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CONTENTS
1. INTRODUCTION AND SUMMARY
ABSTRACT
COMMITTEE'S APPROACH TO ASSESSMENT OF NATIONAL NEED
RECENT RESEARCH DEVELOPMENTS
TRAINING AND RESEARCH FUNDING TRENDS
NATIONAL RESEARCH SERVICE AWARDS FOR 1983 AND 1984
FINDINGS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
Clinical Sciences
Minority Access to Research Careers (MARC) Honors Undergraduate
Training Program
Basic Biomedical Sciences
Behavioral Sciences
Health Services Research
Nursing Research
2. CLINICAL SCIENCES
ABSTRACT
INTRODUCTION AND OVERVIEW
MEDICAL SCHOOL TRENDS
Medical School Enrollments
Clinical R and D Expenditures
Professional Service Income
Total Medical School Revenue
THE CHANGING FINANCIAL STRUCTURE OF MEDICAL EDUCATION
THE MARKET OUTLOOK
DEMAND FOR CLINICAL FACULTY IN MEDICAL SCHOOLS
Assumptions
Projections of Demand for Medical School Clinical Faculty to 1990
POSTDOCTORAL TRAINING NEEDS FOR MEDICAL SCHOOL
CLINICAL FACULTY
DENTAL SCHOOL TRENDS
Number of Dental Schools
Dental School Enrollments
Dental School Faculty
R and D Revenue
Dental Clinic Revenue
Tuition and Fees
State and Local Government Revenue
Total Revenue
DEMAND FOR CLINICAL FACULTY IN DENTAL SCHOOLS
POSTDOCTORAL TRAINING NEEDS FOR DENTAL SCHOOL
CLINICAL FACULTY
SUMMARY
3. BASIC BIOMEDICAL SCIENCES
ABSTRACT
INTRODUCTION AND OVERVIEW
CURRENT SUPPLY/DEMAND INDICATORS
Ph.D. Production
Postdoctoral Appointments
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Bachelor's Degrees
Enrollments
R and D Funding
Labor Force
SURVEY OF BIOTECHNOLOGY FIRMS
Shortages of Specialists
THE MARKET OUTLOOK
Projections of Academic Demand for Biomedical Ph.D.s
ESTIMATING PREDOCTORAL AND POSTDOCTORAL SUPPORT LEVELS
UNDER NRSA PROGRAMS
Postdoctoral Training Levels
Predoctoral Training Levels
SUMMARY
EVALUATION OF THE MARC HONORS UNDERGRADUATE RESEARCH
TRAINING PROGRAM
A FOLLOW-UP STUDY OF FORMER NIH POSTDOCTORAL TRAINEES
AND FELLOWS
4. BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES
ABSTRACT
INTRODUCTION AND OVERVIEW
CURRENT SUPPLY/DEMAND INDICATORS
Enrollments
Psychology Enrollments
Other Behavioral Science Enrollments
Reliability of Behavioral Science Undergraduate Enrollment Estimates
Ph.D. Production
Postdoctoral Appointments
R and D Expenditures
Employment Sectors
The Behavioral Ph.D. Faculty/Student Ratio
Part-time Employment
Accuracy of Enrollment Estimates
Enrichment
Graduate Enrollment Trends
THE MARKET OUTLOOK
Projections of Academic Demand for Behavioral Ph.D.s
ESTIMATING PREDOCTORAL AND POSTDOCTORAL SUPPORT LEVELS
INSIDER NRSA PROGRAMS
Postdoctoral Training Levels
Predoctoral Training Levels
SUMMARY
5. HEALTH SERVICES RESEARCH
ABSTRACT
DEFINITION AND EXAMPLES OF CURRENT HEALTH SERVICES RESEARCH
Health Maintenance Organizations and Health Care Costs
Health Status and Medical Care Utilization
SOURCES OF FUNDING FOR HEALTH SERVICES RESEARCH
Non-Government Sources
Government Sources
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The National Center for Health Services Research and Health Care
Technology Assessment
Health Care Financing Administration (HCFA)
National Institutes of Health
Other Federal Sources
THE MARKET OUTLOOK FOR HEALTH SERVICES RESEARCH PERSONNEL
Health Services Research Centers
Training for Health Services Research
6. NURSING RESEARCH
ABSTRACT
EXAMPLES OF NURSING RESEARCH
SOURCES OF SUPPORT FOR NURSING RESEARCH AND TRAINING
Division of Nursing, HRSA
Nursing Research
Training for Nursing Research
National Institutes of Health
Veterans Administration
American Nurses' Foundation
Robert Wood Johnson Foundation
Sigma Theta Tau
NURSES WITH DOCTORAL DEGREES
Doctorate Degrees Awarded
Doctoral Programs in Nursing
Nurse Faculty with Doctorates
Employment of Nurses with Doctorates
SUMMARY
BIBLIOGRAPHY
APPENDIXES
A. Medical and Dental School Data
B. Biomedical Sciences Data
C. Behavioral Sciences Data
D. Miscellaneous Data
E. Biotechnology Survey Questionnaire and Summary of Responses
F. Summary of Public Meeting, May 10, 1984
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TABLES
CHAPI ER 1
CHAPTER 2
CHAPTER 3
TABLE 1.1 NRSA Training in Relation to Some National Health Expenditures, FY 1971-83
(1972 $, billions)
1.2 Aggregated Numbers of NIH/ADAMHA/HRSA Traineeship and Fellowship Awards
for FY 1983 and PY 1984
NIH Traineeship and Fellowship Awards for FY 1983 and FY 1984
1.4 ADAMHA Traineeship and Fellowship Awards for BY 1983 and FY 1984
Committee Recommendations for NIH/ADAMHA/HRSA Full-Time Predoctoral
and Postdoctoral Traineeship and Fellowship Awards for FY 1988-90
1.6 Estimated Cost of Recommended NIH/ADAMHA/HRSA Training Programs for
EY 1988-90 (millions of dollars)
Estimated Training Costs Per Award in EY 1984 (dollars)
TABLE 2.1 Current Trends in Supply/Demand Indicators in the Clinical Sciences
2.2 Trends in U.S. Medical School Revenues ($millions)
2.3 Trends in U.S. Dental School Revenues ($ millions)
2.4 Projected Growth in Medical School Clinical Faculty, 1983-90, Based on
Projections of Medical School Enrollment and Total Revenue per School
2.5 Estimated Number of Postdoctoral Research Trainees Needed to Meet Expected
Demand for Clinical Faculty in Medical and Veterinary Schools Through 1990
Under Various Conditions
2.6 Projected Growth in Dental School Clinical Faculty, 1983-90, Based on Projections
of Dental School Enrollment and Total Revenue in Dental Schools
2.7 Estimated Number of Dental Clinical Research Postdoctoral Trainees Needed to
Meet Expected Demand for Dental Clinical Faculty Through 1990 Under Various
Conditions
TABLE 3.1 Current Trends in Supply/Demand Indicators for Biomedical Science Ph.D.s
3.2 Biomedical Ph.D.s Employed by Biotechnology Firms Responding to Survey
3.3 Inflows and Outflows from Academic Employment for Biomedical Science
Ph.D.s, 1981-83
3.4 Projected Growth in Biomedical Science Ph.D. Faculty, 1983-90, Based on
Projections of Enrollment, and R and D Expenditures
3.5 Estimated Number of Basic Biomedical Science Postdoctoral Trainees Needed to
Meet Expected Academic Demand Through 1990 Under Various Conditions
3.6 Estimated Number of Basic Biomedical Science Predoctoral Trainees to be
Supported Under NRSA Programs
CHAPTER 4
TABLE 4.1 Current Trends in Supply/Demand Indicators for Behavioral Science Ph.D.s
4.2 Current Trends in Supply/Demand Indicators for Clinical and Nonclinical
Psychology Ph.D.s
4.3 Current Trends in Supply/Demand Indicators for Other Behavioral Science Ph.D.s
(Sociology, Anthropology, Speech Pathology/Audiology)
4.4 Course Enrollments and B.A. Degrees in Science and Humanities Fields
4.5 Behavioral Scientists Employed in Colleges and Universities, 1961-83
4.6 Inflows and Outflows from Academic Employment for Behavioral Science
Ph.D.s, 1981-83
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4.7 Projected Growth in Behavioral Science Ph.D. Faculty, 1983-90
4.8 Estimated Number of Behavioral Science Postdoctoral Trainees Needed to Meet
Expected Academic Demand Through 1990 Under Various Conditions
4.9 Estimated Number of Behavioral Science Predoctoral Trainees to be Supported
Under NRSA Programs
CHAPI ER 5
CHAPTER 6
TABLE 5.1
Annual Research Appropriations for the National Center for Health Services
Research, FY 1976-86 ($ millions)
Research and Demonstrations Budget for the Health Care Financing Administration,
FY 19 79-8 6 ( $ millions)
NIH Obligations for Health Services Research and Development, FY 1977-85
($ millions)
Federal Obligations for Health R and D, by Agency and Type of Research,
FY 1985 ($ thousands)
Characteristics of Health Services Research Centers, 1983
5.6 Field of Highest Degree Reported by NCHSR Principal Investigators, FY 1978
5.7 Field of Highest Degree Reported by NCHSR Trainees, FY 1978
TABLE 6.1 Nursing Research Grants Active at End of Fiscal Years 1969-83, by Content Category
6.2 Doctoral Degree Status of Principal Investigators on Active Research Grants from
the Division of Nursing, FY 19 74-8 3
Nursing Research Grants and Contracts Awarded, FY 1956-84 ($ thousands)
6.4 NRSA Awards in Nursing, FY 1982-84
6.5 NRSA Applications Reviewed by Scientific Review Groups, by Status of
Application, FY 1984
6.6 Disciplines of NRSA Applicants, by Status of Application, FY 1984
6.7 Activities of NIH Grants with Nursing Research Components, FY 1983
6.8 NlH-Funded Extramural Projects in Nursing Research or with Nursing Research
Components, by Supporting Unit, FY 1983
6.9 NIH-Funded Extramural Projects in Nursing Research or with Nursing Research
Components, by Focus of Award and Type of Investigator, FY 1983
6.10 V.A. Research Projects with Nurse Principal Investigators, by Position of
Principal Investigator and Area of Research, FY 1984
6.11 Doctoral Programs in Nursing, 1983-84
6.12 Registered Nurses with Doctoral Degrees, by Major Area of Degree and Major
Function, 1980
6.13 Registered Nurses with Doctoral Degrees, by Employment Setting and Major
Function, 1980
6.14 Average Percent of Time Spent in Research by Work Setting and Percent of
Nurses with Doctorates, 1980
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FIGURES
CHAPTER 2
FIGURE 2.1 Medical students, residents, and clinical fellows, 1961-83, with projections to 1990
2.2 Clinical R and D expenditures per school in U.S. medical schools, by control of
institution, 1962-83, with projections to 1990 (1972 $, millions)
2.3 Professional service income per school reported by U.S. medical schools, by
control of institution, 1962-83, with projections to 1990 (1972 $, millions)
2.4 Total revenue per medical school, by control of institution, 1964-83, with
projections to 1990 (197 2 $, millions)
2.5 Clinical faculty/student ratio (CF/WS) vs. total revenue per medical school (T/S)
2.6 Clinical faculty in U.S. medical schools, by control of institution, 1961-83, with
projections to 19 90
2.7 Number of operational U.S. dental schools, by control of institution, 1961-84
2.8 Enrollments in U.S. dental schools, by control of institution, 1968-84, wills
projections to 1990
Total revenue per school in U.S. dental schools, by control of institution,
1968-83, with projections to 1990
2.10 Dental school clinical faculty/student ratio (CF/WS) vs. total revenue per
dental school (T/S)
2.11 Full-tiMe faculty in clinical departments of dental schools, by control of institution
1969-84, with projections to 1990
CHAPTER 3
FIGURE 3.1 Ph.D. production, postdoctoral appointments, and first-year graduate enrollments
in doctorate-granting institutions in basic biomedical science fields, 1960-83
3.2 Bachelor's degrees awarded in biomedical science fields compared to other fields,
1962-8 2
3.3 Total biomedical science undergraduate and graduate enrollments in colleges and
universities, by control of institution, 1960-81, with projections to 1990
3.4 Biomedical science R and D expenditures in colleges and universities, by control of
institution, 1964-83, with projections to 1990 (1972 $, millions)
3.5 Percentage distribution of the year of firms' initiation of operations in the
biotechnology industry
3.6a Biomedical science Ph.D. faculty (lo) vs. biomedical undergraduate enrollments
(U), 1 960-8 1
3.6b Biomedical science Ph.D. faculty (F) vs. biomedical graduate enrollments (G),
1960-83
3.7 Biomedical Ph.D. faculty/student ratio (F/WS) vs. biomedical R and D expenditures
in colleges and universities (M)
3.8 Ph.D.s employed in the biomedical sciences at colleges and universities, by control
of institution, 1960-83, with projections to 1990
CHAPTER 4
FIGURE 4.1 Behavioral science undergraduate and graduate enrollments in colleges and
universities, 1964-81
4.2 Ph.D. degrees awarded in behavioral science fields, 1961-83
4.3 Postdoctoral appointments in behavioral science fields, 1962-83
4.4 Behavioral science R and D expenditures in colleges and universities, 1964-83
4.5 Behavioral science Ph. D. faculty/student ratio, 1 964-81
4.6 Behavioral science Ph.D.s employed in colleges and universities, 1962-83
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CHAPTER 6
FIGURE 6.1 Funding for nursing research grants and contracts, 1960-83 (1972 $, millions)
6.2 Research doctorates awarded to nurses, 1965-82 (academic years)
6.3 Research doctoral programs administered by schools or departments of nursing,
1963-84 (academic years)
6.4 Nurses enrolled in research doctoral programs, 1965-83 (academic years)
6.5 Percentage of full-time nurse faculty who hold research doctorate degrees,
1964-82 (academic years)
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