Appendix D
Abbreviations and Acronyms
ALM Aircraft Laser Mapping
ALOS Advanced Land Observing Satellite
BARD Bay Area Regional Dense array
BFE Base Flood Elevation
CDDIS Crustal Dynamics Data Information System
CDP Crustal Dynamics Program at NASA
CHAMP Challenging Mini-Satellite Payload for Geo-scientific Research and Applications Program
CITRIS Scintillation and Tomography Receiver in Space
CNES Centre National d’Études Spatiales, the French space agency
COMPASS Chinese GNSS, currently in development (also known as Beidou)
CONUS Continental/Coterminus/Contiguous United States
CORS Continuously Operating Reference Stations
COSMIC Constellation Observing System for Meteorology, Ionosphere, and Climate
DAAC Distributed Active Archive Center
DARPA Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency
DEM Digital Elevation Model
DESDynI Deformation, Ecosystem Structure, and Dynamics of Ice
DLR Deutsches Zentum für Luft-und Raumfahrt
DoD U.S. Department of Defense
DORIS Doppler Orbitography and Radiopositioning Integrated by Satellite
DOSE Dynamics of the Solid Earth
DOT U.S. Department of Transportation
EDC EUROLAS Data Center
EGM2008 Earth Gravitational Model 2008
ENSO El Niño/Southern Oscillation
EOP Earth Orientation Parameters
EPA Environmental Protection Agency
ERS European Remote Sensing
ESA European Space Agency
ETS Episodic Tremor and Slip
FAA Federal Aviation Administration
FEMA Federal Emergency Management Agency
FGCS Federal Geodetic Control Subcommittee
FGDC Federal Geographic Data Committee
GDA Geocentric Datum of Australia
GDGPS Global Differential GPS
GPS Global Positioning System
GEO Group on Earth Observation
GEOINT Geospatial Intelligence
GEOSS Global Earth Observation System of Systems
GFO GeoSat Follow-on Mission
GFZ GeoForschungs Zentrum
GGOS Global Geodetic Observing System
GIA Glacial isostatic adjustment
GIS Geographic Information System
GLONASS Russian GNSS, also known as GLObal’naya NAvigatsionnaya Sputnikovaya Sistema
GMSL Global Mean Sea Level
GNSS Global Navigational Satellite System
GOCE Gravity Field and Steady-state Ocean Circulation Explorer
GPS Global Positioning System
GR General Relativity
GRACE Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment
GRAIL Gravity Recovery and Interior Laboratory
GRASP Geodetic Reference Antenna in Space
GRAV-D Gravity for the Redefinition of the American Vertical Datum
GRGS Groupe de Raecherche de Géodésie Spatiale
HARNs High Accuracy Reference Networks
HF High Frequency
IAG International Association of Geodesy
IAS International Altimeter Service
ICESat Ice, Cloud, and land Elevation Satellite
IDS International DORIS Service
IERS International Earth Rotation and Reference Systems Service
IGFS International Gravity Field Service
IGN Institut Géographique National
IGS International GNSS Service
ILRS International Laser Ranging Service
IPCC Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
ITRF International Terrestrial Reference Frame
IVS International VLBI Service
JERS-1 Japanese Earth Resources Satellite
JPL Jet Propulsion Laboratory
kHz kiloHertz
LBS Location-Based Services
LEO Low-Earth Orbiting
LiDAR Light Detection and Ranging
LLR Lunar Laser Ranging
LoD Length of Day
MHHW Mean Higher High Water
MHW Mean High Water
MIT Massachusetts Institute of Technology
NAD27 North American Datum of 1927
NAD83 North American Datum of 1983
NAREF North American Reference Frame
NASA National Aeronautics and Space Administration
NAVD88 North American Vertical Datum of 1988
NCALM National Center for Airborne Laser Mapping
NGA National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency
NGS National Geodetic Survey
NIST National Institute of Standards and Technology
NOAA National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
NRC National Research Council
NSDI National Spatial Data Infrastructure
NSF National Science Foundation
NSRS National Spatial Reference System
OGCMs Ocean General Circulation Models
PANGA Pacific Northwest Geodetic Array
PBO Plate Boundary Observatory
PGR Postglacial Rebound
PO.DAAC Physical Oceanography Distributed Active Archive Center
PSMSL Permanent Service for Mean Sea Level
PNT Positioning, Navigation, and Timing
POD Precise Orbit Determination
PWV Perceptible Water Vapor
SLR Satellite Laser Ranging
SMAP Soil Moisture Active and Passive Satellite
SMOS Soil Moisture and Ocean Salinity Satellite
SNARF Stable North American Reference Frame
SRTM Shuttle Radar Topography Mission
STP U.S. Space Test Program
SWOT Surface Water Ocean Topography
TAI International Atomic Time (from the French, Temps Atomique International)
TEC Total Electron Content
TIGA GPS TIde GAge bench mark monitoring
TWSTFT Two-Way Satellite Time and Frequency Transfer
UAV Unmanned Aerial Vehicle
UCAR University Corporation for Atmospheric Research
UCSD/SIO University of California, San Diego/Scripps Institution of Oceanography
UHF Ultra High Frequency
USDA U.S. Department of Agriculture
USGS U.S. Geological Survey
USNO U.S. Naval Observatory
UTC Coordinated Universal Time
UT1 Universal Time 1
VLBI Very Long Baseline Interferometry
VLF Very Low Frequency
WAAS Wide Area Augmentation System
WDC World Data Center
WGS-84 World Geodetic System 1984
WRMS Weighted Root-Mean Square