Index
A
Age factors. 9
allergenicity and hypersensitivity, 68
animal wellbeing, 65, 101-102, 103
Agricultural Research Service, 26
AI, see Artificial insemination
AIDS, see Human immunodeficiency virus
Allergenicity and hypersensitivity, 7-8, 61-62, 66, 67, 68-69
Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, 21
Animal health and welfare, 3, 4, 11-12, 13-14, 22-23, 42, 43-44, 62, 64-65, 93-107, 119-120
see also Ethical issues
Army Corps of Engineers, 113
Artificial insemination (AI), 4, 9, 12. 19, 23-24, 65, 77, 93-96
Atlantic salmon, 21, 30, 39, 90-91, 113
Avian species
committee study at hand, methodology, 2, 3, 4, 32
genetic diversity, reduction of, 48-49
infectious disease, general, 22-23, 49, 107
insect-borne diseases, 88
international perspectives, 95, 105, 107
pigs, 97, 99, 100, 102, 103-104, 105
regulatory issues, 103-104, 112
Animal Improvement Programs Laboratory, 26
Animal Welfare Regulations Act, 112
knockout/knockin techniques, 38
resistance to, 23, 44-45, 47, 52, 89
see also Fish;
Shellfish;
specific species of fish
see also Poultry and eggs
germline modifications, 35, 46, 47
B
feral species, 87
food safety, 62
inserts, 45
marker genes, 44-45
pathogens, 7, 19, 23, 37, 44-45, 56, 62, 65
xenotransplantation, 56
Beef and dairy cattle, 7, 8-9, 12, 16-17, 19, 20, 24, 39, 63-64, 70-71, 83
animal health and welfare, 94, 95
bovine somatotropin (BST), 28, 109
bovine spongiform encephalopathy
bovine spongiform encephalopathy, 37
embryo splitting (EMS), 63-64
genetic diversity, 49
immunodeficiency virus, 53
knockout techniques, 37
milk and milk products, 5, 7, 8, 12, 16-20 (passim), 24-28 (passim), 34, 51, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 70, 71, 81, 85, 102, 109, 113
regulatory issues, 62
steroids, 27
Biomedical applications, see Medical Applications
Birds, see Avian species;
Poultry and eggs
Blastodermal cells, 35
Blastomere nuclear transfer (BNT), 8, 18, 25-27, 31, 63-64
Boiler chickens, see Poultry and eggs
Bovine somatotropin (BST), 28, 109
Bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE), 37, 63
Breeding, conventional, 3, 23-24, 26, 80, 104
animal health and welfare, 93-95
artificial insemination (AI), 4, 9, 12. 19, 23-24, 65, 77, 93-95
food safety, 65
genetic diversity, 48-49
germline modification and, 42
historical perspectives, 4, 20-21
marker-assisted selection and, 28-29
C
Cancer, 43-44
Cell cultures, 35
animal health and welfare, 94-96
knockout/knockin techniques, 38
marker genes, 45
nuclear transfer, 40
pharmaceuticals, 52
transposons, 37
xenotransplantation, 55-56
Cellular biology, general, 6, 31, 35, 69
see also DNA;
RNA
Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, 113-114
Center for Veterinary Medicine, 114, 114
Chickens, see Poultry and eggs
see also DNA
animal health and welfare, 100-102, 104-105, 107
blastomere nuclear transfer (BNT), 8, 18, 25-27, 31, 63-64
committee study at hand, methodology, 2, 4, 8-9
defined, 18
embryo splitting (EMS), 8, 26, 63-64
genetic diversity reduced through, 48-49
somatic cell nuclear transfer, 5, 18, 39-40, 47-49, 61, 64, 100-102
Conventional breeding, see Breeding, conventional
animal health and welfare, 106-107
Cultural issues, see Political issues;
Social issues
Cut-throat trout, 82
D
Dairy cattle, see Beef and dairy cattle
Definitional issues, 18
cloning, 18
environmental concerns, 73-75, 85-86
risk analysis and assessment, 2-3, 15, 33, 73-75
Department of Agriculture, 26, 63, 113
Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, 21
Department of Health and Human Services, see Food and Drug Administration
Department of the Interior, see Fish and Wildlife Service
see also Chromosomes;
Inserts
concerns about manipulation of, 42-43
knockout techniques, 38
methylation, 41, 42, 43-44, 48, 96, 101
microinjection, 35, 38, 96-97, 99
pharmaceuticals, 52
proviruses, 41-42, 43, 52-53, 59-60
scientific uncertainty, 110
sequencing, 3, 4, 6, 18, 36, 38, 45
enhanced existing traits, 79-80
feral species, effects on, 4, 10, 11, 33, 81-92, 113-115
insects, 1, 4, 80, 81, 83, 87-89
transfection, 5, 35-36, 38, 39
xenotransplantation, 59-60
Dose-response assessment, 75
Drugs, see Pharmaceuticals
E
Ecologic hazards, see Environmental concerns
Economic factors, 20, 33, 69, 104, 116, 117
animal health and welfare, 106-107
avian leukemia, 47
cost factors, 5, 31, 35, 106-107
Eggs, see Poultry and eggs
Electroporation, 35
Embryos and embryonic tissue, 5, 8, 24-26, 34, 41
animal health and welfare, 93-94, 96, 97
blastomere nuclear transfer, 8, 18, 25-27, 31, 63-64
embryo splitting (EMS), 8, 26, 63-64
knockout techniques, 38
nuclear transfer, 35, 39, 48, 63
stem cells, 5, 34-36, 38, 39-40
Endangered Species Act, 113
Environmental concerns, 3, 5, 9-11, 19, 21, 47, 62-63, 73-92, 113, 117
adaptability, 78
see also Fish
committee study at hand, methodology, 1, 3, 4, 9-11, 32, 73-74
definitional issues, 73-75, 85-86
international perspectives, 87
regulatory issues, 87-92, 113, 114-115
Environmental Protection Agency, 113
Ethical issues, 116, 118, 119-121
animal health and welfare, 3, 4, 11-12, 13-14, 22-23, 93, 104, 116, 118
committee study at hand, methodology, 2, 3, 4, 32
conventional breeding vs biotechnology, 3, 104
religious concerns, 23-24, 116, 118
European Union, steroids, 27
Exogenous pig viruses, 55-58
F
Farm animals, general, 4, 11, 12, 16, 17, 19, 23, 25, 30, 79
see also specific species
animal health and welfare, 93-94, 104
historical perspectives, 20, 21, 22, 23-24
small-scale farms, 13
FDA, see Food and Drug Administration
Federal government, 4, 112-115
see also Food and Drug Administration;
Legislation;
Regulatory issues
Army Corps of Engineers, 113
Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, 113-114
Center for Veterinary Medicine, 114, 114
Department of Agriculture, 21, 26, 63, 113
Environmental Protection Agency, 113
Fish and Wildlife Service, 113
Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act, 114
Feral species, effects on, 4, 10, 11, 33, 81-92, 113-115
see also Aquatic organisms;
Environmental concerns
Fertility and fertilization, 5, 9, 24-25
animal health and welfare, 99
artificial insemination (AI), 4, 9, 12. 19, 23-24, 65, 77, 93-96
germline modification, 34
Fish, 7, 11, 16, 19, 21, 29-31, 39, 70-71
allergenicity and hypersensitivity, 68
animal health and welfare, 98-99
feral species, 83, 84, 89-92, 109
monosex fish, 30-31
shellfish, 7, 11, 16, 21, 29-31, 39, 68, 70-71, 92
transfection, 36
transposons, 37
Fish and Wildlife Service, 113
Food allergies, see Allergenicity and hypersensitivity
Food and Drug Administration (FDA), 1-3 (passim), 23, 31, 63, 64, 111, 113-114
bovine somatotropin, 28
conventional breeding vs biotechnology, 3
food safety, historical perspectives, 62, 70-71
xenotransplantation, 59
Food and food safety, 6-9, 16-17, 18-19, 61-72, 111, 117
see also Beef and dairy cattle;
Fish;
Milk and milk products;
Poultry and eggs
allergenicity and hypersensitivity, 7-8, 61-62, 66, 67, 68-69
committee charge and methodology, 1, 2, 6-9, 13, 61, 73
gene expression, 64-65, 66, 67, 69
historical perspectives, 3, 5, 62, 70-71
international perspectives, 62, 69
labeling, 118
regulatory issues, 62, 65-66, 70-71, 111, 113-114, 118
Foreign countries, see International perspectives
G
Gene expression, 8-9, 18, 41-42, 43, 78-79, 80, 91
animal health and welfare, 96-97, 98-99
food safety, 64-65, 66, 67, 69
randomly inserted genes, 41-42
somatic cell nuclear transfer (SNT), 5, 18, 48
Germline modifications, 2, 5, 34-50
insects, 36-37
mammals, 34-35
Goats, 10, 12, 39, 53, 83, 87, 102
Growth hormone (GH), 28, 70-71, 90-92, 99-100
H
see also Risk analysis and assessment, general
see also Risk analysis and assessment, general
Historical perspectives, 1, 3-4, 5-6, 18-20, 23, 31, 34, 116-117
bovine somatotropin, 28
breeding, conventional, 4, 20-21
farm animals, 20, 21, 22, 23-24
hormones, 27
reproductive system, 25-26
risk analysis, 74-75
xenotransplantation, 56
HIV, see Human immunodeficiency virus
toxicity, 7, 61, 65, 66, 71-72
bovine somatotropin (BST), 28, 109
growth hormone (GH), 28, 70-71, 90-92, 99-100
monosex fish, 30-31
pharmaceutical production, 51, 53
Horses, 83
Human health concerns, 42, 44, 49, 88, 103, 113, 116-117
see also Food and Drug Administration;
Food and food safety;
Medical science;
Pharmaceuticals
Human immunodeficiency virus, 41-42, 46, 59
Hypersensitivity, see Allergenicity and hypersensitivity
I
Immune system, 78
see also Infectious disease
allergenicity and hypersensitivity, 7-8, 61-62, 66, 67, 68-69
animal immunodeficiency viruses, 53
human immunodeficiency virus, 41-42, 46, 59
xenotransplantation, 37, 44, 55, 103
Infectious diseases, 6
see also Viruses
bacterial, 7, 19, 23, 37, 44-45, 56, 62, 65
genetic diversity and, 49, 107
xenotransplantation, 55, 56-60
Inserts, 4, 11, 12, 16, 35, 41-42, 99-100, 115
animal health and welfare, 99
undesired, 45
Institutional factors, 13-14, 112-115
see also Federal government;
Regulatory issues;
specific federal agencies
International perspectives
animal health and welfare, 95, 105, 107
environmental concerns, 87
steroids, European Union, 27
In vitro culture, 12, 19, 25, 40
K
Knockout/knockin technologies, 1, 12, 37-38, 45
L
Labeling, 118
Animal Welfare Regulations Act, 112
antibiotics, 17, 19, 23, 44-45, 47, 52, 78, 89
environmental concerns, 81-86
food safety and, 62-63
Methylation, 41, 42, 43-44, 48, 96, 101
Mice and rats, 5, 10, 12, 17, 33, 39
animal health and welfare, 97, 99
endogenous proviruses, 41-42, 43
endogenous retroviruses, 46
knockout techniques, 37, 38, 45
novel genes, general, 34
pharmaceuticals, 52-53
xenotransplantation, 59
Microinjection, 35, 38, 96-97, 99
knockout/knockin technologies, 1, 12, 37-38, 45
pharmaceuticals, 52
Endangered Species Act, 113
Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act, 114
National Environmental Policy Act, 113
see also Regulatory issues
Livestock, see specific varieties of livestock
M
Marker-assisted selection, 28-29, 35-36, 44-45
Meat and meat products, general, 64, 67
see Beef and dairy cattle;
Poultry and eggs
Medical applications, 1, 4, 7, 17, 19, 33, 51-60
see also Food safety;
Pharmaceuticals;
Xenotransplantation
animal health and welfare, 102-104
Milk and milk products, 5, 7, 8, 12, 16-20 (passim), 24-28 (passim), 34, 51, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 70, 71, 81, 85, 102, 109, 113
see also Beef and dairy cattle
Monosex fish, 30-31
Mosquitoes, 39, 88, 89, 116-117
animal health and welfare, 97-98
concerns about, 43-44
knockout techniques, 38
sheep, 17
N
National Environmental Policy Act, 113
National Marine Fisheries Service, 113
Novel environmental hazards, see Environmental concerns
Novel genes, 7, 16, 34-37, 66-67, 85
blastomere nuclear transfer (BNT), 8, 18, 25-27, 31, 63-64
somatic cell nuclear transfer, 5, 18, 39-40, 47-49, 61, 64, 100-102
O
knockout/knockin techniques, 38
P
Parasites
animal health and welfare, 105
food safety, 62
xenotransplantation, 56
see also Infectious diseases
antibiotic resistance, 23, 44-45
bacterial, 7, 19, 23, 37, 44-45, 56, 62, 65
exogenous pig viruses, 55-58
nuclear transfer, 40
porcine endogenous retroviruses (PERVs), 6, 52, 59-60
xenotransplantation, 17, 37, 44, 55-60, 103-104
Political issues, 13-14, 23-24
see also Regulatory issues
religious concerns, 23-24
scientific uncertainty, 13, 14, 110, 111-112
Polymer chain reaction, 59
Porcine endogenous retroviruses (PERVs), 6, 52, 59-60
Novel proteins, 7, 16-17, 66-71, 81, 85, 102, 103
Nuclear transfer
insects, 21
pharmaceuticals, 52-53
xenotransplantation, 55-60
PERVs, see Porcine endogenous retroviruses
Pharmaceuticals, 12, 51-54, 65, 85
animal health and welfare, 102
knockout/knockin techniques, 38
resistance to, 23, 44-45, 47, 52, 89
committee study at hand, methodology, 1, 4, 6, 7, 31-32
poultry and eggs, 51, 52, 53, 81
regulatory issues, 52, 111, 113, 114
animal health and welfare, 97, 99, 100, 102, 103-104, 105
Poultry and eggs, 7, 8, 10, 16, 20-21, 39, 66, 117
allergenicity and hypersensitivity, 68
animal health and welfare, 105
avian leukemia, 47
feral species, 83
pharmaceutical production, 51, 52, 53, 81
steroids, 27
Primordial germ cells, 35
food safety, 66-71
insects, 21
knockout techniques, 38
xenotransplantation, 44
R
Ralgro, 27
Regulatory issues, 13-14, 22, 108-109, 113-115, 120
see also Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, 21
animal health and welfare, 103-104, 112
biopharm animals, 54
committee study at hand, methodology, 1, 3, 4, 31-32
environmental concerns, 87-92, 113, 114-115
food safety, 62, 65-66, 70-71, 111, 113-114, 118
labeling, 118
pharmaceuticals, 52, 111, 113, 114
scientific uncertainty, 111-113, 114
steroids, 27
xenotransplantation, 55-56, 59, 60, 65, 103-104
Religious concerns, 23-24, 116, 118
Reproductive system and processes, 23-27, 77
see also Embryos and embryonic tissue;
Fertility and fertilization
artificial insemination (AI), 4, 9, 12. 19, 23-24, 65, 77, 93-94
porcine endogenous, 6, 52, 59-60
Risk analysis and assessment, general, 13-14, 92
see also Dose-response assessment;
Environmental concerns;
Exposure;
Food safety;
Human health concerns;
Pharmaceuticals;
Xenotransplantation
committee charge and methodology, 1, 2-3, 13-14, 33
definitional issues, 2-3, 15, 33, 73-75
RNA, 36
see also Retroviruses
animal health and welfare, 93-94, 99
oocytes, 5, 24-25, 31, 35, 38, 40-41, 64
sperm and semen, 5, 19, 22, 31, 32, 34, 35, 63
Research methodology, 34-50
see also Definitional issues;
Risk analysis and assessment;
Theoretical issues
animal models, 5
committee study at hand, 1-3, 13, 14-15, 31-33, 34, 51, 61, 73
animal health and welfare, 2, 3, 4, 32
environmental concerns, 1, 3, 4, 9-11, 32, 73-74
pharmaceuticals, 1, 4, 6, 7, 31-32
regulatory issues, 1, 3, 4, 31-32
risk analysis and assessment, 1, 2-3, 13-14, 33
directed genetic manipulation, 37-38
novel genes, 34-37
nuclear transfer, 39-40
scientific uncertainty, 2-3, 9, 13, 14, 15, 32, 35, 73, 87, 108-110
Retroviruses, 5, 6, 36, 47, 78
concerns about, 43
endogenous, 6, 46, 47, 52, 47, 56, 59-60
human immunodeficiency virus, 41-42
marker genes, 45
pharmaceuticals, 52
S
Salmon, 10, 11, 16, 31, 90-91, 99-100
Atlantic, 21, 30, 39, 90-91, 113
Scientific uncertainty, 2-3, 9, 13, 14, 15, 32, 35, 73, 87, 108-110
Scrapie, 37
Sheep, 19, 26, 27, 37, 39, 53, 70, 83
animal health and welfare, 94
nuclear transfer, 39
Shellfish, 7, 11, 16, 21, 29-31, 39, 68, 70-71, 92
Social issues, 13, 14, 93, 116
see also Animal health and welfare;
Ethical issues
scientific uncertainty, 110
political issues, 13-14, 23-24
scientific uncertainty, 13, 14, 110, 111-112
see also Legislation;
Regulatory issues
religious concerns, 23-24, 116, 118
Somatic cell nuclear transfer, 5, 18, 39-40, 47-49, 64
animal health and welfare, 100-102
food safety, 61
Sperm and semen, 5, 19, 22, 31, 32
food safety, 63
germline modification, 34
transfection, 35
Stem cells, 5, 34-36, 38, 39-40
Sterility, 29-30
insects, biocontrol, 88
Steroids, 27
T
see also Definitional issues;
Research methodology
committee study at hand, methodology, 4, 32
scientific uncertainty, 2-3, 9, 13, 14, 15, 32, 35, 73, 87, 108-110
see also Embryos and embryonic tissue
pharmaceuticals, 52
transcription, 41
Toxicity, 7, 61, 65, 66, 71-72
Transfection, 5, 35-36, 38, 39
pharmaceuticals, 52-53
Transgenic animals, 6, 9-10, 12, 16, 22, 25, 32, 34-50
see also Environmental concerns
animal health and welfare, 94-107
pharmaceuticals, 52, 53-60, 61
Transplant technology, see Xenotransplantation
Triploidy, 30
U
Understanding Risk: Informing Decisions in a Democratic Society, 74-75
The Use of Genetically Modified Animals, 105
V
marker genes, 44-45
pharmaceuticals, 52
viral, 5, 35, 39, 41-42, 45, 46, 47, 52-53
gene expression, 41-42, 47, 60
poultry and eggs, 46, 47, 52, 53
see also Retroviruses
animal health, 22-23
endogenous proviruses, 6, 41-42, 43, 52-53, 59-60
exogenous pig viruses, 56-58
feral species, 87
food safety, 67
vectors, 5, 35, 39, 41-42, 45, 46, 47
gene expression, 41-42, 47, 60
poultry and eggs, 46, 47, 52, 53
xenotransplantation, 56
W
Wildlife, see Feral species
World Health Organization, 69
X
Xenotransplantation, 6, 10, 12, 17, 44, 51, 54-60
animal health and welfare, 103-104
infectious diseases, 55, 56-60
immune system, 37, 44, 55, 103
international perspectives, 56, 103
knockout techniques, 37