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NOTICE: The project that is the subject of this report was approved by the Governing Board of the National Research Council, whose members are drawn from the councils of the National Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering, and the Institute of Medicine. The members of the committee responsible for the report were chosen for their special competences and with regard for appropriate balance.
This study was supported by Grant No. N0-0D-4-2139 between the National Academies and the National Institutes of Health of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Any opinions, findings, conclusions, or recommendations expressed in this publication are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of the organizations or agencies that provided support for the project.
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THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES
National Academy of Sciences
National Academy of Engineering
Institute of Medicine
National Research Council
The National Academy of Sciences is a private, nonprofit, self-perpetuating society of distinguished scholars engaged in scientific and engineering research, dedicated to the furtherance of science and technology and to their use for the general welfare. Upon the authority of the charter granted to it by the Congress in 1863, the Academy has a mandate that requires it to advise the federal government on scientific and technical matters. Dr. Bruce Alberts is president of the National Academy of Sciences.
The National Academy of Engineering was established in 1964, under the charter of the National Academy of Sciences, as a parallel organization of outstanding engineers. It is autonomous in its administration and in the selection of its members, sharing with the National Academy of Sciences the responsibility for advising the federal government. The National Academy of Engineering also sponsors engineering programs aimed at meeting national needs, encourages education and research, and recognizes the superior achievements of engineers. Dr. William Wulf is president of the National Academy of Engineering.
The Institute of Medicine was established in 1970 by the National Academy of Sciences to secure the services of eminent members of appropriate professions in the examination of policy matters pertaining to the health of the public. The Institute acts under the responsibility given to the National Academy of Sciences by its congressional charter to be an adviser to the federal government and, upon its own initiative, to identify issues of medical care, research, and education. Dr. Kenneth I. Shine is president of the Institute of Medicine.
The National Research Council was organized by the National Academy of Sciences in 1916 to associate the broad community of science and technology with the Academy's purposes of furthering knowledge and advising the federal government. Functioning in accordance with general policies determined by the Academy, the Council has become the principal operating agency of both the National Academy of Sciences and the National Academy of Engineering in providing services to the government, the public, and the scientific and engineering communities. The Council is administered jointly by both Academies and the Institute of Medicine. Dr. Bruce Alberts and Dr. William Wulf are chairman and vice chairman, respectively, of the National Research Council.
INTERNATIONAL COMMITTEE OF THE INSTITUTE FOR LABORATORY ANIMAL RESEARCH COUNCIL
JOHN VANDENBERGH (Chair),
Department of Zoology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC
HILTON J. KLEIN,
Department of Laboratory Animal Resources, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, PA
WILLIAM MORTON,
Regional Primate Research Center, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
ROBERT J. RUSSELL,
Harlan Sprague Dawley, Inc., Indianapolis, IN
WILLIAM S. STOKES,
Environmental Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC
PETER A. WARD,
Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI
Staff
RALPH B. DELL, Director
KATHLEEN A. BEIL, Administrative Assistant
SUSAN S. VAUPEL, Managing Editor,
ILAR Journal
MARSHA K. WILLIAMS, Project Assistant
INSTITUTE FOR LABORATORY ANIMAL RESEARCH COUNCIL
PETER A. WARD (Chair),
Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI
BENNETT DYKE,
Southwest Foundation for Biomedical Research, San Antonio, TX
ROSEMARY W. ELLIOTT,
Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY
GERALD F. GEBHART,
Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA
GAIL E. HERMAN,
Wexner Research Facility, Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH
HILTON J. KLEIN,
Department of Laboratory Animal Resources, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, PA
MARGARET LANDI,
Department of Laboratory Animal Science, SmithKline Beecham Pharmaceuticals, King of Prussia, PA
WILLIAM MORTON,
Regional Primate Research Center, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
RANDALL J. NELSON,
Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Tennessee, Memphis, TN
ROBERT J. RUSSELL,
Harlan Sprague Dawley, Inc., Indianapolis, IN
WILLIAM S. STOKES,
Environmental Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC
MICHAEL K. STOSKOPF,
Department of Companion Animal and Special Species Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC
JOHN G. VANDENBERGH,
Department of Zoology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC
THOMAS WOLFLE,
Annapolis, MD
JOANNE ZURLO,
Center for Alternatives to Animal Testing, Johns Hopkins School of Hygiene and Public Health, Baltimore, MD
Staff
RALPH B. DELL, Director
KATHLEEN A. BEIL, Administrative Assistant
SUSAN S. VAUPEL, Managing Editor, ILAR Journal
MARSHA K. WILLIAMS, Project Assistant
COMMISSION ON LIFE SCIENCES
MICHAEL T. CLEGG (Chair),
College of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, University of California, Riverside, CA
PAUL BERG (Vice Chair),
Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA
FREDERICK R. ANDERSON,
Cadwalader, Wickersham & Taft, Washington, DC
JOANNA BURGER,
Division of Life Sciences, Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ
JAMES E. CLEAVER,
University of California Cancer Center, San Francisco, CA
DAVID EISENBERG,
University of California, Los Angeles, CA
JOHN L. EMMERSON,
Eli Lilly and Co. (ret.), Indianapolis, IN
NEAL L. FIRST,
Department of Animal Science, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI
DAVID J. GALAS,
Chiroscience R&D, Inc., Bothell, WA
DAVID V. GOEDDEL,
Tularik, Inc., South San Francisco, CA
ARTURO GOMEZ-POMPA,
Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, University of California, Riverside, CA
COREY S. GOODMAN,
Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA
JON W. GORDON,
Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY
DAVID G. HOEL,
Department of Biometry and Epidemiology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC
BARBARA S. HULKA,
Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC
CYNTHIA J. KENYON,
Department of Biochemistry, University of California, San Francisco, CA
BRUCE R. LEVIN,
Department of Biology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA
DAVID M. LIVINGSTON,
Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA
DONALD R. MATTISON,
March of Dimes, White Plains, NY
ELLIOT M. MEYEROWITZ,
Division of Biology, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA
ROBERT T. PAINE,
Department of Zoology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
RONALD R. SEDEROFF,
Department of Forestry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC
ROBERT R. SOKAL,
Department of Ecology and Evolution, State University of New York at Stony Brook, NY
CHARLES F. STEVENS, MD,
The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA
Preface
US/Japan meetings on laboratory animal science have been held virtually every year since 1980 under the US/Japan Cooperative Program on Science and Technology. Over the years these meetings have resulted in a number of important documents including the Manual of Microbiologic Monitoring of Laboratory Animals published in 1994 and the article Establishment and Preservation of Reference Inbred Strains of Rats for General Purposes. In addition to these publications, the meetings have been instrumental in increasing awareness of the need for microbiologic monitoring of laboratory rodents and the need for genetic definition and monitoring of mice and rats.
In cooperation with the Comparative Medicine section of NCRR/NIH, the ILAR Council and staff are pleased to become the host for this important annual meeting and look forward to participating in future meetings. The support and sponsorship of NCRR (P40 RR 11611) in the United States and the Central Institute for Experimental Animals in Japan are gratefully acknowledged. Bringing together the leading scientists in the field of laboratory animal care has resulted in increased understanding of American and Japanese approaches to laboratory animal science and should continue to strengthen efforts to harmonize approaches aimed at resolving common challenges in the use of animal models for biomedical research and testing. This effort to improve understanding and cooperation between Japan and the United States should also be useful in developing similar interaction with other regions of the world including Europe, Australia, and Southeast Asia.
John Vandenbergh, Chair
International Committee of the Institute for Laboratory Animal Research