NOTICE: The project that is the subject of this report was approved by the Governing Board of the National Research Council, whose members are drawn from the councils of the National Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering, and the Institute of Medicine. The members of the panel responsible for the report were chosen for their special competencies and with regard for appropriate balance.
This report has been reviewed by a group other than the authors according to procedures approved by a Report Review Committee consisting of members of the National Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering, and the Institute of Medicine.
The National Academy of Sciences is a private, nonprofit, self-perpetuating society of distinguished scholars engaged in scientific and engineering research, dedicated to the furtherance of science and technology and to their use for the general welfare. Upon the authority of the charter granted to it by the Congress in 1863, the Academy has a mandate that requires it to advise the federal government on scientific and technical matters. Dr. Frank Press is president of the National Academy of Sciences.
The National Academy of Engineering was established in 1964, under the charter of the National Academy of Sciences, as a parallel organization of outstanding engineers. It is autonomous in its administration and in the selection of its members, sharing with the National Academy of Sciences the responsibility for advising the federal government. The National Academy of Engineering also sponsors engineering programs aimed at meeting national needs, encourages education and research, and recognizes the superior achievements of engineers. Dr. Robert M. White is president of the National Academy of Engineering.
The Institute of Medicine was established in 1970 by the National Academy of Sciences to secure the services of eminent members of appropriate professions in the examination of policy matters pertaining to the health of the public. The Institute acts under the responsibility given to the National Academy of Sciences by its congressional charter to be an advisor to the federal government and, upon its own initiative, to identify issues of medical care, research, and education. Dr. Kenneth I. Shine is president of the Institute of Medicine.
The National Research Council was organized by the National Academy of Sciences in 1916 to associate the broad community of science and technology with the Academy's purposes of furthering knowledge and advising the federal government. Functioning in accordance with the general policies determined by the Academy, the Council has become the principal operating agency of both the National Academy of Sciences and the National Academy of Engineering in providing services to the government, the public, and the scientific and engineering communities. The Council is administered jointly by both Academies and the Institute of Medicine. Dr. Frank Press and Dr. Robert M. White are chairman and vice-chairman, respectively, of the National Research Council.
The work was sponsored by the Department of Defense under Grant No. N00014-92-J-1636.
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NAVY COMMITTEE
John Orcutt,
Scripps Institution of Oceanography,
Chair
Kenneth Brink,
Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
Robert Cannon,
Stanford University
Robert Detrick,
Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
Craig Dorman,
Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
Robert Spindel,
University of Washington
OCEAN STUDIES BOARD
Carl I. Wunsch,
Massachusetts Institute of Technology,
Chair
Donald F. Boesch,
University of Maryland
Peter G. Brewer,
Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institution
Kenneth Brink,
Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
Robert Cannon,
Stanford University
Sallie W. Chisholm,
Massachusetts Institute of Technology
Biliana Cicin-Sain,
University of Delaware
Robert Detrick,
Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
Craig Dorman,
Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
Gordon Eaton,
Lamont-Doherty Geological Observatory
Edward A. Frieman,
Scripps Institution of Oceanography
Arnold L. Gordon,
Columbia University
Gordon Greve,
Amoco Production Company
William Merrell,
Texas A&M University
Arthur R.M. Nowell,
University of Washington
Dennis A. Powers,
Stanford University
Brian Rothschild,
University of Maryland
John G. Sclater,
Scripps Institution of Oceanography
Karl K. Turekian,
Yale University
Liaison Member
Robert Beardsley,
Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution,
CGER Member
Staff
Mary Hope Katsouros, Director
Edward R. Urban, Jr., Staff Officer
Robin Rice, Staff Associate
Maureen Hage, Administrative Assistant
LaVoncyé Mallory, Senior Secretary
COMMISSION ON GEOSCIENCES, ENVIRONMENT, AND RESOURCES
M. Gordon Wolman, Chair,
The Johns Hopkins University
Patrick R. Atkins,
Aluminum Company of America
Peter S. Eagleson,
Massachusetts Institute of Technology
Edward A. Frieman,
Scripps Institution of Oceanography
Helen M. Ingram,
University of Arizona
W. Barclay Kamb,
California Institute of Technology
Gene E. Likens,
The New York Botanical Garden
Syukuro Manabe,
NOAA Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory
Jack E. Oliver,
Cornell University
Frank L. Parker,
Vanderbilt/Clemson University
Duncan T. Patten,
Arizona State University
Raymond A. Price,
Queen's University at Kingston, Canada
Maxine L. Savitz,
Garrett Ceramic Components
Larry L. Smarr,
University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign
Steven M. Stanley,
The Johns Hopkins University
Warren Washington,
National Center for Atmospheric Research
Edith Brown Weiss,
Georgetown University Law Center
Irvin L. White,
Battelle Pacific Northwest Laboratories
Staff
Stephen Rattien, Executive Director
Stephen D. Parker, Associate Executive Director
Jeanette Spoon, Administrative Officer
Carlita Perry, Administrative Associate
Robin Lewis, Senior Project Assistant
