204

Solar Dynamics Observatory (SDO), 10, 13, 33, 37, 41, 54, 68, 98, 115, 116-117, 195

space debris, 196-197

Space Science Advisory Committee, 8, 30, 205

see also Great Observatories

National Astronomy and Ionosphere Center (NAIC), 6, 27, 180, 181

National Astrophysical Theory Postdoctoral Program (NASA/NSF), 33, 44, 133

National Optical Astronomy Observatories (NOAO), 6, 20, 21, 27, 143, 151, 179, 181, 183-184

National Radio Astronomy Observatory (NRAO), 6, 26, 151, 179-180, 181, 184

National science education standards, 142-143

National Science Foundation, xvi, xvii, 5, 6, 20, 108, 201, 203

Advanced Solar Telescope (AST), 8, 10, 13, 31, 33, 37, 41, 45, 49, 54, 66, 68, 98, 114-116

committee recommendations, 12-13, 27, 29-30, 32, 40-41, 45, 49, 179-193

competitive reviews, 6, 27, 34, 185-186, 188, 189, 205, 206

coordination efforts, 7, 29-30, 180, 181-182, 204-205

Division of Astronomical Sciences (AST), 27, 175, 179, 182, 186, 188, 190-191, 193, 206

funding, xvii, xviii, 5, 6, 25, 26, 29, 33, 38, 44, 45, 48-49, 108, 133, 134, 146, 160-161, 163, 178, 179, 181-182, 185, 186-188, 189-193, 199, 205-206

competitive reviews, 6, 27, 34, 185-186, 188, 189, 190, 205, 206

Gemini optical-infrared telescopes, 20, 30, 101, 103, 118, 178, 180, 181, 183, 184

Giant Segmented Mirror Telescope (GSMT), 10, 11, 31, 33, 35, 36, 37, 38, 45, 46, 54, 55, 57, 58, 72, 76, 77-78, 79, 97, 100, 101-106, 118

Global Oscillations Network Group (GONG), 180, 204

Green Bank Telescope (GBT), 125, 189

laboratory astrophysics, 134

National Astronomy and Ionosphere Center (NAIC), 6, 27, 180, 181

National Astrophysical Theory Postdoctoral Program, 33, 44, 133

National Optical Astronomy Observatories, 6, 20, 21, 27, 143, 151, 179, 181, 183-184

National Radio Astronomy Observatory (NRAO), 6, 27, 151, 179-180, 181, 183-184

professional education, 160, 162-163, 175, 181, 198, 200

National Astrophysical Theory Postdoctoral Program (NASA/NSF), 33, 44, 133

public education, 48-49, 143, 145, 160-161, 163-164, 169, 175, 181, 204

Solar and Heliospheric Observatory (SOHO), 8, 13, 30, 116, 134, 204

Telescope System Instrumentation Program (TSIP), 10, 12-13, 26, 33, 37, 40, 54, 108-109

theoretical studies, 5, 25, 29, 186, 187-188, 193

Very Large Array (VLA), 11, 38, 74, 75, 84, 125, 126, 140, 180, 187

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 2001. Astronomy and Astrophysics in the New Millennium. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9839.
×

Very Long Baseline Array (VLBA), 14, 81, 84, 125, 126, 127

National Solar Observatory (NSO), 6, 27, 116, 140, 184

National Virtual Observatory, 10, 12, 14, 33, 34, 37, 39, 44, 132-133

Naval Research Laboratory, 45

Near-Earth objects (NEOs), 58, 61, 38-39, 58, 61, 107, 108

see also Comets and asteroids;

Kuiper Belt objects

Neptune, 58, 61

Netherlands, 14, 45, 73, 125, 131

Neutralinos, 94, 124

Neutrinos, 19, 44, 65, 91, 96, 117, 123, 155, 156, 179

defined, 219

Neutron stars, 38, 42, 55, 68, 70, 72, 73, 76, 117-118, 121-122, 155, 156

New Zealand, 101

Next Generation Space Telescope (NGST), 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 31, 33, 35-39 (passim), 54, 57, 72, 76-78, 83, 85, 87, 97, 100-102, 104, 106, 110, 112

NOAO, see National Optical Astronomy Observatories

Nobeyama Radioheliograph, 115, 130, 131

Northern Hemisphere Auger project, 44

NRAO, see National Radio Astronomy Observatory

NSO, see National Solar Observatory

Nuclear physics, xvii, 27-28, 38, 155, 193, 195, 205

Numerical simulation, 7, 29, 106, 116, 152 153

O

Office of Management and Budget, 22

Office of Science and Technology Policy, 8, 30

One Hectare Telescope, 127

Optical astronomy, general, 96-99, 148-149, 179

defined, 220

Optical astronomy, ground-based, xvii, 6, 11-12, 39-40, 76, 113, 180, 181, 182, 183, 189, 204

Advanced Solar Telescope (AST), 8, 10, 13, 31, 33, 37, 41, 45, 54, 66, 68, 98, 114-116

Gemini optical-infrared telescopes, 20, 30, 101, 103, 118, 178, 180, 181, 183, 184

Giant Segmented Mirror Telescope (GSMT), 10, 11, 31, 33, 35, 36, 37, 38, 45, 46, 54, 55, 57, 58, 72, 76, 77-78, 79, 97, 100, 101-106, 118

Keck telescopes, 74, 75, 100, 101-102, 103, 105, 110, 111, 118, 178, 181

Large-aperture Synoptic Survey Telescope (LSST), 10, 11-12, 33, 37, 38-39, 42, 54, 58, 61, 72, 87, 92, 97, 106-108, 132, 154

Large Binocular Telescope (LBT), 101, 111

National Optical Astronomy Observatories (NOAO), 6, 20, 21, 27, 143, 151, 179, 181, 183-184

Telescope System Instrumentation Program (TSIP), 10, 12-13, 26, 33, 37, 40, 54, 108-109

see also Adaptive optics

Optical astronomy, space-based, xvii, 15, 113-114

Hubble Space Telescope (HST), 5, 9, 20, 24, 30, 36, 69, 74, 75, 83, 84, 86, 100, 102, 109, 113, 118, 133, 142, 147, 149, 194, 198, 216

Solar Dynamics Observatory, 10, 13, 33, 37, 41, 54, 68, 98, 115, 116-117, 195

Organizational and institutional factors, xv, 26-28

education, general public, 140-141

federal agency coordination, 7-8, 15, 27-28, 29-30, 181-183, 204-205

ground-based facilities, 6, 180, 181-183, 188-190

international collaboration, 8, 30-31

mission operations, 5, 25, 27

see also Cost factors;

Funding;

Universities and colleges

Orion Nebula, 57-58, 59

Owens Valley Radio Observatory (OVRO), 41, 128, 130, 206 (n.4)

see also Combined Array for Research in Millimeter-wave Astronomy

OWL telescope, 31

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 2001. Astronomy and Astrophysics in the New Millennium. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9839.
×

P

Palomar Observatory, 74, 75, 178

Palomar Testbed Interferometer, 110

Particle astrophysics, xvii, 22, 42, 43-44, 65, 80, 85, 92, 123-124, 154, 155, 195

Antarctic Muon and Neutrino Detector Array (AMANDA), 44, 123

axions, 94, 124

neutralinos, 94, 124

neutrinos, 19, 44, 65, 91, 96, 117, 123, 155, 156, 179, 219

photons, 40, 42, 72, 83, 85, 99, 100, 115-116, 117, 120, 122, 123, 124, 148

see also Cosmic rays

Photometry, 55, 56-57

gravitational lensing, 12, 19, 39, 55, 56-57, 93-94, 127, 217

Photons, 40, 42, 72, 83, 85, 99, 100, 115-116, 117, 120, 122, 123, 124, 148

Planck Surveyor, see European Planck Surveyor

Planetariums, see Museums and planetariums

Planets, xv, 10, 11

extrasolar, 2, 3, 8-9, 18, 21, 24, 32, 55-62, 138

see also Terrestrial Planet Finder infra;

Terrestrial planets infra

formation and evolution, 9, 11, 18, 32, 38, 39, 52, 54, 55-62, 63, 68, 100, 106, 108, 114

protoplanetary disks, 11, 38, 39, 57, 63

giant planets, 3, 19, 54, 55, 57, 58, 61, 62, 106, 109, 112, 220

gravitational lensing, 12, 19, 39, 55, 56-57, 93-94, 127, 217

life on, 3, 9, 18, 32, 52, 53, 131-132, 157-158

Terrestrial Planet Finder (TPF), 9, 10, 12, 31, 33, 35, 37, 39, 45, 54, 57, 97, 110-112

terrestrial planets, other, 3, 9, 10, 12, 20, 31, 33, 35, 37, 39, 45, 54, 55, 138

see also Solar systems;

specific planets

Plasma physics, 27-28, 41, 80, 134, 153, 155

solar, 114

Poland, 101

Pollution, see Environmental pollution

Postdoctoral fellowships, 5, 14, 25, 26, 33, 34, 44, 133, 172, 198, 199, 200

Private sector, xv-xvi, 197

ground-based astronomy, 6, 27, 39-40, 101, 108, 127, 182, 183

Professional education, 4, 9, 48, 132, 160, 162, 170-174, 178, 181, 194-195, 197-203

computer technology, 171, 172

elementary and secondary teachers, 4, 15, 48, 54, 138-143 (passim), 160, 164, 165, 167, 169, 175, 202

funding, 5, 15, 25-26

see also postdoctoral fellowships infra

minorities, 200-201

NASA, 33, 44, 133, 198-199

NSF, 160, 162-163, 175, 181, 198, 200

National Astrophysical Theory Postdoctoral Program (NASA/NSF), 33, 44, 133

postdoctoral fellowships, 5, 14, 25, 26, 33, 34, 44, 133, 172, 198, 199, 200

women astronomers, 199-200

see also Internet;

Universities and colleges

Professional societies, 201-203

American Association for the Advancement of Science, 160

American Association of Variable Star Observers, 143

American Astronomical Society (AAS), xxvii, xviii, 2, 21, 139-140, 142, 145, 160, 164, 166-167, 169, 171, 173, 199, 201-202

American Physical Society, 202

Astronomical Society of the Pacific (ASP), 142, 145, 160, 164, 166-167, 169, 173, 202

International Dark Sky Association, 196

Project ARIES, 145

Project ASTRO, 145, 160-161, 164

Protoplanetary disks, 11, 38, 39, 57, 63, 106, 109, 112

defined, 220

Public education and outreach, 4, 9, 15, 18, 22, 44, 47-49, 132, 138-146, 158, 160-170, 174-176, 181

elementary and secondary teachers, 4, 15, 48, 54, 138-143 (passim), 160, 164, 165, 167, 169, 175, 202

funding, 15, 146, 160-161, 163-164, 167, 175

Internet, general, 48, 49, 140, 142, 146, 163

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 2001. Astronomy and Astrophysics in the New Millennium. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9839.
×

mass media, 141-142, 163

minority scientists, 201

museums and planetariums, 140-141, 143, 163-164

NASA, 143, 146, 160, 163-164, 165-166, 175, 176, 204

National Science Education Standards, 142-143

NSF, 48-49, 143, 145, 160-161, 163-164, 169, 175, 181, 204

see also Internet

Pulsars, 42, 155

Q

Quasars, 11, 20, 38, 77, 80, 126

defined, 220

gravitational lensing, 12, 19, 39, 55, 56-57, 93-94, 127, 217

R

Radio astronomy, general, 124-132, 150, 153

cosmic microwave background, 4-5, 20, 24, 28, 42, 43, 87, 88-91, 128-131, 214

defined, 220

extraterrestrial intelligence, 131-132

intergalactic media, 80

search for extraterrestrial intelligence (SETI), 131-132

see also Centimeter-wavelength astronomy;

Millimeter-wavelength astronomy;

Submillimeter-wavelength astronomy

Radio astronomy, ground-based, 6, 13, 14, 46, 180, 182, 189, 204

Arecibo telescope, 125-126

Atacama Large Millimeter Array (ALMA), 4, 8, 11, 12, 20, 24, 30, 31, 38, 42, 54, 57, 72, 75, 110, 130, 189

Berkeley-Illinois-Maryland Association (BIMA), 41, 128, 130, 206 (n.4)

Caltech Submillimeter Observatory, 130, 206 (n.4)

Combined Array for Research in Millimeter-wave Astronomy (CARMA), 10, 13, 26, 33, 37, 41-42, 54, 72, 98, 130, 189

Expanded Very Large Array (ELVA), 8, 10, 11, 31, 33, 37, 38, 54, 78, 83, 85, 97, 125, 126, 127

Five College Radio Astronomy Observatory (FCRAO), 130

Frequency Agile Solar Radio telescope (FASR), 10, 13, 33, 37, 42-43, 54, 98, 115, 116, 189

HALCA, 127

Hertz Submillimeter Telescope, 130

Low Frequency Array (LOFAR), 14, 33, 45, 54, 78, 126, 127

Millimeter Array (MMA), 4, 20, 24

National Astronomy and Ionosphere Center (NAIC), 6, 27, 180, 181

National Radio Astronomy Observatory (NRAO), 6, 27, 151, 179-180, 181, 184

Nobeyama Radioheliograph, 115, 130, 131

Owens Valley Radio Observatory (OVRO), 41, 128, 130, 206 (n.4)

South Pole Submillimeter-wave Telescope (SPST), 10, 13, 33, 37, 43, 54, 75, 98, 128-129, 131

Square Kilometer Array (SKA), 8, 10, 26, 31, 33, 37, 41, 46, 54, 78, 125, 127, 132, 189

Very Large Array (VLA), 11, 38, 74, 75, 84, 125, 126, 140, 180, 187

Very Long Baseline Array, 14, 81, 84, 125, 126, 127

very long baseline interferometry, general, 30

Radio astronomy, space-based, 150

Advanced Radio Interferometry between Space and Earth (ARISE), 10, 14, 33, 37, 42, 54, 81, 83, 98, 127, 195

Next Generation Space Telescope (NGST), 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 31, 33, 35-39 (passim), 54, 57, 72, 76-78, 83, 85, 87, 97, 100-102, 104, 106, 110, 112

Red giants, 68, 72

white dwarf binaries, 40-41, 68, 72, 117

Redshifts, 12, 19, 36, 38, 39, 75, 77, 78, 83, 86, 88, 100

defined, 220

Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider, 134-135

Relativistic phenomena, 40, 84, 87, 119, 120, 155

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 2001. Astronomy and Astrophysics in the New Millennium. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9839.
×

gravitational lensing, 12, 19, 39, 55, 56-57, 93-94, 127, 217

see also Cosmic rays

Research-Based Science Education (program), 143

Research methodology

image analysis, 101, 143, 151

international collaboration, 8, 30-31, 182

see also Technology development;

Theory

Robotic Optical Transient Search Experiment (ROTSE), 74, 75

Roentgen Satellite, 120

Rossi X-ray Timing Explorer (RXTE), 28

S

SAFIR, see Single Aperture Far Infrared Observatory

Satellites, see Spaced-based programs

Scientific Assessment Group for Experiments in Non-Accelerator Physics, 7-8

SDO, see Solar Dynamics Observatory

Search for extraterrestrial intelligence (SETI), 131-132

Shoemaker-Levy 9 comet, 19, 61, 62, 142

SIM, see Space Interferometry Mission

Single Aperture Far Infrared Observatory (SAFIR), 9, 10, 33, 35, 37, 39, 54, 75, 83, 85, 97, 109-110

SIRTF, see Space Infrared Telescope Facility

SKA, see Square Kilometer Array

Sloan Digital Sky Survey, 88, 132

SMA, see Submillimeter Array

SOFIA, see Stratospheric Observatory for Infrared Astronomy

Solar and Heliospheric Observatory (SOHO), 8, 13, 30, 115, 116, 134, 204

Solar astronomy, xvii, 6. 14, 65-68, 114-117, 135, 155, 180, 189, 204

Advanced Solar Telescope (AST), 8, 10, 13, 31, 33, 37, 41, 45, 54, 66, 68, 114-116

Dunn Solar Telescope, 115

Earth, climate and, 9, 66, 150, 153-154

Earth, ultraviolet radiation effects, 154

Frequency Agile Solar Radio telescope (FASR), 10, 13, 33, 37, 42-43, 54, 98, 115, 116, 189

High Energy Solar Spectroscopic Imager (HESSI), 115

magnetic phenomena, 65-66, 114-117 (passim), 135

National Solar Observatory (NSO), 6, 27, 116, 140, 184

seismic activity, 19, 65, 218

Solar and Heliospheric Observatory (SOHO), 8, 13, 30, 116, 134, 204

Solar-B telescope, 115

Solar Dynamics Observatory (SDO), 10, 13, 33, 37, 41, 54, 68, 98, 115, 116-117, 195

Solar Probe program (NASA), 22

Solar-Terrestrial Relations Observatory (STEREO), 115

Synoptic Optical Long-term Investigation of the Sun (SOLIS), 14, 33, 45, 114, 115

Transition Region and Coronal Explorer (TRACE), 67, 68, 115

Yohkoh telescope, 115

see also Stars

Solar-B telescope, 115

Solar Dynamics Observatory (SDO), 10, 13, 33, 37, 41, 54, 68, 98, 115, 116-117, 195

Solar Probe program (NASA), 22

Solar systems, 2, 9, 55-62, 112

comets and asteroids, 19, 58, 61, 62, 108, 128, 142, 154

formation, 3, 12, 19, 32, 54, 55

protoplanetary disks, 11, 38, 39, 57, 63, 106, 109, 112, 220

Kuiper Belt objects (KBOs), 2, 12, 19, 36, 39, 58, 60, 100, 107, 128

near-Earth objects (NEOs), 58, 61, 38-39, 58, 61, 107, 108

see also Planets;

specific planets

Solar-Terrestrial Relations Observatory (STEREO), 115

SOLIS, see Synoptic Optical Long-term Investigation of the Sun

Southern African Large Telescope (SALT), 101

Southern Hemisphere Pierre Auger Observatory project, 44, 85, 123

South Pole Submillimeter-wave Telescope (SPST), 10, 13, 33, 37, 43, 54, 75, 98, 128-129, 131

Southwestern Consortium of Observatories for Public Education, 140

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 2001. Astronomy and Astrophysics in the New Millennium. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9839.
×

Space-based programs, xv, 2, 13-14, 15, 32, 33, 34-35, 46, 47, 178

Laser Interferometer Space Antenna (LISA), 8, 10, 13, 31, 33, 37, 40-41, 54, 83, 98, 122, 195

spacecraft communications, 15, 46, 47, 152

see also High-energy astrophysics;

Infrared astronomy, space-based;

International Space Station;

National Aeronautics and Space Administration;

Optical astronomy, space-based;

Radio astronomy, space-based;

Ultraviolet astronomy, space-based

Space Infrared Telescope Facility (SIRTF), 4, 20, 24, 36, 54, 75, 100, 110

Space Interferometry Mission (SIM), 4, 12, 20, 24, 35, 54, 55, 93, 109, 110, 111

Space Science Advisory Committee (NASA), 8, 30, 205

Space Station, see International Space Station

Space Telescope Science Institute (STScI) survey, 197, 199

Space weather, 9, 66, 106, 116-117

Spain, 101

SPST, see South Pole Submillimeter-wave Telescope

Square Kilometer Array (SKA), 8, 10, 26, 31, 33, 37, 41, 46, 54, 78, 125, 127, 132, 189

Starbursts and starburst galaxies, 39, 73, 84-85, 110, 112, 126

defined, 221

Stars, 2, 3, 10, 11, 63-73, 117

brown dwarfs, 19, 20, 63, 109

evolution, 40-41, 52, 63, 68-73, 107, 117, 134;

see also Black holes;

Supernovae

formation, 3, 8, 11, 18, 32, 36, 38, 52, 53, 54, 57, 63-66, 68, 75, 76-77, 78, 83, 100, 102, 104, 106, 109, 112, 113, 127, 128;

see also Protoplanetary disks

gravitational lensing, 12, 19, 39, 55, 56-57, 93-94, 127, 217

late stages stellar evolution, 3

neutron stars, 38, 42, 55, 68, 70, 72, 73, 76, 117-118, 121-122, 155, 156

pulsars, 42, 155

quasars, 11, 20, 38, 77, 80, 126, 220

gravitational lensing, 12, 19, 39, 55, 56-57, 93-94, 127, 217

red giants, 68-69

white dwarf binaries, 40-41, 68, 72, 117

see also Black holes;

Galaxies;

Interstellar and intergalactic media and processes;

Solar astronomy;

Supernovae

STEREO, see Solar-Terrestrial Relations Observatory

Strategic Defense Initiative, 149

Strategy for Ground-based Optical and Infrared Astronomy, A, 108

Stratospheric Observatory for Infrared Astronomy (SOFIA), 24, 54, 100, 109, 110

STScI, see Space Telescope Science Institute

Subaru telescope, 101, 206 (n.1)

Submillimeter Array (SMA), 130

Submillimeter-wavelength astronomy, xvii, 25, 65, 75

Caltech Submillimeter Observatory, 130, 206 (n.4)

Hertz Submillimeter Telescope, 130

list of telescopes, 130-131

South Pole Submillimeter-wave Telescope (SPST), 10, 13, 33, 37, 43, 54, 75, 98, 128-129, 131

Submillimeter Array (SMA), 130

Supernovae, 12, 39, 42, 68, 70, 72, 87, 88, 106, 107, 121, 123, 134

interstellar and intergalactic gas, 3, 78, 80

nucleosynthesis, 134, 219

see also Black holes;

Neutron stars

Superstring theory, 94

Swedish Vacuum Tower, 115

Swift mission (Explorer program), 120

Synoptic Optical Long-term Investigation of the Sun (SOLIS), 14, 33, 45, 114, 115

T

Taiwan, 130

Technology development, xvii, 8-11 (passim), 14-15, 26, 31-41 (passim), 45-47, 99-135, 174, 186, 194-195, 205-206

practical contributions to society, 146-154, 178

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 2001. Astronomy and Astrophysics in the New Millennium. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9839.
×

Telescopes, ground-based, see Ground-based programs;

Infrared astronomy, ground-based;

National Science Foundation;

Optical astronomy, ground-based;

Radio astronomy, ground-based;

Ultraviolet astronomy, ground-based

Telescopes, space-based, see High-energy astrophysics;

Infrared astronomy, space-based;

International Space Station;

National Aeronautics and Space Administration;

Optical astronomy, space-based;

Radio astronomy, space-based;

Ultra-violet-astronomy, space-based

Telescope System Instrumentation Program (TSIP), 10, 12-13, 26, 33, 37, 40, 54, 108-109

Terrestrial Planet Finder (TPF), 9, 10, 12, 31, 33, 35, 37, 39, 45, 54, 57, 97, 110-112

Terrestrial planets, 3, 9, 10, 12, 20, 31, 33, 35, 37, 39, 45, 54, 55, 138

see also Earth;

Extraterrestrial life

Theory, 14, 19, 106, 133-134, 155

black holes, 19, 120, 122, 126

comets and asteroids, 108

computer technology, 7, 29

cosmological constant, 87

dust in the universe, 110

funding, 5, 7, 25, 29, 133-134, 187-188

galaxy formation and evolution, 106, 126, 127

gamma rays, 19

general framework, xv, xvii, 3, 7, 28-29, 33, 53, 96

giant planets, 57

massive compact halo objects (MACHOs), 93

NASA’s Astrophysics Theory Program, 14

National Astrophysical Theory Postdoctoral Program (NASA/NSF), 33, 44, 133

NSF role, 5, 25, 29, 186, 187-188, 193

numerical simulation, 7, 29, 106, 116, 152-153

planet formation, 106

relativity, 40, 84, 87, 119, 120, 155

gravitational lensing, 12, 19, 39, 55, 56-57, 93-94, 127, 217

stellar formation and evolution, 63-64, 106, 126, 127

stellar structure, 19, 63, 65

supernovae, 106

superstring, 94

Theory challenges, 7, 28-29, 106, 108, 110, 112, 116, 117, 119, 120, 122, 123, 126, 127, 129

Titan satellite of Saturn, 109

TPF, see Terrestrial Planet Finder

Transition Region and Coronal Explorer (TRACE), 67, 68, 115

Triad program, 122, 221

TSIP, see Telescope System Instrumentation Program

Two Micron All Sky Survey (2MASS), 132

U

Ultralong-Duration Balloon (ULDB) program, 33, 45, 135, 195

Ultraviolet astronomy, general, 96-99, 148-149, 150

defined, 222

Ultraviolet astronomy, ground-based, 74, 75, 100, 101-102, 103, 105, 110, 111, 118, 178, 181

Ultraviolet astronomy, space-based, xvii, 15, 24, 46, 113-114

Extreme Ultraviolet Explorer (EUVE), 28, 113

Far Ultraviolet Spectroscopy Explorer (FUSE), 113

Galaxy Evolution Explorer, 113

International Ultraviolet Explorer (IUE), 28

Solar Dynamics Observatory, 10, 13, 33, 37, 41, 54, 68, 98, 115, 116-117, 195

United Kingdom, 101, 115, 125, 131

Universe at Your Fingertips: An Astronomy Activity and Resource Notebook, The, 143

Universe in the Classroom, 145

Universities and colleges, 5, 15, 25, 48, 167-174, 205

ground-based facilities, 6, 26-27, 39-40, 181, 183, 188, 189, 190, 191

see also Professional training

Uranus, 58

U.S. Axion Experiment, 94,

see Axions

U.S.-European Collaboration in Space Science, 30

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 2001. Astronomy and Astrophysics in the New Millennium. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9839.
×

V

Very Energetic Radiation Imaging Telescope Array System (VERITAS), 10, 13, 33, 37, 42, 83, 98, 121

Very Large Array (VLA), 11, 38, 74, 75, 84, 125, 126, 140, 180, 187

see also Expanded Very Large Array

Very Large Telescope Interferometer (VLT), 101, 111

Very Long Baseline Array (VLBA), 14, 81, 84, 125, 126, 127

W

Weather, see Climate and weather, planetary;

Space weather

WFC3, see Wide Field Camera 3

Whipple Observatory, 120, 140

White dwarves, 40-41, 68, 72, 117

Wide Field Camera 3 (WFC3), 103

WIMP, see Neutralinos

Women scientists, professional development, 199-200

World Wide Web, see Internet

X

X-ray astronomy, 10, 11, 15, 46, 67, 75, 80, 117-118, 148, 149, 150

Astro-E, 118

Chandra X-ray Observatory, 20, 70, 71, 118, 194, 198

Constellation-X Observatory, 10, 11, 33, 37, 38, 53, 54, 72, 75-76, 80, 83, 85, 89, 91, 97, 118-119

defined, 222

Energetic X-ray Imaging Survey Telescope (EXIST), 10, 13-14, 33, 37, 42, 54, 73, 85, 98, 120-122, 195

High-Energy Astronomical Observatory (HEAO-1), 42, 98

Rossi X-ray Timing Explorer (RXTE), 28

X-ray Multi-Mirror (XMM-Newton), 8, 30, 118

Y

Yohkoh telescope, 115

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 2001. Astronomy and Astrophysics in the New Millennium. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9839.
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Astronomy and Astrophysics in the New Millennium Get This Book
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In this new book, a distinguished panel makes recommendations for the nation's programs in astronomy and astrophysics, including a number of new initiatives for observing the universe. With the goal of optimum value, the recommendations address the role of federal research agencies, allocation of funding, training for scientists, competition and collaboration among space facilities, and much more.

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