|
Items in cart [4] |
Questions? Call 888-624-8373 |
| Copyright © 2009. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved. Terms of Use and Privacy Statement |
Below are the first 10 and last 10 pages of uncorrected machine-read text (when available) of this chapter, followed by the top 30 algorithmically extracted key phrases from the chapter as a whole.
Intended to provide our own search engines and external engines with highly rich, chapter-representative searchable text on the opening pages of each chapter.
Because it is UNCORRECTED material, please consider the following text as a useful but insufficient proxy for the authoritative book pages.
Do not use for reproduction, copying, pasting, or reading; exclusively for search engines.
OCR for page 210
References
An, F., M. Barth, and J. Norbeck. 1997. Development of a comprehensive
modal emissions model: Operating under hot-stabilized conditions.
Transportation Research Record 1587:52-62.
AQIRP (Air Quality Improvement Research Program). 1992. Effects of
Fuel Sulfur on Mass Exhaust Emissions, Air Toxics, and Reactivity.
(AQIRP Data Analysis and Report Writing Subcommittee). Technical
Bulletin No. 8. Coordinating Research Council, Atlanta, GA.
Atkinson, C.M., N.N. Clark, T.L. Long and E.L. Hansevack. 1998. Neural
network-based vehicle emissions modeling for inventory applications.
An update on virtual sensing. Pp. 2-1 - 2-15. Proceedings of the 8th
CRC Road Vehicle Emissions Workshop, San Diego, CA. April.
Austin, T.C., and T.R. Carlson. 1997. Development of Speed Correction
Cycles. SR97-04-01. Prepared by Sierra Research, Inc., for the U.S. En-
vironmental Protection Agency. April 30, 1997.
Barth, M., F. An, J. Norbeck, and M. Ross. 1996. Modal emissions model-
ing: A physical approach. Transportation Research Record 1520: 81-88.
Barth, M., R.R. Tadi and J. Norbeck. 1995. The development of an inte-
grated transportation/emissions model for estimating emission invento-
ries. Pp. 1225-1236 in Transportation Congress: Civil Engineers-Key to
the World Infrastructure, B.K. Lall and D.L. ~Jones, eds. New York:
American Society of Civil Engineers.
Barth, M., T. Younglove, T. Wenzel, G. Scora, F. An, M. Ross, and J.
Norbeck. 1997. Analysis of modal emissions from diverse in-use vehicle
fleet. Transportation Research Record 1587:73-84.
270
OCR for page 211
REFERENCES 2 7 ~
Barth, M., F. An, T. Younglove, C. Levine, G. Scora, M. Ross and T.
Wenzel. 1998. The Development of a Comprehensive Modal Emissions
Model. Draft final report to the National Cooperative Highway Re-
search Program.
Bauer, H. 1996. Automotive Handbook, 4th Ed. Stuttgart: Robert Bosch.
Bishop, G.A., and D.H. Stedman. 1996. Motor vehicle emissions variabil-
ity. d. Air Waste Manage. Assoc. 46~7~:667-675.
Brachaczek, W.W. and W.R. Pierson. 1974. Airborne particulate debris
*om rubber tires. Rubber Chemistry and Technology. 47~5~:1275-1299.
BUWAL (Bundesamt fur Umwelt, Wald und Landschaft-Swiss Federal
Office for the Environment). 1995. Luftschadstoff-Emissionen des
Strassenverkehrs 1950-2010. SRU- 255-D. BUWAL.
Cadle, S.H., P. Mulawa, E.C. Hunsanger, K. Nelson and R.A. Ragazzi.
1998. Measurements of Exhaust Particulate Matter Emissions from In-
Use Light-Duty Motor Vehicles in the Denver, Colorado Area,
NTIS/PB98-136401. Coordinating Research Council, Atlanta, GA.
Cadle, S.H., P. Mulawa, P. Groblicki, C. Laroo, R.A. Ragazzi, K. Nelson, G.
Gallagher and B. Zielinska. 1999. In-Use Light-Duty Gasoline Vehicle
Particulate Matter Emissions on the FTP, REP05, and UC Cycles. Fi-
nal report. CRC Project E-46. Prepared for Coordinating Research
Council, Atlanta, GA. June, 2.
CARB (California Air Resources Board). 1996a. Derivation of Emission
and Correction Factors for EMFAC7G. California Air Resources Board,
Mobile Source Control Division, El Monte, CA.
CARB (California Air Resources Board). 1996b. Methodology for Estimat-
ing Emissions from On-road Motor Vehicles. Technical Support Divi-
sion, Mobile Source Inventory Branch, in seven volumes. October-No-
vember.
CARB (California Air Resources Board). 1998. Measuring Concentrations
of Selected Air Pollutants Inside CaTifornia Vehicles. Final Report. Pre-
pared by Research Triangle Institute, AQMD Contract 98055, RTI Task
93U-6786-000 for California Environmental Protection Agency, Air Re-
sources Board, Sacramento, CA. Dec. 28.
Carlock, M. 1999. An Overview of California's Emissions Inventory Model
EMFAC99. Presentation to NRC Committee to review the MOBILE
model, March 4, 1999.
Cha, S., P. Carter and R.~. Bradow. 1983. Simulation of Automobile
Brake Wear Dynamics and Estimation of Emissions. SAE Technical
Paper 831036. Society of Automotive Engineers, Warrendale, PA.
Chameides, W.L., R.D. Saylor, and E.B. Cowling. 1997. Ozone pollution
in the rural United States end the new NAAQS. Science 276:916.
Chatterjee, A., T. Miller, J. Philpot, T. Wholley, R. Guensler, D. Hartgen,
R. Margiotta, and P. Stopher. 1997. Improving Transportation Data
OCR for page 212
2 7 2 MODELING MOB/LE-SOURCE EMISSIONS
for Mobile-Source Emissions Estimates. NCHRP Report 394. Washing-
ton, D.C.: National Academy Press.
Chico, T., M.E. Bassett, J.C. Cassmassi, S. Mitsutomi, X. Zhang, and H.
Hogo. 1993. Application of the Urban Airshed Model for a SCAQS Epi-
sode in the South Coast Air Basin. Pp. 257-263 in: Southern California
Air Quality Study. Data Analysis. Proceedings of the International Spe-
cialty Conference. Pittsburgh, PA: Air & Waste Management Associa-
tion.
Chrysler Corporation. 1998. Emission and Fuel Economy Regulations.
Environmental & Energy Planning. Chrysler Corporation, CIMS 482-
00-71. Auburn Hills,MI.
Clark, N.N, R.D. Nine, M. Gautam and C.M. Atkinson. 1999. Effect of
Test Cycles on Measured Emissions of Diesel Vehicles. Proceedings of
the 9th CRC On-Road Vehicle Emissions Workshop, San Diego, CA.
April.
Clean Air Report. 1999. States may lose half of current I/M emissions
credit in new air model. (April,15~:7.
Darlington, T., J.G. Heiken, and D. Kahlbaum. 1999. Nationwide and
State-by-State emissions benefits of a gasoline sulfur limit. Pp. 578-
596. In: Emission Inventory: Living in a Global Environment. Vol.1.
Sewickley, PA: Air& Waste Management.
Davis, S.C. 1997. Transportation Energy Data Book: Edition 17. ORNL-
6919. Center for Transportation Analysis, Oak Ridge National Labora-
tory, Oak Ridge, TN.
Davis, S.C. 1999. Transportation Energy Data Book: Edition 19. ORNL-
6958. Center for Transportation Analysis, Oak Ridge National Labora-
tory, Oak Ridge, TN.
Dockery, D.W., C.A. Pope, X. Xu, J.D. Spengler, J.H. Ware, M.E. Fay, B.G.
Ferris, ~Tr., and F.E. Speizer. 1993. An association between air pollu-
tion and mortality in six U.S. cities. N. EngI. J. Med. 329~24~:1753-
1759.
Energy Information Administration. 1997. Emissions of Greenhouse
Gases in the United States 1996. Washington, DC: United States De-
partment of Energy.
EnergyInformation Administration. 1998. AnnualEnergyOutiookl999
with Projections to 2020. DOE/EIA-0383~99~. Office of Integrated Analy-
sis and Forecasting. Washington, DC.: U.S. Department of Energy. De-
cember.
ENVIRON International Corporation. 1998. User's Guide for the Na-
tional Nonroad Emissions Model. Draft version. Prepared for U.S. En-
vironmental Protection Agency. National Vehicle and Fuel Emissions
Laboratory. Ann Arbor, MI. June.
EPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency). 1986. Air Quality Criteria
OCR for page 213
REFERENCES 2 ~ 3
for Ozone and Other Photochemical Oxidants, Vow.. EPA-600/8-
84/020bF. Environmental Criteria and Assessment Office, U.S. Envi-
ronmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, N.C. August.
EPA (Environmental Protection Agency). 1993a. Criteria and Procedures
for Determining Conformity to State or Federal Implementation Plans
of Transportation Plans, Programs, and Projects Funded or Approved
Under Title 23 U.S.C. or the Federal Transit Act. Fed. Regist. 58~225~:
62188. November, 24.
EPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency). 1993b. Final Regulatory
Impact Analysis for Reformulated Gasoline. EPA420-F-93-017. Office of
Mobile Sources, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Ann Arbor.
December.
EPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency). 1994. User's Guide to
MOBILES (Mobile Source Emission Factor Model). EPA-AA-TEB-94-
01. Office of Mobile Sources, Office of Air and Radiation. Ann Arbor, MI.
May.
EPA ~J.S. Environmental Protection Agency). 1995. Draft User's Guide
to PARTS: A Program for Calculating Particle Emissions from Motor
Vehicles. EPA-AA-AQAB-94-2. Office of Mobile Sources. U.S. Environ-
mental Protection Agency. Ann Arbor, MI. February.
EPA (Environmental Protection Agency). 1997a. Finding of Significant
Contribution and Rulemaking for Certain States in the Ozone Trans-
port Assessment Group Region for Purposes of Reducing Regional
Transport of Ozone. Proposed Rule, Fed. Regist. 62~216~: 60318. No-
vember 7.
EPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency). 1997b. Control of Emission
of Air Pollution from Highway Heavy-Duty Engines. Final Rule. Fed.
Regist. 62 (203~:54694. October 21.
EPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency). 1997c. Analysis of the Ari-
zona IM240 Test Program and Comparison with the TECH5 Model.
EPA 420-R-97-001. U.S. Office of Mobile Sources. U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency. Ann Arbor, MI.
EPA (Environmental Protection Agency). 1998a. NationalAir Pollutant
Emission Trends Update: 1970--1997. EPA 454/E-98-007. Office of Air
Quality Planning and Standards, U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC. Available: http://www.epa.gov/
ttn/chief/trends97/emtrnd.html
EPA (Environmental Protection Agency). 1998b. National Air Quality
and Emissions Trends Report, 1997. EPA-454/R-98-016. Office of Air
Quality Planning and Standards, U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC.
EPA (EnvironmentalProtection Agency). 1998c. ExhaustEmissionsCer-
tification Standards for Light Duty Vehicles and Light Duty Trucks.
OCR for page 214
2 74 MODELING MOB`[E-SOURCE EMISSIONS
EPA 420/B-98-001. Office of Mobile Sources, U.S. Environmental Pro-
tection Agency, Ann Arbor, MI. Available: http://www.epa.gov/oms/
st~s-~.htm
EPA (Environmental Protection Agency). 1998~. Tier 2 Report to Con-
gress. EPA 420/R-98-008. Office of Air and Radiation, U.S. Environ-
mental Protection Agency, Washington, DC.
EPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency). 1998e. Air Conditioning
Correction Factors in MOBILES. Draft. M6.ACE.002. Office of Mobile
Sources. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Available: http:/l
www.epa.gov/omswww/models.htm
EPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency). 1998f. Air Conditioning
Activity Effects in MOBILE6. Draft. M6.ACE.001. Office of Mobile
Sources. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Available: http://
www.epa.gov/omswww/models.htm.
EPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency). 1998g. Hot Soak Emis-
sions as a Function of Soak Time. EPA420-P-98-018. M6.EVP.007. Of-
fice of Mobile Sources. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.
EPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency). 1998h. Fuel Oxygen Ef-
fects on Exhaust CO Emissions. Recommendations for MOBILE6.
Draft. EPA420-P-98-006. M6. FUL.002. Office of Mobile Sources. Of-
fice of Air and Radiation. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.
EPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency). 1998i. Update Heavy-Duty
Engine Emission Conversion Factors for MOBILE6: Analysis of BSFCs
and Calculation of Heavy-Duty Engine Emission Conversion Factors.
EPA420-P-98-015. M6.HDE.004. Office of Mobile Sources, Office of Air
end Radiation. U.S.EnvironmentalProtection Agency. May.
EPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency). 1998j. AP-42, Air PoDu-
tant Emission Factors, 1998. Office of Mobile Sources. U.S. Environ-
mental Protection Agency. Available: http://www.epa.gov/ttn/chieŁ/
ap42.html
EPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency). 1998k. Methodology for
Modifying MOBILE5b in the Tier 2 Study. EPA-R-98-004. U.S. Envi-
ronmentalProtectionAgency. April.
EPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency). 1999a. Control of Air Pol-
lution from New Motor Vehicle Standards: Proposed Tier 2 Motor Vehi-
cle Emissions Standards and Gasoline Sulfur Control Requirements.
Final Rule, Fed. Regist. 64~92~:26003.
EPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency). l999b. Draft Guidance on
the Use of Models and Other Analyses in Attainment Demonstrations
for the 8-Hour Ozone NAAQS, EPA-454/R-99-004. Office of Air Quality
Planning and Standards, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Re-
search Triangle Park, NC.
EPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency). l999c. Development of
Light-Duty Emissions Inventory Estimates in the Notice of Proposed
OCR for page 215
REFERENCES 2 7 5
RuTemaking for Tier 2 and Sulfur Standards. EPA420-R-99-005. Office
of Mobile Sources, Office of Air and Radiation. U.S. Environmental Pro-
tection Agency.
EPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency). 1999~. Regulatory Impact
Analysis: Control of Air Pollution from New Motor Vehicles: Tier 2 Mo-
tor Vehicle Emissions Standards and Gasoline Sulfur Control Require-
ments. EPA-420/D-99-001. Office of Air and Radiation and Office of
Mobile Sources. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Ann Arbor, MI.
EPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency). l999e. Description of the
MOBILE Highway Vehicle Emissions Factor Model. Office of Mobile
Sources, Anne Arbor, MI. Online. Available: http://www.epa.gov/oms/
models/mdlsmry.txt
EPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency). l999f. Estimation of Mo-
tor Vehicle Toxic Emissions and Exposure in Selected Urban Areas.
Vow.. Draft. EPA420-D-99-002a. Office of Mobile Sources, Office of Air
and Radiation. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. March.
EPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency). l999g. Determination of
Running Emissions as a Function of Mileage for 1981-1993 Model Year
Light-Duty Cars and Trucks. Draft. EPA 420-P-99-010. M6.EXH.001.
Office of Mobile Sources. Office of Air and Radiation. U.S. Environmen-
tal Protection Agency. March.
EPA (U.S. EnvironmentalProtection Agency). l999h. Determination of
Start Emissions as a Function of Mileage and Soak Time for 1981-1993
Model Year Light-Duty Vehicles. Draft. EPA420-P-99-015. M6.STE.
003. Office of Mobile Sources, Office of Air and Radiation. U. S. Envi-
ronmental Protection Agency. March.
EPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency). l999i. Estimating Weight-
ing Factors for Evaporative Emissions in MOBlEE6 Draft. EPA420-P-
99-023. M6.EVP.006. Office of Mobile Sources, Office of Air and Radia-
tion. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. June.
EPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency). l999j. Facility-Specific
Speed Correction Factors. Draft. EPA420-P-99-002. M6.SPD.002. Of-
fice of Mobile Sources, Office of Air and Radiation. U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency. August.
EPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency). l999k. The Determination
of Hot Running Emissions from FTP Bag Emissions. EPA420-P-99-014.
M6.STE.002. Office of Mobile Sources. U. S. Environmental Protection
Agency. Available: http://www.epa.gov/oms/m6.htm
EPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency). 19991. Overview of Meth-
odology for Tier 0 In-Use Deterioration and Key Issues for Comment.
Draft. EPA420-P-99-016. M6.EXH.008. Office of Mobile Sources, Of-
fice of Air and Radiation. U. S. Environmental Protection Agency.
March.
EPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency). l999m. Analysis of Emis-
OCR for page 216
2 7 6 MODE[/NG MOBILE-SOURCE EMISSIONS
OCR for page 217
REFERENCES 2 77
MOBILES. EPA420-P-99-030. M6.HDE.003. Office of Mobile Sources,
Office of Air and Radiation. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.
October.
EPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency). 1999x. Fleet Characteriza-
tion Data for MOBILES: Development and Use of Age Distributions,
Average Annual Mileage Accumulation Rates and Projected Vehicle
CountsforUseinMOBILE6. EPA420-P-99-011. M6.FET.007.0fficeof
Mobile Sources, Office of Air and Radiation. U.S. Environmental Pro-
tection Agency. April.
FHWA (Federal Highways Administration). 1992. A Transportation Pro-
grams and Provisions of the Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990.
FHWA-PD-92-023. Washington DC: U.S. Department of Transporta-
tion.
FHWA (Federal Highway Administration). 1998. Traffic Software Inte-
grated System Version 4.2 User's Guide, ITT Systems and Sciences Cor-
poration. Available: http://www.~wa-tsis.com/
Fox, J.W. 1996. Air Pollution Abatement: Quantifying Automobile Emis-
sions. Ph.D. Thesis Department of Mechanical Engineering. Massachu-
setts Institute of Technology. September.
FRG-FEPA (Federal Republic of Germany- Federal Ministry for the Envi-
ronment). 1993. Exhaust Emission Factors for Motor Vehicle in the
Federal Republic of Germany for the Reference Year 1990. UFO Plan
No. 140 05 152 and 104 05 509, UFO-FO 91-042. Environmental Re-
search Plan for the Federal Ministry for the Environment, Nature Con-
servation and Reactor Safety by Institute of Environmental Protection
and Energy Technology.
Fujita, E. 1999. Application of Field Measurements to Evaluate Emission
Inventory Estimates. Presented at the workshop of the Committee to
Review EPA's Mobile-Source Emissions Factor (MOBILE) Model,
March 4, 1999. Irvine, CA.
Fujita, E.M., Z. Lu, ].C. Sagebiel, N.F. Robinson, and J.G. Watson. 1995.
VOC Source Apportionment for the Coastal Oxidant Assessment for
Southeast Texas. Desert Research Institute, Reno, NV. Prepared for the
Texas Natural Resource Conservation Commission, Austin, TX.
Fujita, E.M., J.G. Watson, J.C. Chow, N. Robinson, L. Richards, and N.
Kumar. 1998. Northern Front Range Air Quality Study. Volume C:
Source Apportionment and Simulation Methods and Evaluation. Final
report. Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO. Available:
http ://nfraqs.cira.colostate.edu/finals.html
GAO (General Accounting Office). 1996. Peer Review B EPA's Implemen-
tation Remains Uneven: Report to Congressional Requesters.
Washington, D.C.: U.S. General Accounting Office.
GAO (General Accounting Office). 1997. Air Pollution: Limitations of
EPA's Motor Vehicle Emissions Model and Plans to Address Them:
OCR for page 218
2 78 MODELING MOBILE-SOURCE EMISSIONS
Report to the Chairman, Subcommittee on Oversight and Investiga-
tions, House of Representatives. Washington, D.C.: U.S. General Ac-
counting Office.
Gertler, A.W. J.C. Sagebiel, D.N. Wittorff, W.R. Pierson, W.A. Dippel, D.
Freeman, and L. Sheetz. 1997. Vehicle Emissions in Five Urban Tun-
nels. NTIS/PB97-158091. Nevada Univ. System, Reno: Desert Research
Inst.
Gorse, R.A. 1999. In-use Phoenix vehicle evaporative emissions. Pp.2.15-
2.21 in: Proceedings of the 9th On-Road Vehicle Emissions Workshop,
April 19-21, 1999. San Diego, CA.
Graboski, M.S., R.L. McCormick, J. Yanowitz and L. Ryan. 1998. Heavy-
Duty Vehicle Testing for the Northern Front Range Air Quality Study.
Final Report. Colorado Institute for Fuels and High-Altitude Engine
Research, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, CO. Prepared for The Of-
fice of the Vice President for Research and Information Technology, Col-
orado State University, Fort Collins, CO. Feb. 24.
Guensler, R. 1993. Vehicle Emission Rate and Average Vehicle Operating
Speeds. Ph. D. dissertation. University of California, Davis, CA.
GuensTer, R., and J.D. Leonard Il. 1997. MOBILE5a Confidence Intervals
for Average Speed Emission Rates. School of Civil and Environmental
Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology. Atlanta, GA.
Guensler, R., S. Washington and W. Bachman. 1998. Overview of the
MEASURE Modeling Framework. Pp.51-70 in Transportation Planning
and Air Quality III: Emerging Strategies and Working Solution. Pre-
sented at Transportation Research Board 77th Annual Meeting. Jan.
Harley, R.A., A.G. Russell, and G.R. Cass. 1993a. Mathematical modeling
of the concentrations of volatile organic compounds: Model performance
using a lumped chemical mechanism. Environ. Sci. Technol. 27:1638-
1649.
HarIey, R.A., A.G. Russell, G.~. McRae, G.R. Cass, and J.H. Seinfeld.
1993b. Photochemical modeling of the Southern California Air Quality
Study. Environ. Sci. Technol. 27:378-388.
Harrington, W., V.D. McConnell and M. Cannon. 1998. Behavior Analysis
of EPA's MOBILE Emissions Factor Model. DP-98-7. Washington,
D.C.: Resources for the Future.
Harvey, G. and E. Deakin. 1993. A Manual of Regional Transportation
Modeling Practice for Air Quality Analysis, Version 1.0. National Asso-
ciation of Regional Councils.
Haskew, H.M., E. King, T.F. Liberty and R.R. Reuter. 1999. Running
Loss Emissions *om In-Use Vehicle. SAE Technical Paper 1999-01-
1464. Society of Automotive Engineers, WarrendaTe, PA.
Heck, W.W., O.C. Taylor, R. Adams, G. gingham, J. Miller, E. Preston,
and L. Weinstein. 1982. Assessment of crop Toss from ozone. J. Air
Pollut. Control Assoc. 32:353-361.
OCR for page 219
REFERENCES 2 79
Heiken, J., J.L. Fieber, S.B. Shepard, J.P. Cohen, A.K. Poliack, and G.Z.
Whitten. 1994. Investigation of MOBILE5a Emission Factors: Assess-
ment of Exhaust and Nonexhaust Emission Factor Methodologies and
Oxygenate Effects. Health and Environmental Sciences Department.
API Pub. No. 4603. Prepared by Systems Applications International,
San Rafael, CA. for American Petroleum Institute. February.
Heinz Center. 1998. Designs for Domestic Carbon Emissions Trading.
The H.John Heinz III Center for Science, Economics and the Environ-
ment,Washington,D.C.Available:http://www.heinzctr.org/publications/
index.htm.
Holmes, K.~., and H. Ellis. 1997. Simulation of halocarbon production
and emissions and effects on ozone depletion. Environ. Manage. 21~5~:
669-685.
Hyde, J.D. 1998. Influence of Gasoline RVP on Carbon Monoxide Emis-
sions New York Department of Environmental Conservation, Division
of Air Resources, Bureau of Mobile Sources, Albany, N.Y. Dec. 15.
IFEU (Institut fur Energie- und Umweltforschung, Heidelberg.) 1997.
Daten- und Rechenmodell: Energieverbrauch und Schadstoffemissionen
des motorisierten Verkehrs in DeutschIand 1980-2020. On behalf of the
German Federal Environmental Agency (UBA), UFOPLAN 105-06-057,
BerTin.
Ingalls, M.N., L.R. Smith, and R.E. Kirksey. 1989. Measurement of On-
Road Vehicle Emission Factors in the California South Coast Air Basin.
Vol.1: Regulated Emissions. PB898220925XSP. Southwest Research
Inst., San Antonio, TX. Prepared for the Coordinating Research Coun-
cil, Atlanta, GA. June.
Jimenez -Palacios, J.L. 1999. Understanding and Quantifying Motor Ve-
hicle Emissions with Vehicle Specific Power and TILDAS Remote-Sens-
ing. Ph. D. dissertation. Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cam-
bridge, MA .
Jimenez, J., P. PcClintock, J.G. Mcrae, D.D. Nelson and M.S. Zahniser.
1999. Vehicle specific power: A useful parameter for remote sensing
and emission studies. Pp. 7.43-7.57 in: Proceedings of the 9th On-Road
Vehicle Emissions Workshop, April 19-21. San Diego, CA.
Joumard, R. P. Jost, J. Hickman and D. Hassel. 1995. Hot passenger car
emissions modelling as a function of instantaneous speed and accelera-
tion. Sci. Total Environ. 169~1-3~: 167- 174.
Keenan, M. and D. Escarpeta. 1994. Development of a base year on-road
mobile source emission inventory for New York State and its applica-
tions for UAM modeling and examining VOC/NOx emission ratios. Pp.
105-124 in:The Emission Inventory: Applications and Improvement,
Proceedings of an International Specialty Conference, Raleigh, NC, No-
vember 1-3, 1994. Pittsburgh, PA: Air & Waste Management Associa-
tion.
OCR for page 220
220 M ODE[!NG M OBI[E-SOURCE EM SESSIONS
Kini, M.D. and H.C. Frey. 1997. Probabilistic Evaluation of Mobile
Source Air Pollution. Vol. I. Probabilistic Modeling of Exhaust Emis-
sions from Light Duty Gasoline Vehicles. Final Report. PB99-146292.
The Center for Transportation and the Environment, Raleigh, NC. Dec.
Knepper, J.C., W.~. KoehT, J.D. Benson, V.R. Burns, R.A. Gorse Jr., A.M.
Hochhauser, W.R. Leppard, L.A. Rapp, and R.M. Renter. 1993. Fuel
Effects in Auto/Oil High Emitting Vehicles. SAE Technical Paper
930137. Society of Automotive Engineers, Warrendale, PA.
Korc, M., C.M. Jones, L.R. Chinkin, H.H. Main, P.T. Roberts and C. Blan-
chard. 1995. Use of PAM S Data to Evaluate the Texas Coast Emission
Inventory. Final Report. Prepared for EPA, Research Triangle Park,
NC. Work Assignment 2-95, EPA Contract 68D30020,STI-94520-1558-
FR. Sonoma Technology, Inc., Santa Rosa, CA.
Lakshminarayanan, A. 1999. Analysis of the Sensitivity of Photochemical
Airshed Modeling to Grid Size and Spatial and Temporal Distributions
of Mobile Source Emissions, Masters Thesis, Civil and Environmental
Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA. July.
LANL (Los Alamos National Laboratory). 1999. Transportation Analysis
Simulation System (TRANSIMS), Vol.0-Overview, LANL Tech. report
LA-UR-99-1658, Los Alamos National Laboratory. University of Cali-
fornia. April.
Lawson, D.R., Pal. Groblicki, D.H. Stedman, G.A. Bishop, and P. L.
Guenther. 1990. Emissions from in-use motor vehicles in Los Angeles:
A pilot study of remote sensing and the inspection and maintenance
program. J. Air Waste Manage. Assoc. 40~81:1096-1105.
Lax, D. 1994. The Effects of Fuel RVP and Fuel Blends on Emissions at
Non-FTP ~ Federal Test Procedure) Temperatures, Vol. 1: Summary
Report. Health and Environmental Sciences Dept. Report 4533. Wash-
ington D.C.: American Petroleum Institute. August.
Lippmann, M. 1989. Health effects of ozone: A critical review. J. Air
Waste Manage. Assoc. 39:672-695.
McClement, D. 1999. Real World Evaporative Testing of Late Model In-
Use Vehicles, CRC Project E-41, Prepared by Automotive Testing Labo-
ratories Inc., Mesa, AZ. for the Coordinating Research Council, Atlanta,
GA. Oct. 4.
McClement, D., d.A. Dueck and B. HaB. 1998. Measurement of Running
Loss Emissions from In-Use Vehicles. CRC Project E-35. CRC Rep. No.
611, PB99-158024INZ. Prepared by Automotive Testing Labs, Inc.,
Mesa, AZ. for the Coordinating Research Council, Atlanta, GA.
McClintock, P. 1999. I/M Impact on Dayton Registrations. Memo to Phil
Lorang, EPA OMS. June, 25.
Milkins, E. and H. Watson. 1983. Comparison of Urban Driving Patterns.
SAE Technical Paper No. 830939. Society of Automotive Engineers,
Warrendale, PA.
OCR for page 221
REFERENCES 22 7
NAPAP (National Acid Precipitation Assessment Program). 1990. Effects
of acidic deposition on materials. NAPAP Report 19. Pp. 3-280 in: Acid
Deposition: State of Science and Technology, Vol.III. Terrestrial, Mate-
rials, Health and Visibility Effects, P.M. Irving, ed. Washington, D.C.:
NAPAP.
NCTCOG (North Central Texas Council of Governments). 1998. Air Qual-
ity Conformity Analysis. NCTCOG, Arlington, TX.
NCTCOG (North Central Texas Council of Governments). 1999. DaBas-
Fort Worth Regional Travel Model: Description of the Mulitmodal Fore-
casting Process. NCTCOG, Arlington, TX.
Niemeier, D.A., J.M. Utts, K. Nanzetta, and L. Ring. 1998. Speed Correc-
tion Curves: Scoping Study. Report UCD-ITS-RR-98-12. Institute of
Transportation Studies, University of California, Davis, CA. October.
Norbeck, J.M., T.D. Durbin and TO Truex. 1998. Measurement of Pri-
mary Particulate Matter Emissions from Light-Duty Motor Vehicles.
CRC Project No. E-24-2. Final Report. Center for Environmental Re-
search and Technology, University of California, Riverside, CA for Co-
ordinating Research Council and South Coast Quality Management Dis-
trict. December. Available: http://www.crcao.com/new.htm
Norton, T., S. Tucker, R.E. Smith and D.R. Lawson. 1998. The Northern
Front Range Air Quality Study. EM (January):13-19.
NRC (National Research Council). 1991. Rethinking the Ozone Problem
in Urban and Regional Air Pollution. Washington, D.C.: National Acad-
emy Press.
NRC (National Research Council). 1993. Protecting Visibility in National
Parks and Wilderness Areas. Washington, D.C.: National Academy
Press.
NRC (National Research Council). 1996. Toxicological and Performance
Aspects of Oxygenated Motor Vehicle Fuels. Washington, D.C.: Na-
tional Academy Press.
NRC (National Research Council). 1999. Ozone-Forming Potential of Re-
formulated Gasoline. Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press.
NSTC (National Science and Technology Council). 1997. Interagency As-
sessment of Oxygenated Fuels. National Science and Technology Coun-
cil, Committee on Environment and Natural Resources, Office of Sci-
ence and Technology Policy, Executive Office of the President of the
United States.
Ott, W.R. 1985. Total human exposure. Environ. Sci. Technol. 19:880-886.
Paramics. 1998. The Paramics Transportation Modeling Suite. Avail-
able: html://www.paramics-online.com/.
Pedersen, N.~. and D.R. SamdahI. 1982. Highway Traffic Data for Urban-
ized Area Project Planning and Design, NCHRP Report 255, Transpor-
tation Research Board, National Research Council, Washington, D.C.
Pemberton, M. 1996. World Vehicle Forecasts and Strategies: The Next
OCR for page 222
222 MODELING MOB/[E-SOURCE EMISSIONS
20 Years: A Special Report Covering the Period from 1960-2015. South-
field, MI: Ward's Communications.
Pierson, W.R, A.W. Gertler, and R.L. Bradow. 1990. Comparison of the
SCAQS Tunnel study with other on-road vehicle emission data. J. Air
Waste Manage. Assoc. 40~11~:1495-1504.
Pollack, A.K. and C.E. lLindhjem. 1998. Nonroad mobile emissions model-
ing. Pp.640-650 in Emission Inventory: Planning for the Future, Pro-
ceedings of a Specialty Conference, Research Triangle Park, NC. Oct.
28-3O, 1997. Pittsburgh, PA: Air & Waste Management Association.
Pollack, A., T. Stoeckenius and C. Tran. 1999a. MOBILES Deterioration
Rates Memorandum to Phil Enns, EPA OMS. August, 18.
Pollack, A.K., P. Bhave, J. Heiken, K. Lee, S. Shepard, C. Tran, G. Yar-
wood, R.F. Sawyer, and B.A. Joy. l999b. Investigation of Emission
Factors in the California EMFAC7G Model. Final Report for CRC Pro-
ject E-39, PB99-149718INZ. Prepared by ENVIRON International
Corp., Novato, CA for Coordinating Research Council, Atlanta, GA.
Pollack, A.K., J.L. Fieber, J. Heiken, B. Austin, L. Chinkin, and M. Smylie.
1991. Assessment of Computer Models for Estimating Vehicle Emission
Factors, Vol. I: Executive Summary, Vol. II: Description and Compari-
son of the MOBlLE4 and EMFAC7E Models, Vol. IlI: Sensitivity Analy-
ses of the MOBILE4 and EMFAC7E Emission Models. Prepared for
Coordinating Research Council B APRAC., Atlanta, GA.
Ragazzi, R. and K. Nelson. 1999. The Impact of a 10% Ethanol Blended
Fuel on the Exhaust Emissions of Tier 0 and Tier 1 Light Duty Gasoline
Vehicles at 35°F, Colorado Department of Public Health and Environ-
ment, Denver, CO.
Renter, R.M., R.A. Gorse, Jr., Lid. Painter, J.D. Benson, A.M. Hochhauser,
B.H. Rippon, V. R. Burns, W.~. KoehT, and J.A. Rutherford. 1992. Ef-
fects of oxygenated fuels and RVP on automotive emissions. Auto/Oil
Air Quality Improvement Research Program. SAE Technical Paper No.
920326. Pp. 391-412 in: Auto/Oil Air Quality Improvement Research
Program, SAE SP-920. Society of Automotive Engineers, Warrendale,
PA. February.
Scherrer, H.C. and D.B. Kittelson. 1994. I/M Effectiveness as Directly
Measured by Ambient CO Data, SAE Technical Paper 940302. Society
of Automotive Engineers, Warrendale, PA.
Sierra Research, Inc. 1994a. Investigation of MOBILE5a Emission Fac-
tors: Evaluation of I/M and LEV Program Benefits. Health and Envi-
ronmental Sciences API Pub. No. 4604. Washington, D.C.: American
Petroleum Institute. ~June.
Sierra Research, Inc. 1994b. Investigation of MOBILE5a Emission Fac-
tors: Evaluation of IM240-to-FTP Correlation and Base Emission Rate
Equations. Health and Environmental Sciences API Pub. No. 4605.
Washington, D.C.: American Petroleum Institute. June.
OCR for page 223
REFERENCES 223
Sierra Research, Inc. 1994c. Evaluation of MOBILE Vehicle Emission
Model. Prepared for J.A. Volpe National Transportation Systems Cen-
ter and the U.S. Department of Transportation. December.
Singer, B.C. and R.A. Harley. 1996. A fuel-based motor vehicle emission
inventory. J. Air Waste Manage. Assoc. 46~6~:581-593.
Singer, B.C., and R.A. Harley. 2000. A fuel-based inventory of motor ve-
hicle exhaust emissions in the Los Angeles area during summer 1997.
Atmos. Environ. 34~11~: 1783- 1795.
Singer, B., T.W. Kirchstetter, R.A. Harley, G.R. Kendall and d.M. Hesson.
1999. A fuel-based approach to estimating motor vehicle cold start
emissions. J. Air Waste Manage. Assoc. 49~2~:125-135.
Shih, C. 1990. MOBILE4 Sensitivity Analysis. Technical Report. EPA-
AA-TEB-90-02. U.S. Office of Mobile Sources. Office of Air and Radia-
tion. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. May.
Stedman, D.H. 1989. Automobile carbon monoxide emission. Environ.
Sci. Technol. 23~21:147-148.
Stedman, D.H., G. A. Bishop, P. Aldrete, and R. S. Slott. 1997. On-road
evaluation of an automobile emission test program. Environ. Sci. Tech-
nol. 31:927-931.
Stedman, D.H., G.A. Bishop, R.S. Slott. 1998. Repair avoidance and eval-
uating inspection and maintenance programs. Environ. Sci. Technol.
32~101:1544-1545.
Sturm, Pal., G. Kirchweger and R.A. Almbauer. 1998. Instantaneous
emission data and their use in estimating road traffic emissions. Inter-
nationaldournalofVehicleDesign 20~1/4~:181-191.
Sturm, Ad., R.A. Almbauer, C. Sudy and K. Pucher. 1997. Application of
computational methods for the determination of traffic emissions. J.
Air Waste Manage. Assoc. 47~11~: 1204- 1210.
UBA/SAEFL (German Federal Environmental Agency/Swiss Agency for
the Environment, Forests and Landscape). 1999. HBEFA- Handbook
Emission Factors for Road Transport, Version 1.2 . Berlin/Bern: UBA/
SAEFL. Jan.
U.S. Congress. 1995. Hearings before the Subcommittee on Oversight
and Investigations of the Committee on Commerce, House of Represen-
tatives: 104th Congress, First Session on Inspection and Maintenance
Programs. Clean Air Act Amendments, Serial No.104-16. March 23-24.
Washington, DC.: U.S. Government Printing Office.
Vallette, J. 1995. Deadly Complacency: US CFC Production, the Black
Market, and Ozone Depletion. Washington, D.C.: Ozone Action.
Van Aerde, M. & Associates. 1995. "INTEGRATION Release 2.0 User's
Guide," Kingston, Ontario, Canada.
Wagner, K.K., and N.J.M. Wheeler. 1993. Multi-species evaluation of the
Urban Airshed Model with the SCAQS database. Pp. 264-269. In:
Southern California Air Quality Study. Data Analysis. Proceedings of
OCR for page 224
224 MODEI/NG MOB/IE-SOURCE EM/SS/ONS
the International Specialty Conference. Pittsburgh, PA: Air & Waste
Management Association.
Washington, S., J. Wolf and R. Guensler. 1997. Binary recursive partition-
ing method for modeling hot-stabilized emissions from motor vehicles.
Transportation Research Record 1587:96-105.
Watson, J.G., E. Fujita, J.C. Chow, B. Zielinska, L.W. Richards, W. Neff,
and D. Dietrich. 1998. Northern Front Range Air Quality Study. Final
report. DRI 6580-685-8750.1F2. Prepared for The Office of the Vice
President for Research and Information Technology, Colorado State
University, Fort Collins, CO. June, 30. Available: http://nfraqs.cira.
colostate . e du/dri. html
Watson, J.G., J.C. Chow, and E.M Fujita. In press. Review of volatile or-
ganic compound source appointment by chemical mass balance. Atmo-
spheric Environment. In press
Weaver, C.S., M.A. Balam, C.~. Brodrick, C. Tran, d. Heiken and A. Pol-
lack. 1998. Modeling Deterioration in Heavy-Duty Diesel Particulate
Emissions. Final Report. Prepared for Office of Mobile Sources, US
EPA. Engine, Fuel and Emissions Engineering, Incorporated, Sacra-
mento, CA. June.
Wenzel, T. 1997. In-use Emissions and Failure Rates by Vehicle Model.
Proceedings of the 7th CRC On-Road Vehicle Emissions Workshop, San
Diego, CA. April.
Wenzel, T. 1999. Evaluation of Arizona's Enhanced I/M Program. Pre-
sentation to NRC Committee to Review MOBILE Model, March 4, 1999.
Wenzel, T., B. Singer, and R. Slott. In Press. Statistical Challenges of
Analyzing Vehicle Emissions. Journal of Transp oration and Statistics.
In press.
West, B. and R McGill. 1997. Emissions and Fuel Consumption Predic-
tions from Data-Based Modal Models. Proceedings of the 7th CRC On-
Road Vehicle Emissions Workshop, San Diego, CA. April.
Williams, R.L. and S.H. Cadle. 1978. Characterization of tire emissions
using an indoor test facility. Rubber, Chemistry and Technology.
51~11:7-25.
Williams, M.D., G. Thayer and M.~. Barthand L.L. Smith. 1999. The
TRANSIMS Approach to Emission Estimation. LA-UR 99-471. New
Mexico: Los Alamos National Laboratory. Available: http://transims.
tsasa.lanI.gov/
Wolff, G.T. 1996. The scientific basis for a new ozone standard. EM
(September):27-32.
Zhang, Y., G. A. Bishop, and D. H. Stedman. 1994. Automobile emissions
are statistically gamma-distributed. Environ. Sci. Tech. 28~71:1370-
1374.
Zielinska, B., d. Sagebiel, G. Harshfield, and E. Fujita. 1999.. Air Monitor-
ing Program for Determination of the Impacts of the Introduction of
OCR for page 225
Romance 225
Cab~rnia~ Phase 2 Reformulated GasoUne on Ambient Air Quabty in
the Sontb Coast ~ Basin. Energy and E^ronmenta1 Engineering
Center, Desert Research InsL Reno, Ad. Prepared Or the Ca~rnia
State Air Resources Board, Sacramento, CA. February.
Representative terms from entire chapter:
motor vehicle
