Annex A: Biographies of Contributors*
GRANT BLACK
Grant Black is a Research Associate at the Andrew Young School of Policy Studies, Georgia State University, where he is involved in research related to the economics of science. He has contributed to research funded by the Alfred P. Sloan Foundation, the Andrew W.Mellon Foundation, the National Science Foundation, and the United States Agency for International Development. He has also participated in national and international conferences on science and technology policy issues.
Black’s research interests center on the economics of science, particularly the role of knowledge and its movement in the economy and the careers of scientists. Recent research has examined the importance of the local knowledge infrastructure on small-firm innovation, patterns of research collaboration, and individual patenting behavior. Other research has focused on the impact of immigration on scientific labor markets; women and minorities in the sciences; and educational training and labor market outcomes in the emerging field of bioinformatics. Black also has interests in the Small Business Innovation Research Program, the largest federal R&D program targeting small high-tech businesses.
Black received a B.S. and an M.A. in economics from the University of Missouri, St. Louis. He has taught economics at the University of Missouri, St.
Louis, and Georgia State University since 1994. He will serve as a visiting scholar in the economics department at the University of Pretoria, South Africa, in 2002.
WESLEY COHEN
Wesley Cohen (Ph.D., Economics, Yale University, 1981) is Professor of Economics and Social Science in the Department of Social and Decision Science at Carnegie Mellon University (CMU) and is a Research Associate of the National Bureau of Economic Research. He also holds faculty appointments in CMU’s Department of Engineering and Public Policy and its Heinz School of Policy and Management.
Focusing on the economics of technological change, Cohen’s research examines the links between firm size, market structure and innovation, firms’ abilities to exploit outside knowledge, the determinants of innovative activity across industries and firms, the knowledge flows affecting innovation, the means that firms use to protect their intellectual property, and the links between university research and industrial R&D, among other related subjects. Recently, he coordinated a major comparative survey research study in the U.S. and Japan on the nature and determinants of industrial R&D, and is currently engaged in a multi-year, NSF-funded research project on patenting and its impact on innovation.
He has published in numerous scholarly journals, including the American Economic Review, the Economic Journal, Review of Economics and Statistics, the Journal of Industrial Economics, the Administrative Science Quarterly, Management Science and the Strategic Management Journal, and served for five years as a Main Editor for Research Policy. He is also currently serving on the National Academies’ Committee on Intellectual Property Rights in the Knowledge-Based Economy.
He has taught courses on the economics of technological change, the economics of entrepreneurship, industrial organization economics, policy analysis and organizational behavior.
KENNETH FLAMM
Kenneth Flamm is Dean Rusk Chair in International Affairs at the Lyndon B. Johnson School of Public Affairs at the University of Texas at Austin.
From 1993 to 1995, Flamm served as Principal Deputy Assistant Secretary of Defense for Economic Security and Special Assistant to the Deputy Secretary of Defense for Dual Use Technology Policy. He was awarded the Department’s Distinguished Public Service Medal in 1995 by Defense Secretary William J.Perry. Prior to his service at the Defense Department, he spent eleven years as a Senior Fellow in the Foreign Policy Studies Program at The Brookings Institution.
Flamm has been a professor of economics at the Institute Tecnológico Autónomo de México in Mexico City, the University of Massachusetts, and George Washington University. He has also been an adviser to the Director General of Income Policy in the Mexican Ministry of Finance and a consultant to the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, the World Bank, the National Academy of Sciences, the Latin American Economic System, the U.S. Department of Defense, the U.S. Department of Justice, the U.S Agency for International Development, and the Office of Technology Assessment of the U.S. Congress.
Among Dr. Flamm’s publications are Mismanaged Trade? Strategic Policy and the Semiconductor Industry (1996), Changing the Rules: Technological Change, International Competition, and Regulation in Communications (ed., with Robert Crandell, 1989), Creating the Computer (1988), and Targeting the Computer (1987). He is currently completing an analytical study of the post-Cold War defense industrial base.
Kenneth Flamm, an expert on international trade and the high technology industry and member of the National Research Council’s Committee on Government-Industry Partnerships for the Development of New Technologies, teaches classes in micro-economic theory, international trade, and defense economics. He received a bachelor’s degree from Stanford University and a Ph.D. in economics from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.
MICHAEL MCGEARY
Michael McGeary is a political scientist specializing in science, health, and technology policy analysis and writing. He works as an independent consultant to government agencies, foundations, and nonprofit organizations on issues related to science and technology. His areas of expertise include funding of research and development; research priority setting, funding, and management of biomedical research at NIH; graduate education, training, and employment of scientists and engineers; merit review systems at NSF and NIH; and the role of research in industrial innovation.
McGeary was on the staff of the National Academy of Sciences (NAS) from 1981 until 1995, where he was staff director for more than a dozen major reports. Since leaving the NAS, as a consultant, he has helped draft several NAS reports, including Allocating Federal Funds for Science and Technology, trends in the Federal Science and Technology (FS&T) budget (1996–1998), and Trends in Federal Support of Research and Graduate Education. He has also worked on health research issues. As a consultant, he helped draft the Institute of Medicine report Scientific Opportunities and Public Needs: Improving Priority Setting and Public Input at the National Institutes of Health (1998) and analyzed the implementation of the War on Cancer for the President’s Cancer Panel (1999).
Between graduate study at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (1972– 1976) and coming to the NAS, Mr. McGeary taught political science and urban studies at Wellesley College (1976–78) and worked on studies of presidential management at the National Academy of Public Administration (1978–1980). His undergraduate degree is from Harvard College.
PAULA STEPHAN
Paula Stephan is a Professor of Economics, Andrew Young School of Policy Studies, Georgia State University, and served as the founding associate dean of the school from 1996–2001. Her research interests focus on the careers of scientists and engineers and the process by which knowledge moves across institutional boundaries in the economy. Stephan’s research has been supported by the Alfred P.Sloan Foundation, the Andrew Mellon Foundation, the Exxon Education Foundation, the National Science Foundation, the North Atlantic Treaty Organization and the U.S. Department of Labor. She has served on several National Research Council committees including the Committee on Dimensions, Causes, and Implications of Recent Trends in the Careers of Life Scientists, Committee on Methods of Forecasting Demand and Supply of Doctoral Scientists and Engineers, and the Committee to Assess the Portfolio of the Science Resources Studies Division of NSF. She is a regular participant in the National Bureau of Economic Research’s meetings in Higher Education and has testified before the U.S. House Subcommittee on Basic Science. She currently is serving a three year term as a member of CEOSE, the National Science Foundation’s Committee on Equal Opportunity in Science and Engineering.
Dr. Stephan graduated from Grinnell College (Phi Beta Kappa) with a B.A. in Economics and earned both her M.A. and Ph.D. in Economics from the University of Michigan. She has published numerous articles in journals such as The American Economic Review, Science, The Journal of Economic Literature, Economic Inquiry and Social Studies of Science. Stephan coauthored with Sharon Levin Striking the Mother Lode in Science, published by Oxford University Press, 1992. The book was reviewed in Science, Chemical and Engineering News, Journal of Economic Literature, The Southern Economic Journal and The Journal of Higher Education. Her research on the careers of scientists has been the focus of articles in The Economist, Science and The Scientist. Stephan is a frequent presenter at meetings such as the American Economic Association, the American Association for the Advancement of Science, and the Society for the Social Studies of Science. Stephan reviews regularly for the National Science Foundation and a number of academic journals including The American Economic Review, The American Sociological Review, Economic Inquiry, The Journal of Political Economy, and The Journal of Human Resources.
Dr. Stephan has lectured extensively in Europe. She was a visiting scholar at
the Wissenschaftszentrum Berlin für Sozialforschung, Berlin, Germany, intermittently during the period 1992–1995.
JOHN WALSH
John Walsh is an Associate Professor of Sociology at the University of Illinois at Chicago. Dr. Walsh’s current research focuses on industrial R&D in the U.S. and Japan, including the impact of patents and patent policy on innovation, and the relations between universities and industrial research.
He has been published in numerous journals, including the Journal of the American Society for Information Sciences, Public Opinion Quarterly, Work and Occupations, Social Studies of Science and Communications of the ACM. Dr. Walsh authored Supermarkets Transformed: Understanding Organizational and Technological Innovation and coauthored Mapping Crime in its Community Setting. Dr. Walsh has contributed book reviews for publications such as the American Journal of Sociology, Contemporary Sociology, and Management Learning.
Dr. Walsh received his Ph.D. in Sociology from Northwestern University.
Annex B: Participants List* 25 April 2000 Conference
Stanley Abramowitz
National Institute of Science & Technology
Zoltan Acs
University of Baltimore
Ted Agres
Washington Times
Jane Alexander*
Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency
J.M.Alliare
Pablo Amor
Delegation of the European Commission
Kiyoshi Ando
Nikkei
Robert Archibald
The College of William and Mary
David Audretsch
Indiana University
Gary Bachula
U.S. Department of Commerce
Wendy Baldwin
National Institutes of Health
Michael Baum
NIST
Ed Behrens
Procter and Gamble
Arpad Bergh
Optoelectronics Industry Development Association
Grant Black
Georgia State University
Robert Blackburn*
Chiron
David Blumenthal
Harvard Medical School/ Massachusetts General Hospital
Congressman Sherwood Boehlert*
U.S. House of Representatives
Mark Boguski*
National Center for Biotechnology Information
John K.Boidock
Texas Instruments Incorporated
Jeff Bond
BMDO/Department of Defense
Shannon Bond
Government Accounting Office
William Bonvillian*
Office of Senator Lieberman
Michael Borrus*
Petkevich & Partners
Robert Boyd
Knight Ridder
Richard Bradshaw
Department of Enegry
Jeffrey Brancato
Office of the Executive Vice Provost
Massachusetts Institute of Technology
Karen Brown
National Institute of Standards and Technology
John Burgess
The Washington Post
William Camp
Sandia National Laboratories
Peter Cahill
BRTRC, Inc.
Elias Carayannis
ISTP
Kelly Carnes
U.S. Department of Commerce
Marvin Cassman*
National Institutes of Health
Mike Champness
Business-Higher Education Forum
Y.T.Chien
National Science Foundation
McAlister Clabaugh
National Research Council
Mel Ciment
National Science Foundation
Iain Cockburn
Boston University
Timothy Coffey*
Naval Research Laboratory
Wes Cohen*
Carnegie Mellon University
Sara Comley
International Observer, Press
Rita Colwell
National Science Foundation
Ereceline Companyo
Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development
B.Anne Craib
Dewey Ballantine
Jack Crowley
Michael Czinkota
Georgetown University
Stephen Dahms*
San Diego State University
K.C.Das
Office of the Secretary of Technology, Commonwealth of Virginia
Mike Davey
Congressional Research Service
Lance Davis
National Academy of Engineering
Will Davis
OECD Washington Center
Adriaan M. de Graaf
National Science Foundation
Brian Delroy
Embassy of Australia
Pierre Desrochers
Johns Hopkins University
Gerald Dinneen
National Research Council
Robert Eagan
Sandia National Laboratories
Chris Edwards
Joint Economic Committee
Mitch Eggers
Genometrix, Inc.
Rebecca Eisenberg
University of Michigan Law School
Stephan Esquires
Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency
Stephen Eule
House Science Committee
Fouad Ezra
Procter & Gamble
Maryann Feldman*
Johns Hopkins University
Frank Fernandez
Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency
David Festa
U.S. Department of Commerce
Kevin Finneran
Issues in Science and Technology
Eric A.Fischer
The Library of Congress
Kenneth Flamm*
Lyndon B. Johnson School of Public Affairs
Alexander Flax
National Academy of Engineering
Sam Fuller
Analog Devices
Cita Furlani
Advanced Technology Program
R.Michael Gadbaw
International Law and Policy
Paul G.Gaffney
Office of Naval Research
Lori Garver
National Aeronautics and Space
Administration
James F.Gibbons
Paul G. Allen Center for Integrated Learning
Dan Goldin*
National Aeronautics and Space Administration
Jorge A.Goldstein
Sterne, Kessler, Goldstein & Fox
David Goldston*
Office of Congressman Boehlert
Jo Anne Goodnight
National Institutes of Health
Jeffrey L.Gren
Medical Equipment and Instrumentation
Margaret Grucza
Industrial Research Institute
Victoria D.Hadfield
Semiconductor Equipment and Materials International
Serge Hagege
Embassy of France
Lee Halcomb
National Aeronautics and Space Administration
Bronwyn Hall
National Bureau of Economic Research
Rebecca Henderson
Massachusetts Institute of Technology
Derek Hill
National Science Foundation
Alice Hogan
National Security and International Affairs
Paul M.Horn*
IBM Corporation
John B.Horrigan
National Research Council
Thomas Howell, Esq.
Dewey Ballantine
Kent Hughes
The Woodrow Wilson Center
William James
Research & Development
John Jankowski
National Science Foundation
Kenan Patrick Jarboe
Dale Jorgenson*
Harvard University
Tom Kalil*
National Economic Council
Christine Kelley
National Institutes of Health
Maryellen Kelley
National Institute of Standards and Technology
Kathleen Kingscott
International Business Machines
Karen Koppeschaar
Embassy of the Netherlands
Jeffrey D.Kueter
National Coalition for Advanced Manufacturing
Scott Kulicke
Kulicke and Soffa Industries, Inc.
Patrice Laget
Delegation of the European Commission
Ralph Landau
Stanford University
Jean Francois Large
Embassy of France
Roif Lehming
National Science Foundation
Richard Levin
Yale University
Rachel E.Levinson
Office of Science and Technology Policy
Harris Liebergot
National Institute of Science and Technology
Michael Lieberman
National Aeronautics and Space Administration
William Long
Business Performance Research Associates
Janet Lynch
General Electric
Tom Mays
Morrison and Foerster, LLP
Anne-Marie Mazza
National Research Council
Clark McFadden*
Dewey Ballantine
Robert McGuckin
Economic Research
Steve Merrill
National Research Council
Ernest Moniz
Department of Energy
Youhyoun Moon
Korean Embassy
Duncan Moore
White House Office of Science and Technology Policy
Gordon Moore*
Intel Corp.
William Morin
R. Wayne Sayer and Associates
Mark Myers
Xerox Corporation
Kesh S.Narayanan
National Science Foundation
Karah Nazor
National Research Council
Richard Nelson
Columbia University
Robert Norwood
National Aeronautics and Space Administration
Richard Nunno
Congressional Research Service
John Oldfield
Conference Board
Scott Pace
RAND
Erik Pages
NCDE
Edward Penhoet*
University of California, Berkeley
Barry Press
Washington CORE
Susan Pucie
National Institutes of Health
Samuel M.Rankin III
American Mathematical Society
Alan Rapoport
National Science Foundation
Diane Raynes
Government Accounting Office
Lawrence M.Rausch
National Science Foundation
Proctor Reid
National Academy of Engineering
Greg Reyes*
Schering-Plough
Josephine Robinson
Joint Economic Committee
Philippa Rogers
British Embassy
Alton D.Romig*
Science, Technology, and Components
Sally Rood
Federal Laboratory Consortium
Peter Rooney
Council on Competitiveness
Leon Rosenberg*
Princeton University
Richard Rosenbloom
Harvard Business School
Deborah Rudolph
Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers
Richard Russell
House Committee on Science
R.Wayne Sayer
R. Wayne Sayer & Associates
Jeffrey Schloss
National Human Genome Research Institute
Craig Schultz
National Research Council
Alan Sears
Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency
Arun Seraphin
Office of Senator Joseph Lieberman
Jerry Sheehan
National Research Council
Richard Sheehan
Claudine Simson
Nortel Networks
Larry Smarr
National Center for Supercomputing Applications
William Spencer*
SEMATECH
Todd Spener
Charter Financial
Richard Spivack
National Institute of Standards and Technology
Kathryn E.Stein
Office of Therapeutics Research and Review
Paula E.Stephan*
Georgia State University
Gary W.Strong
Information Technology Office
Michael Steurewalt
National Science Foundation
Debbie Stine
National Research Council
Richard Swaja
National Institutes of Health
Gregory Tassey
National Institute of Standards and Technology
David Tennenhouse
Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency
Richard Thayer
Telecommunications and Technologies International
Roland Tibbetts
Phillipe Tondeur
National Science Foundation
Alan Tonelson
U.S. Business and Industrial Council Educational Foundation
Charles Trimble*
Trimble Navigation
Eric Truett
National Research Council
Robert Tuch
German-American Academic Council
James Turner
House Committee on Science
Paul Uhlir
National Academy of Sciences
Debra Van Opstal
Council on Competitiveness
Samuel Venneri
National Aeronautics and Space Administration
Nicholas Vonortas
George Washington University
Caroline Wagner
RAND
John P.Walker
Axys Pharmaceuticals, Inc.
Andrew Wang
National Institute of Standards and Technology
Kevin Wheeler
Committee on Small Business
Charles W.Wessner
Board on Science, Technology, and Economic Policy
James Wilson
House Science Commitee
Sandra Wilson
OECD Washington Center
Patrick Windham*
Windham Associates
Raymond Wolf
National Science Foundation
Isabel Wolte
Embassy of Austria
Benjamin Wu
House Subcommittee on Technology
William A.Wulf
National Academy of Engineering
Ed Zadjura
General Accounting Office
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