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Understanding the Sun and Solar System Plasmas: Future Directions in Solar and Space Physics Understanding the Sun and Solar System Plasmas Future Directions in Solar and Space Physics Solar and Space Physics Survey Committee Committee on Solar and Space Physics Space Studies Board Division on Engineering and Physical Sciences NATIONAL RESEARCH COUNCIL OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES PRESS Washington, D.C. www.nap.edu

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Understanding the Sun and Solar System Plasmas: Future Directions in Solar and Space Physics ABOUT THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES For more than 100 years, the National Academies have provided independent advice on issues of science, technology, and medicine that underlie many questions of national importance. The National Academies, comprising the National Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering, the Institute of Medicine, and the National Research Council, work together to enlist the nation’s top scientists, engineers, health professionals, and other experts to study specific issues. The results of their deliberations have inspired some of America’s most significant and lasting efforts to improve the health, education, and welfare of the nation. To learn more about Academies’ activities, check the Web site at www.nationalacademies.org. The decadel survey on which this booklet is based was a project approved by the Governing Board of the National Research Council, whose members are drawn from the councils of the National Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering, and the Institute of Medicine. The members of the Survey Committee and the five panels whose responsible for the survey were chosen for their special competences and with regard for appropriate balance. The project was supported by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration under Contracts NASW 96013 and NASW 01001, the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration under Purchase Order No. 40-AA-NR-111308, the National Science Foundation under Grant No. ATM-0109283, the Office of Naval Research under Grant No. N00014-01-1-0753, and the Air Force Office of Scientific Research under Purchase Order No. FQ8671-0101168. Support for this publication was provided by The Presidents’ Circle Communication Initiative of the National Academies. Copies of this report are available free of charge from: Space Studies Board National Research Council The Keck Center of the National Academies, 500 Fifth Street, N.W., Washington, DC 20001 www.nationalacademies.org/ssb Copyright 2004 by the National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America. THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES™ Advisers to the Nation on Science, Engineering, and Medicine

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Understanding the Sun and Solar System Plasmas: Future Directions in Solar and Space Physics Understanding the Sun and Solar System Plasmas

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Understanding the Sun and Solar System Plasmas: Future Directions in Solar and Space Physics SOLAR AND SPACE PHYSICS SURVEY COMMITTEE LOUIS J. LANZEROTTI, Lucent Technologies, Chair ROGER L. ARNOLDY, University of New Hampshire FRAN BAGENAL, University of Colorado at Boulder DANIEL N. BAKER, University of Colorado at Boulder JAMES L. BURCH, Southwest Research Institute JOHN C. FOSTER, Massachusetts Institute of Technology PHILIP R. GOODE, Big Bear Solar Observatory RODERICK A. HEELIS, University of Texas, Dallas MARGARET G. KIVELSON, University of California, Los Angeles WILLIAM H. MATTHAEUS, University of Delaware FRANK B. McDONALD, University of Maryland EUGENE N. PARKER, University of Chicago, Professor Emeritus GEORGE C. REID, University of Colorado at Boulder ROBERT W. SCHUNK, Utah State University ALAN M. TITLE, Lockheed Martin Advanced Technology Center ARTHUR A. CHARO, Study Director WILLIAM S. LEWIS, Consultant THERESA M. FISHER, Senior Program Assistant PANEL ON THE SUN AND HELIOSPHERIC PHYSICS JOHN T. GOSLING, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Chair ALAN M. TITLE, Lockheed Martin Advanced Technology Center, Vice Chair TIMOTHY S. BASTIAN, National Radio Astronomy Observatory EDWARD W. CLIVER, Air Force Research Laboratory JUDITH T. KARPEN, Naval Research Laboratory JEFFREY R. KUHN, University of Hawaii MARTIN A. LEE, University of New Hampshire RICHARD A. MEWALDT, California Institute of Technology VICTOR PIZZO, NOAA Space Environment Center JURI TOOMRE, University of Colorado at Boulder THOMAS H. ZURBUCHEN, University of Michigan PANEL ON SOLAR WIND AND MAGNETOSPHERE INTERACTIONS CHRISTOPHER T. RUSSELL, University of California, Los Angeles, Chair JOACHIM BIRN, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Vice Chair BRIAN J. ANDERSON, Johns Hopkins University JAMES L. BURCH, Southwest Research Institute JOSEPH F. FENNELL, Aerospace Corporation STEPHEN A. FUSELIER, Lockheed Martin Advanced Technology Center MICHAEL HESSE, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center WILLIAM S. KURTH, University of Iowa JANET G. LUHMANN, University of California, Berkeley MARK MOLDWIN, University of California, Los Angeles HARLAN E. SPENCE, Boston University MICHELLE F. THOMSEN, Los Alamos National Laboratory PANEL ON ATMOSPHERE-IONOSPHERE-MAGNETOSPHERE INTERACTIONS MICHAEL C. KELLEY, Cornell University, Chair MARY K. HUDSON, Dartmouth College, Vice Chair DANIEL N. BAKER, University of Colorado at Boulder THOMAS E. CRAVENS, University of Kansas TIMOTHY J. FULLER-ROWELL, University of Colorado at Boulder MAURA E. HAGAN, National Center for Atmospheric Research UMRAN S. INAN, Stanford University TIMOTHY L. KILLEEN, National Center for Atmospheric Research CRAIG KLETZING, University of Iowa JANET U. KOZYRA, University of Michigan ROBERT LYSAK, University of Minnesota GEORGE C. REID, University of Colorado at Boulder HOWARD J. SINGER, NOAA Space Environment Center ROGER W. SMITH, University of Alaska

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Understanding the Sun and Solar System Plasmas: Future Directions in Solar and Space Physics PANEL ON THEORY, MODELING, AND DATA EXPLORATION GARY P. ZANK, University of California, Riverside, Chair DAVID G. SIBECK, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Vice Chair SPIRO K. ANTIOCHOS, Naval Research Laboratory RICHARD S. BOGART, Stanford University JAMES F. DRAKE, JR., University of Maryland ROBERT E. ERGUN, University of Colorado at Boulder JACK R. JOKIPII, University of Arizona JON A. LINKER, Science Applications International Corporation WILLIAM LOTKO, Dartmouth College JOACHIM RAEDER, University of California, Los Angeles ROBERT W. SCHUNK, Utah State University PANEL ON EDUCATION AND SOCIETY RAMON E. LOPEZ, University of Texas, El Paso, Chair MARK ENGEBRETSON, Augsburg College, Vice Chair FRAN BAGENAL, University of Colorado CRAIG DeFOREST, Southwest Research Institute PRISCILLA FRISCH, University of Chicago DALE E. GARY, New Jersey Institute of Technology MAUREEN HARRIGAN, Agilent Technologies ROBERTA M. JOHNSON, National Center for Atmospheric Research STEPHEN P. MARAN, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center TERRANCE ONSAGER, NOAA Space Environment Center COMMITTEE ON SOLAR AND SPACE PHYSICS JAMES L. BURCH, Southwest Research Institute, Chair JAMES F. DRAKE, University of Maryland STEPHEN A. FUSELIER, Lockheed Martin Advanced Technology Center MARY K. HUDSON, Dartmouth College MARGARET G. KIVELSON, University of California, Los Angeles CRAIG KLETZING, University of Iowa FRANK B. McDONALD, University of Maryland EUGENE N. PARKER, University of Chicago, Professor Emeritus ROBERT W. SCHUNK, Utah State University GARY P. ZANK, University of California, Riverside ARTHUR A. CHARO, Study Director THERESA M. FISHER, Senior Program Assistant SPACE STUDIES BOARD LENNARD A. FISK, University of Michigan, Chair GEORGE A. PAULIKAS, The Aerospace Corporation (retired), Vice Chair DANIEL N. BAKER, University of Colorado ANA P. BARROS, Duke University RETA F. BEEBE, New Mexico State University ROGER D. BLANDFORD, Stanford University RADFORD BYERLY, JR., University of Colorado JUDITH A. CURRY, Georgia Institute of Technology JACK D. FARMER, Arizona State University JACQUELINE N. HEWITT, Massachusetts Institute of Technology DONALD INGBER, Harvard Medical Center RALPH H. JACOBSON, The Charles Stark Draper Laboratory (retired) TAMARA E. JERNIGAN, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory MARGARET G. KIVELSON, University of California, Los Angeles CALVIN W. LOWE, Bowie State University HARRY Y. McSWEEN, JR., University of Tennessee BERRIEN MOORE III, University of New Hampshire NORMAN NEUREITER, Texas Instruments (retired) SUZANNE OPARIL, University of Alabama, Birmingham RONALD F. PROBSTEIN, Massachusetts Institute of Technology DENNIS W. READEY, Colorado School of Mines ANNA-LOUISE REYSENBACH, Portland State University ROALD S. SAGDEEV, University of Maryland CAROLUS J. SCHRIJVER, Lockheed Martin Solar and Astrophysics Laboratory HARVEY D. TANANBAUM, Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory J. CRAIG WHEELER, University of Texas, Austin A. THOMAS YOUNG, Lockheed Martin Corporation (retired) JOSEPH K. ALEXANDER, Director

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Understanding the Sun and Solar System Plasmas: Future Directions in Solar and Space Physics

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Understanding the Sun and Solar System Plasmas: Future Directions in Solar and Space Physics CONTENTS     The Heliosphere: The Domain of Solar and Space Physics   8     The Magnetic Sun   12     Earth’s Dynamic Magnetic Shield   16     The Threshold of Space: Earth’s Upper Atmosphere   20     Storms in Space: Space Weather   22     No Two Magnetospheres Are Alike   26     The Sun’s Galactic Environment: The Outer Limits and Beyond   28     An Astrophysical Laboratory in Our Own Backyard   30     Theory, Computer Modeling, Data Exploration, and Data Mining   32     Technology: Enabling the Future   35     Strengthening the Nation’s Solar and Space Physics Enterprise   36     Further and More Abundant Knowledge   37

Representative terms from entire chapter:

solar wind