Index
A
Advertising, 114–115
athletic performance and, 208, 209
deception and, 164
measurement of, 194
pain and, 134, 136, 138–139, 143
see also Relaxation
Army Research Institute, 3, 125
Army War College, 81, 90–91, 93, 95–
Articulation, cognition, 62, 75
Athletics, see Sports and athletics
Attention and distraction, 19
athletic performance and, 209, 217, 228, 232
automaticity, 27–28, 48, 67, 151, 224
deception detection, 159
exercise and, 227
meditation and, 126
Audience behavior, 251–252, 253
Audiotapes, 5, 8, 16, 105, 107–117, 208, 209, 211
deception and, 151
expertise and, 67
B
athletic performance, 206
Blood pressure, 122, 124, 125, 131
Body movements, deception, 151–153, 154, 159, 164, 165, 172
see also Facial expressions
athletic performance, 222–224, 228–
exercise, 227
hemispheric factors, 4, 19, 129, 222–224, 228
imaging and modeling, 228–229
pain, 134–135
Brainstorming, 254
c
Campbell work orientation survey, 91
Cardiac acceleration/deceleration, 220–222
Chi-gong, 128
Children
deception by, 173
subliminal training of, 109
Chronic pain, 17, 136, 141–144
Classification, of deception, 159–160, 173–176, 177–184
Classroom instruction, teaching of expertise, 72–73
Coaching, 61–62
defined, 59
Cognitive apprenticeship, 58, 59–63, 74–75
Cognitive-behavioral interventions, 19, 193, 203–224, 232, 233
athletics, 193, 203–224, 228, 233
pain management, 17
preperformance preparation, 19, 191, 193, 215–219, 224, 232, 233
analogies, 67–68
athletic, 193, 203–224, 228, 233
brain hemisphere aspects, 228
deception and, 160
knowledge aspects, 65–67, 69, 70–
pain and, 9, 17, 137, 140–141, 142
peak performance, 19, 227–233, 234
retention and transfer of training, general, 23, 24
understanding and retention, 31–33
see also Attention and distraction;
Decision making;
Learning processes;
Memory;
Problem solving
Combat effectiveness, 5
group performance, 20, 257, 258–259
imagery and mental practice, 213–215
meditation and, 129–130
pain, 137
Computers and computer science
athletic performance enhancement, 213
expert systems, 14, 70, 71, 73–74
instruction, assisted by, 14, 73–74, 213
nuclear reactor control rooms, 260–
Concentration, see Attention and distraction
Consensus, 254–257
Contextual factors
deception and, 160–164
frame breaking, careers, 83–84
interference, 40–43
psychological tests, false answers, 198
Cooperative learning, 33–34
Cost effectiveness
career development techniques, 15
training, 48
Creativity, 90
see also Nonverbal behavior
Cultural factors
deception and, 155, 160–165, 166, 171, 172, 180, 184, 185, 188–189
definitions, meaning, 181
peak experiences, 230–231
D
Decision making
group, 248, 249, 254–257, 260–261
leaders, 80
subliminal assistance, 109, 111–112
Decomposition, problem solving, 68
Delphi technique, 256–257, 266
Depression Adjective Checklist, 195
Diseases and disorders
psychopathology and athletic performance, 193–203
wounds, 137
Dissociation, pain, 140
Distraction, see Attention and distraction
E
Eating habits, subliminal suggestion, 113, 114–115
Electrophysiology, 19, 142, 193, 219, 220, 222–224, 23
Epistemology, 130
Error analysis, 74
Evaluation
brainstorming, 254
career development techniques, 8, 15, 81, 87, 95–99
deception detection, 153–160, 188–189
enhancement approaches, previously studied, 4, 6
exercise and stress, 225–227
expertise, self-evaluation, 64–65
group performance, 247–257, 263–
individual
vsgroup, 250
meditation, 12, 121–127, 130–131
pain control, 138–144
reflection and problem solving, 62–63
sports performance enhancement, 202–203, 208–212, 218–219, 231–232
subliminal self-help, 110–113, 116
see also Field tests;
Laboratory tasks;
Self-assessment techniques;
Testing and measurement
Examples, as training method, 44, 72–73
Exercise
stress and, 19, 193, 225–227, 234
see also Sports and athletics
placebo effects, 16, 113–114, 138, 141
Experience sampling method, 231
Expert systems, 14, 70, 71, 73–74
see also Myers-Briggs Type Indicator
Extroversion, 195
Eysenck Personality Inventory (EPI), 194–195, 196
F
Facial expressions, 151, 154, 158, 159, 160, 161–164, 165, 186–187
Fear, 136
see also Anxiety
athletic performance enhancement, 212–213, 223–224
biofeedback, 9, 124, 125, 141, 206
career development, 91
deception detection, 17, 155, 165, 187
and transfer of training, 40, 45–47
Field tests
group performance, 20, 248, 257–265, 265
pit burial studies, 9, 122–123, 125
sports events as, 193
Fort Bliss, 92
Fort Knox, 4
Fort Leavenworth, 92–93
Frame breaking, 83–84
G
Gateways Institute, 107–108, 109, 113
Generation effects, 34
Group processes, 3, 5, 10–11, 19–20, 192, 247–266, 275
audience behavior, 251–252, 253
combat effectiveness, 20, 257, 258–259
consensus, 254–257
cooperative learning, 33–34
field tests, 20, 248, 257–265, 265
individual performance and, 11, 249–251, 253–254, 258–259, 262
laboratory studies, 247–249, 257
leadership, 80, 82, 86, 87–88, 90–94
longitudinal studies, 192
military applications, 20, 257, 258–
motivation and, 252–253
problem solving, 5, 20, 253–254, 266
psychological factors, general, 247–266
research recommendations, 192, 263–265
time factors, 10–11, 20, 252, 262, 266
training of groups, 20, 261–263
H
Hemispheric lateralization, brain, 4, 19, 129, 222–224, 228
Hypertension, 122, 124, 125, 131
I
Images and image processing
athletic performance, 203, 204, 206, 208–209, 211–212, 216–217
brain, 228–229
individual performance, 213–215
military applications, 213–215
pain control, 140
subliminal, 109
visualization, 109
Industrial College of the Aimed Forces, 92
Insight, 94
Isolation, 130
Instruction, direct, 72–73
Intelligence agencies, deception and, 176, 187–188
Interference
during training, 40–43
frame breaking, careers, 83–84
Interpersonal processes, 185–188
bargaining, gender differences, 252
competence, 3
generation effects, 34
leadership, 80, 82, 86, 87–88, 90–94
mentors, career development, 82, 87, 88
peer influence, teaching and, 33–34
Interviewing, experts, 71
see also Myers-Briggs Type Indicator
J
Jokes, 183
Justification effects, 114
K
Kirton Adaptation-Innovation Inventory, 90, 91, 94
Knowledge
expert, 65–67, 69, 70–71, 75–76
see also Understanding
Knowledge-based systems, see Expert systems
Kundalini yoga, 17, 127, 128–130
L
Laboratory tasks, 63–65
deception, 18, 149–153, 155–160, 164, 166, 171, 172, 177–178, 189
motor function performance, 204–206
subliminal perception, 110–111
decision making, 80
longitudinal studies, 87–88
Leadership Assessment and Development Program, 92–93, 94
Leadership Effectiveness and Adaptability Description, 90, 91
Learning processes, general, 5, 7, 26–29, 100
accelerated, 3
articulation, 62
behavior-learning approaches, general, 17
coaching and scaffolding, 59, 61–62, 87, 88
cognitive apprenticeship, 58, 59–63, 74–75
cooperative, 33–34
exploration, 63
mastery criteria, 13, 26–27, 28, 47, 48
mathematical learning theory, 36
measurement of, 13
original learning and, 26–29, 37–38
pain, coping with, 137–138
see also Retention of training;
Subliminal processes;
Transfer of training;
Training
Longitudinal studies
career development, 87–88
group performance, 192
sports and athletics, 199–200
Lying, 17, 106, 148–156, 161–166
M
Mathematical learning theory, 36
MBTI
, seeMyers-Briggs Type Indicator
Measurement, see Testing and measurement
Memory, 93–94
MBTI, 93–94
subliminal self-help, 115
see also Retention of training;
Transfer of training
Mental health
meditation, 127
and sports performance, 18, 193–
Mental practice
athletic performance, 203, 204–206, 211, 233
military applications, 213–215
Mentors, career development, 82, 87, 88
Army Research Institute, 3, 125
Army War College, 81, 90–91, 93, 95–96
career development, 80, 81, 90–96, 82, 85–96
group performance, 20, 257, 258–
imagery and mental practice, 213–215
meditation, 126–127, 129–130, 131
National Defense University, 91–92
pain control, 137
Special Forces, U.S. Army, 257, 258–259, 262
see also Combat effectiveness
Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI), 195
Modeling
brain, 228–229
individual performance, 210–213
mental, as aid to retention, 32, 36
motor functions, 210–213
nuclear reactor control rooms, 260–261
sport performance, 18, 193–203, 210–213, 231–232, 233
Moods, 104, 195, 196, 197–198, 200–202
peak experiences, 230–231
see also Anxiety;
Relaxation techniques
Motivation
career development, 82–83, 88, 90
deception, 17, 153–154, 165, 172
group behavior, 252–253
meditation, 124
cognitive-behavioral interventions, 193, 204–206, 215
cohesion and organization, 29–30
laboratory tasks, 204–206
meditation and, 124
modeling of, 210–213
organizational schema, 44–45
practice, general, 44–45
prepreformance preparation, 19, 191, 193, 215–219, 224, 232
retention and transfer, general, 23, 24
see also Body movements;
Sports and athletics
Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI), 8, 15, 22, 81, 89–90, 91, 92, 93–102
N
National Defense University, 91–92
Neuroscience, 4
exercise, 227
meditation, 129–130
peak performance, 19, 227–233, 234
see also Brain
Nonverbal behavior, deception, 9–10, 17, 148–154, 156, 159–164, 171
coding systems, 159–160
see also specific behaviors
Nuclear reactor, control room behavior, 257, 259–261
O
Officers, see Leadership
Organizational factors
career development, 7–8, 80, 81–82, 85, 90
motor skill schema, 44–45
order of presentation, 44
retention and transfer of training, 25, 29–30, 31–32, 36, 38–43, 44, 48
similarity of tasks, 37, 38–40
Organizational Values Survey, 90
Original learning
retention of training and, 26–29
transfer of training and, 37–38
Overtraining, sports, 199, 201
P
Participatory learning, 33–35, 75
deception and, 173
Patriotism, 123
Peak performance, 19, 227–233, 234
Peer influence, teaching and, 33–34
Personality traits
extroversion, 195
introversion-extraversion, 97–98, 100
MBTI, 8, 15, 22, 81, 89–90, 91, 92, 93–102
see also Moods
Physiological processes
biofeedback, 9, 124, 125, 141, 206
blood pressure, 122, 124, 125, 131
electrophysiology, 19, 142, 193, 219, 220, 222–224, 23
exercise, 227
individual performance, 191
meditation and, 8, 9, 122, 123, 124, 125, 126, 128–129, 131
pit burial studies, 9, 122–123, 125
preperformance preparation and, 19
Picnic,
Pilgrim's Progress,
Pit burial studies, 9, 122–123, 125
Placebo effects
subliminal self-help, 113–114
Posttraining interventions, 35–37
Postural cues, deception, 152, 160
Potentials Unlimited, 108–109
Practice, 18, 30–31, 34, 40–41, 204–206, 233
expert systems, 73–74
mental, 10, 18–19, 203, 204–206, 233
motor skill schema, 44–45
physical
timing factors, 18–19, 30–31, 199
Preperformance preparation, 19, 191, 193, 215–219, 224, 232
Problem solving
career development, 90
error analysis, 74
evaluation of techniques, 62–63
examples, as training method, 44, 72–73
expertise and, 60–61, 65, 67–69, 70, 73–74, 75
Procedural tasks, general, 13, 23–24, 29, 34, 36
examples, as training method, 44, 72–73
expertise and, 66–67, 68, 69, 70–71
meditation, 120
pain and, 138–139
retention and transfer of training, 23
Profile of Mood States (POMS), 104, 195, 196, 197–198, 200, 202
Psychodymanics Research Institute, 109
Psychological factors
deception, 148–156, 157, 165, 171–185
(passim), 188
expertise, 69
group, 247–266
justification, 114
meditation, 126
motivation, 17, 82–83, 88, 90, 124, 153–154, 165, 172, 252–253
pain, 5, 9, 17, 135–138, 142, 143–144
sports, 5, 10, 18, 191, 193–219, 230–233
see also Moods;
Personality traits;
Stress, human environments
Psychological tests, false answers, 198
R
Reaction time, 220–221
Reasoning, expertise and, 67–69
Red Badge of Courage,
insight, 94
see also Self-assessment techniques
Relaxation techniques, 9, 16, 122, 124–
athletic performance, 203, 206, 208, 209, 212, 216, 217
Religious experience, 120–122, 123, 124
Repetition, 19
feedback, 46–47
see also Practice
Retention of training, 7, 12, 13–14, 21, 24–37, 48, 274
defined, 23
organizational factors, 25, 29–30, 31–32, 36, 38–43, 44, 48
original learning and, 26–29
see also Transfer of training
Rokeach inventories, 90, 91, 94
S
Schema
knowledge structures, 65–67, 70
motor skills, 44–45
Self-assessment techniques
career development, 14–15, 80, 83, 84–85, 88, 89–92, 96
expertise, 64–65
Self-concept and self-control
athletics and, 232
career development, 8, 84–85, 89–90
commercial products, 107–108, 109, 112, 113
exercise and, 226–227
meditation, 131
subliminal suggestions, 8, 15–16, 107–110, 112, 113, 115
Self-report instruments see Testing and measurement
Sex differences, intergroup bargaining, 252
see alsoCultural factors;
Interpersonal processes
Somatic Perception Questionnaire, 195
Special Forces, U.S. Army, 257, 258–
Speech patterns, deception cues, 151, 152, 163
Sports and athletics, 18–19, 206–210, 215–224
attention levels, 209, 217, 228, 232
biofeedback, 206
cognitive-behavioral interventions, 193, 203–219, 232, 233
computer-aided enhancement, 213
evaluation of enhancement techniques, 202–203, 208–212, 218–219, 231–232
field tests, sports events as, 193
historical perspectives, 120–121
images, use of, 203, 204, 206, 208–209, 211–212, 216–217
longitudinal studies, 199–200
meditation, 208
mental health and, 18, 193–203, 231–232, 233
mental practice, 203, 204–206, 211, 233
modeling, 18, 193–203, 210–213, 231–232, 233
physiological processes, general, 201, 219–224
psychological aspects, 5, 10, 18, 191, 193–219, 230–233
relaxation techniques, 203, 206, 208, 209, 212, 216, 217
self-concept, 232
testing and measurement, 18, 194–203
video techniques, 211–213
State-Trait Anxiety Inventory, 194
Stress, human environments, 3, 191, 275
career development and, 83, 92
deception and, 152–153
exercise and, 19, 193, 225–227, 234
fear, 136
inoculation training, 9, 17, 140–141, 208
isolation, 130
meditation and, 9, 16, 123–124, 125, 128, 129–130, 131
nuclear reactor control rooms, 257, 259–261
performance under extreme, 231–232
sports and athletics, 193, 197, 199–
time factors, learning, 31
see also Anxiety;
Combat effectiveness
Stress, physiological, 140–141
see also Exercise;
Sports and athletics
Success, 82
Suffering, 135–136
Sybervision, 211–212
T
Tasks and task analysis
concept listing, 70
cohesion and organization, 29–30
mental models, as aids to retention, 32
similarity and transfer of training, 37, 38–40
static dynamic
, vstime factors, 69
see also Laboratory tasks;
Procedural tasks
Testing and measurement
anxiety, 194
career development and, 15, 81, 85–86, 87–90, 93–95, 96–101
learning and performance, general, 13, 34–35, 47–48
mastery learning, criteria, 13, 26–27, 28, 47, 48
MBTI, 7, 15, 22, 81, 89–90, 91, 92, 93–102
meditation effects, 121–130
psychological tests, false answers, 198
sports performance, 18, 194–203
subliminal perception, 110–113, 116
see also Evaluation;
Field tests;
Laboratory tasks
Think-aloud protocols, 71
Time factors
career development, 82, 84, 86, 87–88
deception, 172
experts' time on task, 69
generation effects, 34
group behavior, 10–11, 20, 252, 262, 266
reaction time, 220–221
sports and athletics, 199, 220–221
subliminal perception, 111
tests as learning events, 34–35
see also Retention of training;
Transfer of training
Training
deception, detection of, 156–158, 189
inoculation training, stress, 9, 17, 140–141, 208
interference of, 40–43
original learning, 26–29, 37–38
overtraining, sports, 199, 201
posttraining interventions, 35–37
variety and, 40–45
see also specific training methods and instruments
see also Retention of training
Transfer of training, 12, 13, 14, 21, 24–25, 37–47, 49
defined, 23
meditation techniques, generalization, 123–125
negative, 38
organizational factors, 25, 29–30, 31–32, 36, 38–43, 44, 48
original learning and, 37–38
similarity of tasks, 37, 38–40
Transition, career frame breaking, 83–84
U
Understanding, 31–33
of novice, 57–58
see also Knowledge
V
Variety
in careers, 83–84
in training, 40–45
Video techniques
of deceptive behavior, 18, 149–151, 158, 159–160, 164, 166, 189
sports performance enhancement, 211–213
Visualization, 109
Visual training exercises, 4
Voice, see Speech patterns
W
Wounds, 137