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APPENDIX TABLE A4. M.D. Graduates of U.S. Medical Schools, by Type of
Institutional Control, 1961-1987
M.D. Graduates 11
Fiscal
Year
Number of Medical Schools 2/
_
Private Total Public Private
1961 6,994 n/a n/a 86 44 42
1962 7,168 n/a n/a 86 44 42
t 963 7,264 n/a n/a 87 44 43
1964 7,336 n/a rota 88 45 43
1965 7,409 n/a n/a 88 45 43
1966 7,574 n/a n/a 91 48 ~ 43
1967 7,743 n/a n/a 96 53 43
1968 7,973 n/a n/a 98 54 44
1969 8,059 rota Ma 100 56 44
1970 8,367 nla n/a 102 58 44
1971 9,005 4,891 4,114 107 62 45
1972 9,558 5,295 4,263 110 64 46
1973 10,396 5,884 4,512 113 66 47
1974 11,365 6,441 4,924 113 66 47
1975 12,716 7,175 5,541 113 66 47
1976 13,634 7,534 6,tO0 115 68 47
1977 13,614 7,698 5,916 119 72 47
1978 14,391 8,284 6,107 123 74 49
1979 14,966 8,852 6,114 125 74 51
1980 15,135 8,840 6,295 - 126 75 51
1981 15,673 9,243 6,430 126 75 51
1982 15,985 9,545 6,440 127 75 52
1983 15,801 9,411 6,390 127 75 52
1984 16,369 9,792 6,577 127 75 52
1985 16,321 9,862 6,459 127 75 52
1986 3/ 15,979 9,525 6,293 126 75 51
1987 4/ 15,818 9,755 6,224 126 74 52
It/ Azures for 1961 -70 were obtained from the American Medical Association (1960-88).
Figures for 1971 -87 were obtained from the Association of American Medical Colleges (t 972-88, annual
tabulations). The 1983 figure for private schools includes an estimate from Columbia University.
2/ From the Association of American Medical Colleges (1972-88, annual tabulations).
3/ Data for George Washington University graduates are missing.
4/ Data for East Tennessee Univers ty graduates are missing; 1987 figures are April, 1987 estimates.
The 1989 Report of the Committee on Biomedical and Behavioral Research Personnel, Volume 2
10
OCR for page 11
~4
APPENDIX TABLE AS. Full-Time Budgeted Vacancies on U.S. Medical School
FacultIes, by Type of Institutional Control, 1961~7 1/
All C'epartments Baslc Science Departments CUnkal Sdence Depar~nts
F~cal
Year Total ~Ik Prh~ate Total PubHc Private ToW P - llc Pr v'
t961 784 rVa n/a 305 n/a nfa 515 nla n/a
1962 836 nla n/a 348 rVa rVa 488 n/a nfa
1963 826 nJa nJa 350 nla nla 476 rVa n/a
1964 915 nta nfa 401 n/a rVa 514 n/a n/a
1965 955 n/a rVa 376 n/a n/a 579 nla n~a
t966 1,115 nla n/a 443 nta n/a 672 n/a n/a
1967 1,374 n/a n/a 520 n/a n/a 854 nJa nfa
1968 1,585 n/a n/a 570 n/a ~a 1,015 n/a n/a
1969 t,691 rVa n/a 579 n/a n/a 1,112 rVa n/a
1970 1,634 ~a ~a 541 ~a ~a 1,093 ~a ~a
1971 1,522 856 666 518 296 222 1,004 560 444
1972 1,757 1,111 646 611 328 183 1,246 783 463
1973 1,857 1,144 713 550 361 189 1,307 783 524
1974 2,079 1,339 740 601 388 213 1,478 g51 527
1975 2,250 1,505 745 6t 8 415 203 1,632 1,090 542
1976 2,446 1,588 858 664 467 197 1,782 1,121 661
1977 2,503 1,599 904 638 416 222 1,865 t,183 682
1978 2,697 1,782 915 697 484 213 2,000 1,298 702
1979 2,821 1,811 1,010 721 467 254 2,100 1,344 756
1980 3,055 1,971 1,084 .. 776 489 287 2,279 1,482 797
1981 2,887 1,978 909 656 425 231 2,231 1,553 678
1 g82 2,932 1,931 1,001 668 432 236 2,264 1,499 765
1983 2,941 1,857 1,084 671 419 252 2,270 1,438 832
1984 3,107 1,890 1,217 705 443 262 2,402 1,447 955
1985 3,373 2,161 1,212 801 531 270 2,572 1,630 942
1986 3,102 1,875 1,227 757 467 290 2,-~ 1,408 937
1987 3,301 1,974 1,327 785 521 264 2 510 1,447 1 063
, ,
1/ F.FnQ~ for 1961 -70 were obb~ned from dhe P~nedcan Nh~dlod As~o~a~n (t 96C~88). ~ures for 1971 -87
~e obb~ned hom ~ As~ocbdon of Arnedcan MedRat Cotleges (1972-88, ~d t~bulabons prepared
annuaO
The 1989 Report of ~e Comm*tee on B`omedkal and Beh~v)oral Researr~h PeJsonnel. Vohme 2
11
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NOTE TO APPENDIX TABLE A7
ESTIMATING CLINICAL RESEARCH EXPENDITURES
An estimate of the amount of support for cilnical R and D in U.S. medical schools is needed in order to refine the model of
demand for clinical faculty. Data on total R and C) expenditures in medical schools, the variable used in the demand models,
are available from the AAMC. Data on clinical R and 1:) expenditures, however, are unavailable.
An estimate of clinical R and D expenditures in medical schools has been derived using the proportion of total NIH
obligations used to support clinical research. From 1969 to t 987, this proportion has increased by 56%. In the absence of any
direct measurements, the percentages shown in the table offer the best available means of estimating clinical R and D
expenditures In medical schools.
There is, of course, a serious problem of defining clinical research which clouds any attempt to measure ts support. The
NIH estimates were derived generally from its Central Scientific Classification System (CSCS) in which each research grant is
classified according to its primary field or discipline. If that discipline fails within a group identified as clinical science, then
the grant Is tabulated as such. All program project and center grants are identified as clinical by the NIH.
The classification of any grant is admittedly subjective; estimates derived by this process are subject to considerable
uncertainty. Other classification schemes in use at NIH would be likely to produce different estimates of clinical research
from those derived from the CSCS system. But the latter have one advantage - - they were produced for a series of years
under a constant definition. Thus, while the absolute levels may not be very precise, the change from year to year seems
to have somewhat more validity.
The 1989 Report of the Committee on Biomedical and Behavioral Research Personnel, Volume 2
14
OCR for page 15
APPENDIX TABLE A8. Professional Service Income in
the U.S. Medical Schools, by Type of Institutional Control,
1962-87 ($ thousands)
Fiscal
Year Total
Current Dollars 11
1972 Dollars 2/
Private Total Public Prorate
1962 15,500 7,453 8,047 21,986 1O,572 11,414
1983 16,680 8,624 8,056 23,296 12,045 11,251
1964 18,576 9,124 9,452 2S,552 12,550 13,001
1965 21,839 1 1 ,534 10,305 29,393 15,524 13,869
1966 25,203 1 3,369 11 ,834 32,816 17,408 15,409
1967 30~252 16,407 13,845 38,294 20,768 17,525
1968 47,406 28,096 19,310 57,392 34,015 23,378
1969 65,300 37,600 27,700 75,317 43,368 31,949
1970 90,057 52,232 37,825 98,531 57,147 41,384
1971 115,883 68,379 47,504 120,711 71,228 49,483
1972 138,197 75,466 62,731 138,197 75,466 62,731
1973 158,984 87,763 71,221 150,268 82,952 67,317
974 201,642 121,842 79,800 173,829 105,036 68,793
1975 305,331 168,798 136,533 240,040 132,703 107,337
1976 409,877 218,905 190,972 306,107 163,484 142,623
1977 553,664 263,965 289,69g 390,730 186,284 204,445
1978 616,971 296,219 320,752 405,768 194,817 21 O,952
1979 729,439 361,104 368,335 440,855 218,242 ,613
1980 880,335 436,567 443,768 493,406 244,685 248,721
1981 1,026,296 500,402 525,894 525,928 256,432 269,496
1982 1,26S,146 597,484 667,662 611,536 288,807 322,729
1983 3/ 1,59S,165 771,330 823,835 739,770 357,710 382,060
1984 1,800,g54 868,772 932,182 806,048 388,834 417,214
1985 2,208,590 974,988 1,233,602 956,928 422,438 534,490
1986 2,346,965 1,15B,401 1,188,564 990,113 488,694 501,419
1987 2,744,498 1,273,780 1,470,718 1,120,844 520,207 600,636
1/ This is income under control of the institution. An unknown amount is not under
control of the institution and is not reported here. Figures were obtained from the
Association of American Medical Colleges (1972-88, annual tabulations). Because
AAMC data were incomplete, figures for 1969 were obtained from the American
Medical Association (1960-88). Items may not sum to totals due to rounding.
2/ 1972 dollars were obtained by using the Implicit GNP Price Deflator (U.S. Bureau
of the Census -- see Appendix Table A7).
3/ financial data from the University of Washir~ton and Mayo Medical School were
included for the first time in 1983.
The 1989 Report of the Committee on Biomedical and Behavioral Research Personnel, Volume 2
15
OCR for page 16
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OCR for page 28
APPENDIX TABLE A19. Full-Time Budgeted Vacancies on U.S. Dental
School Faculties, by Type of Institutional Control, 1969-871/
All Departments
Basic Science Depts.
Clinical Science Depts.
Fiscal
Year Total Public Private Total Public Private Total Public Private
1969 293 223 70 110 79 31 183 144 39
1970 201 101 100 60 23 37 141 78 63
1971 167 102 65 51 26 25 1 t 6 76 40
t 972 160 102 58 42 22 20 1 t 8 80 38
1973 268 189 79 79 51 28 189 138 51
1974 278 176 102 76 50 26 202 126 76
1975 224 147 77 45 33 t 2 179 1 14 6~
1976 203 132 71 43 24 19 160 108 52
1977 t 79 1 16 63 37 24 t 3 142 92 50
1978 n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a nla n/a
1979 193 105 88 49 19 30 144 86 58
1980 191 113 78 39 19 20 152 94 58
198t 16t 94 67 34 20 t4 127 74 53
1982 174 87 87 37 25 12 137 62 75
t 983 192 120 72 49 36 13 143 84 59
1984 238 158 80 50 33 17 188 125 63
1985 211 150 61 62 50 t2 149 too 4c
1986 248 207 4t 73 61 12 175 146 29
1987 246 178 68 64 50 14 182 128 54
1/ From the American Dental Association (1968-88).
The 1989 Report of the Committee on Biomedical and Behavioral Research Personnel, Volume 2
28
OCR for page 29
APPENDIX TABLE A20. NIH Trainees and FellOWS In Clinical Dental ReSearCh,
1977086 1/
Total Trainees Fellows
Fiscal
Wear Total Predoc Posidoc Total Predoc Postdoc Total Predoc Postdoc
1977 112 12 100 61 9 52 51 3 48
t978 172 20 152 123 20 103 49 0 49
t979 176 28 148 128 28 100 48 0 48
1980 171 23 148 116 23 93 55 0 55
1981 170 to 152 107 18 89 63 0 63
1982 160 20 140 1t2 20 92 48 0 48
1983 160 21 139 121 21 too 39 0 39
1984 167 21 146 133 2t 112 34 0 34
1985 171 19 152 131 19 112 40 0 40
1986 137 19 118 117 19 98 20 0 20
,
1/Figures were obtained from me NIH Trainee and FQIIOW File, and represent persons receiving NRSA awards.
The 1989 Report of the Committee on Biomedical and Behavioral Research Personnel, Volume 2
29
OCR for page 30
APPENDIX TABLE A21. Number of New Faculty and Percentage of New
Faculty Among Full-Time Faculty in U.S. Medical Schools, by Year and
Degree Type, 1970~8 1/
New Faculty Percent New Faculty
Year Total MD PhD Total MD PhD
1970 3017 1732 889 10.14 9.33 11.75
1971 3628 2183 998 1 1.29 10.96 1 1.99
1972 3731 2171 1085 t0.80 10.18 11.89
1973 4232 2680 1086 11.62 11.96 11.10
1974 4159 2514 1111 10.69 10.42 10.55
1975 4369 2791 1 1 10 10.55 10.88 9.84
1976 4338 2878 1041 9.91 10.54 8.74
1977 4620 3072 1128 10.11 10.68 9.09
1978 4435 2882 1139 9.30 9.55 8.78
1979 4651 3061 1213 9.34 9.68 8.90
1980 4428 2978 1 100 8.49 8.96 7.69
1981 - 3990 2730 972 7.36 7.87 6.56
1982 3892 2620 1014 7.04 7.36 6.69
1983 3716 ~ 2652 863 6.61 7.29 5.59
1984 3805 2581 1006 6.66 6.93 6.45
1985 3579 2428 903 6.15 6.36 5.71
1986 - 3694 2571 882 6.23 6.57 5.48
1987 3377 2344 785 5.58 5.85 4.78
1988 2891 2006 669 4.72 4.93 4.04
1/ Data derived from the AAMC Faculty Roster and pubilshed by NlH/OSPlJDPE/PPRB, 1989
flue 1989 Report of the Committee on Biomedical and Behavioral Research Personnel, Volume 2
30
OCR for page 31
APPENDIX TABLE A22. Number and Percentage of New
Faculty in U.S. Medical Schools Who Have Had
Postdoctoral Research Training, by Department and
Degree Type, 1982 1988 1/
All Departments
MD PhD
MD Post- PhD Post-
Year Total does Percent Total does Percent
1982 2,620 1,174 44.8 1,014 744 73.4
1983 2,652 1,171 44.2 863 633 73.3
1984 2,581 1,145 44.4 1,006 735 73.1
1985 2,428 1,037 42.7 903 652 72.2
i 986 2,571 1,047 40.7 882 655 74.3
1987 2,344 934 39.8 785 554 70.6
1988 2,006 740 36.9 669 459 68.6 -
Average 41.9 72.2
Basic Science Departments
124
106
119
1t3
105
109
90
Year
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
Average
MD PhD
MD Post- PhD Post-
Total does Percent Total does Percent
56.5
48.1
49.6
50.4
50.S
50.5
60.0
:52.2
70
51
59:
57
53
55
54
446
378
430
392
400
330
270
392
339
375
346
357
287
234
87.9
89.7
87.2
88.3
89.3
87.0
86.7
88.0
Clinical Science Departments
MD PhD
MD Post- PhD Post-
Year Total does Percent Total does Percent
1982 2,486 1,100 44.2 514 331 64.4
1983 2,539 1,121 44.2 455 282 62.0
1984 2,455 1,084 44.2 543 346 63.7
1985 2,301 973 42.3 469 294 62.7
1986 2,454 990 40.3 457 283 61.9
1987 2,220 874 39.4 419 249 59.4
1988 1,906 683 35.8 370 214 57.8
Average 41.5 61.7
1/ Data derived from the AAMC Faculty Roster and pubilshed by NIWOSPU
DP~PPRB, 1989
The 1989 Report of the Committee on Biomedical and Behavioral Research Personnel, Volume 2
31
OCR for page 32
Year
1 g70
1 971
1972
1973
1974
MD PhD
APPENDIX TABLE A23. Composition of Total Faculty and New Faculty in Basic Science
Departments of U.S. Medical Schools, by Degree, 1970-881/
All Faculty
New Faculty Only
Total Number Percent Number Percent Total Number Percent Number Percent
7,757
8,293
8,810
9,199
9,661
2,657
2,740
2,835
2,866
2,927
34.3
33.0
32.2
31.1
30.3
4,592
5,009
5,408
5,732
6,134
59.2
60.4
61.4
62.3
63.5
637
684
742
838
822
188
173
191
199
210
29.5
25.3
25.7
23.7
25.5
409
466
504
578
574
64.2
68.1
67.9
69.0
6g.8
1975 10,088 2,965 29.4 6,506 64.5 / ~ / 169 21.8 561 72.2
1976 10,391 2,993 28.8 6,783 65.3 760 189 24.9 530 69.7
1977 10,634 2,997 28.2 7,030 66.1 747 186 24.9 520 69.6
t 978 t 0,923 3,006 27.5 7,310 66.9 791 192 24.3 "0 69.5
1979 1 1,229 3,002 26.7 7,598 67.7 734 172 23.4 522 71.1
1980 11,524 3,017 26.2 7,890 68.5 732 147 20.1 545 74.5
t 981 1 1 ,715 3,012 25.7 8,075 68.9 708 150 21.2 518 73.2
1982 11,801 2,978 25.2 8,208 69.6 607 147 24.2 432 71.2
1983 1 1 ,804 2,943 24.9 8,310 70.4 591 124 21 .0 446 75.5
1984 1 1 ,788 2,901 24.8 8,342 70.8 507 106 20.9 378 74.6
1985 11,874 2,889 24.3 8,457 71.2 566 1 19 21 .1 430 76.1
1986 1 1,925 2,885 24.2 8,526 71.5 528 1 13 21.4 392 74.2
1987 12,048 2,884 23.9 8,670 72.0 522 105 20.1 400 76.6
1988 12,009 2,866 23.9 8,663 72.1 462 109 23.6 330 71.4
1/ Data derived from the AAMC Faculty Roster and published by NIH/OSPIJDPEJPPRB, 1989
1
The 1g89 Report of the Committee on Biomedical and Behavioral Research Personnel, Volume 2
32
OCR for page 33
APPENDIX TABLE A24. Composition of Total Faculty and New Faculty in Clinical
Departments of U.S. Medical Schools, by Degree, 1970-88 1/
AJI Faculty
New Faculty Only
MD PhD
Year
1 970
197t
1 972
t973
1 974
TotaJ Number Percent Number Percent
12.6
12.8
13.2
13.6
13.7
MD PhD
.
Total Number Percent Number Percent
1 ,84~ -- - - - ' -
2,126
2,664
2,659
3,159
20,406 1 5,542
",064 1 6,804
23,808 18,113
25,217 19,156
27,135 20,806
76.2
76.2
76.1
76.0
76.7
2,562
2,829
3,151
3,421
3,71 5
1 ,345
1 ,550
1 ,979
1 ,963
2,459
72.9
72.9
74.3
73.8
77.8
302
347
410
425
440
16.4
16.3
15.4
16.0
13.9
1975 29,052 22,306 76.8 4,017 13.8 3,096 2,329 75.2 470 15.2
1976 31,032 23,919 77.1 4,317 13.9 3,347 2,579 77.1 494 14.8
1977 32,660 25,352 77.6 4,536 13.9 3,366 2,673 79.4 447 13.3
1978 34,409 26,758 77.8 4,827 14.0 3,626 2,871 79.2 508 14.0
1979 36,256 28,211 77.8 5,159 14.2 3,502 2,701 77.1 545 15.6
t 980 38,281 29,808 77.9 5,520 14.4 3,730 2,902 77.8 597 16.0
1981 40,126 31,278 77.9 5,831 14.5 3,562 2,815 79.0 529 14.9
1982 41,203 32,190 78.1 6,028 14.6 3,231 2,572 79.6 481 14.9
1983 42,179 32,995 78.2 6,213 14.7 3,186 2,486 78.0 514 t6.1
1984 43,205 33,974 78.6 61374 14.8 3,125 2,539 81.2 455 14.6
1985 44,344 34,927 78.8 6,581 14.8 3,152 2,455 77.9 543 17.2
1986 45,397 35,843 79.0 6,790 15.0 2,939 2,301 78.3 46g 16.0
1987 46,544 36,801 79.1 6,987 15.0 3,081 2,4# 79.6 457 14.8
198B 47,380 37,467 79.1 7,123 15.0 2,823 2,220 78.6 4t9 14.8
1/ Data dewed from me AAMC Faculty Roster and published by NI~OSPUDPEIPPR8, 1989
The 1989 Report of the Committee on Biomedical and Behavioral Research Personnel, Volume 2
33
OCR for page 34
APPENDIX TABLE A25. Number of Faculty
Who Had Returned to Full-Time Positions
at U.S. I\Jledical Schools After Leaving
Academic Medicine in 1970 For One or
More Years 1/
Retumed Total 2/
By
MD
(N=1850) (N=121 2)
,
PhD
(N~350)
1972
1973
1 974
1975
1976
1977
1 978
1979
1980
1981
1 982
1983
1984
1 985
1 986
1987
1 988
9
10.6
11.4
12
12.8
12.8
12.9
12.4
12.3
11.9
11.8
11.5
11.5
11.S
1t.3
10.9
6
9.7
11.5
12.7
13.2
14.2
14.1
14.7
14.1
14
13.6
13.7
13.3
13.1
13.4
t3.2
13
7.1
10.9
13.7
13.1
15.1
16
16.6
16
15.7
15.4
14.9
14.3
14
14.3
13.4
13.1
11.7
1/ Data derived from the AAMC Faculty Roster and
published by NlHfOSPL/DPE/PPRB, 1989
21 Total includes faculty drop outs who hem degrees
over than MD or PhD
The 1989 Report of the Committee on Biomedical and Behavioral Research Personnel
34
Representative terms from entire chapter:
medical schools
