Index
A
Advisory boards, 12, 17–18, 284
Africa, 2, 3, 4–5, 32, 43, 56, 68, 217–218, 223, 225, 244, 260, 284
surveillance, vectors, 118, 127
Agency for International Development, 7, 44, 45, 47–48, 49, 50, 51, 157
irrigation and malaria, 218–219, 259, 261
plains malaria, 220
AIDS, 47, 52, 73, 74, 78, 82, 160
diagnostic tests and transfusions, transmission of, 13, 56, 60–61, 62, 164, 213
Aminoglycoside antibiotics, 156
Animal models
antimosquito vaccines, 195–196
cerebral malaria, 60
vaccine actions, 173, 176, 178, 180, 181, 189, 190, 192, 194, 195
Anopheles, 4, 26, 27, 29, 40, 119–122, 124, 125, 136, 172, 222, 259, 260, 262, 263
An. claviger, 40
An. dirus, 218
An. farauti, 196
An. gambiae, 27, 28, 30, 34, 41, 124, 217, 259, 263
An. maculipennis, 125
An. stephensi, 27, 195, 219, 224, 263
Antibiotics, 147, 148, 156, 160
antimosquito vaccines, 133
drug development, general, 147, 173–174, 178–179
vaccine development, 133, 173–174, 178–179, 182, 183–186, 188, 191–193, 195, 197
vector ingestion of human, 123
see also Immunoassays
erythrocyte surface, 188
immunoassays, 77–79, 82, 85, 86
neoantigens, 99–100
transmission-blocking vaccines, 194
vaccines, 170, 177–178, 180, 188–189, 191, 194
variation, 102–103
see also Cell-mediated immunity
Antimalarial drugs, see Drugs, antimalarial
Army Medical Research and Development Command, 49, 153
Artemisinin, 148, 155–156, 159, 162
Assays, 73, 77–78, 181, 124, 139
immunoassays, general, 77–79, 82, 85, 86
in vitro techniques, 45, 66, 96, 109, 122, 138, 155, 158, 170, 173, 198, 229
radioimmunoassays, 78–79
vaccine development, 181
Asymptomatic infections, 22, 74, 212–214, 234
Autologous red blood cell agglutination assay, 82
B
Bacillus thuringiensis israeliensis, 35
Bednets, 35, 130, 131, 132, 223, 228, 235–236
Behavioral factors, 8, 223–224, 226, 257, 264–265, 271–272
clothing, protective, 35
see alsoCultural factors;
Migration;
Social factors;
Travel and tourism
Beta-lactam antibiotics, 156
Biochemistry, general, 90, 107, 163
see also Drugs;
Vaccines
Biological control agents, vectors, 35, 133–134, 229
Board for the Co-ordination of Malaria Studies, 157
BW566c, 160
C
California, 3–4
Cell-mediated immunity, 174–182 passim, 186, 189, 193, 194
Centers for Disease Control, 48, 51, 157
Cerebral malaria, 13, 57–61, 23, 65, 265
Children, 4–5, 13, 47, 169, 184, 189, 213, 215, 218, 234
antimalarial drugs, 158, 184, 225
bednets, 228
severe malaria, 58, 61, 62, 66–67, 145–146, 169, 189, 211, 220, 225, 244
China, 155
Chloramphenicol, 156
Chlorguanil, 153
Chloroquine, 3, 4, 5, 35, 45, 60, 64, 107–108, 129, 144, 147, 148, 150–151, 156, 157, 160–161, 267, 268, 269
Chlorproguanil, 153
Chlorpromazine, 161
Chronic complications, 27, 63, 145, 147, 222
Circumsporozoite protein (CS protein), 91, 175–181
Civil War, 39
Classification, see Taxonomy
Climate, 28, 30, 218, 219, 222
see also Seasonal factors
Clindamycin, 156
Clinical factors, 23–24, 57–64
research, 65
see also Diagnosis;
Symptoms
Clinical immunity, 24, 108, 129, 132, 146, 172, 173, 213, 218
Clinical trials, 161–162, 170, 190–191, 198
Cloning, 100, 102, 103–104, 163
monoclonal antibodies, 77, 82, 178–179, 188, 191–192, 193
Clothing, protective, 35
Coastal zones, 220–221
Control strategies, general, 1–2, 6, 10–11, 15–20, 34–36, 284
biological agents, 35, 133–134, 229
community participation, 269–271, 273–274
cost-effectiveness, 131, 240–243, 244, 246, 247–252, 257–258
decentralization, programs, 216, 234
economic factors, general, 10, 237–253
epidemiology and, 212–214, 215–236
eradication, 41–45, 212, 232, 263, 274
funding, 8, 9, 10, 11, 13–14, 15, 44
historical perspectives, 41–45
larvivorous fish, 35, 123, 131
local programs, 16–17, 216, 226, 232, 233, 234, 238, 240, 243–244, 245, 252, 257
program evaluation, 18, 233, 253, 269, 273–274
program planning, 216, 230–234, 257, 269, 273–274
research on, 12, 13–14, 15–20, 139–140
social and behavioral factors, 13–14, 257, 258, 264–271
vectors, 15, 119, 129–134, 140, 243, 244, 269–270
zooprophylaxis, 228
see also Drugs;
Insecticides;
Vaccines
Coordination, see Management and managers;
Organizational factors;
Policy
Costs and cost-effectiveness, 2, 18, 19, 237–243
control strategies, general, 131, 240–243, 244, 246, 247–252, 257–258
larval control, 131
vaccines, 195
Cultural factors, 13–14, 223–224, 264–274
D
DDT, 35, 41, 42, 44–45, 132–133, 259
Demographic factors, 214–215, 222–223, 259
migrant workers, 2, 4, 260, 262
migration, other, 2, 223, 260, 261–262, 264
population exposed, 32
see also Cultural factors;
Epidemiology;
Migration;
Military personnel;
Social factors
Department of Defense, 11, 49–50, 52, 157–158
Army Medical Research and Development Command, 49, 153
Naval Medical Research Institute, 49–50
see also Walter Reed Army Institute of Research
Desert fringe malaria, 219
Development projects, 226, 261, 281
Developmental biology, 107
Diagnosis, 3, 13, 16, 24–25, 56, 73–86, 214
international programs, 158
national screening programs, 157
urine, diagnosis using, 158
see also Assays;
Symptoms
Drugs, antimalarial, 10, 11, 15, 16, 34–35, 64–65, 120, 129, 140, 144–165, 280
antibiotics, 147, 148, 156, 160
cultural beliefs, 268
drug resistance, 1, 3, 5, 10, 34–35, 45, 56, 60, 66, 103, 107–108, 144, 145, 147, 149, 150, 151, 152–153, 154, 155, 156, 157, 158, 160–161, 162–163, 226, 229, 235, 284
economic factors influencing development, 153, 158–159, 160, 195, 226
epidemiologic factors, 211, 225–226, 227, 229, 235
evaluation, 64–65
genetics, 103, 104, 148, 150, 151
guidelines, 17, 63, 146, 229, 244, 246, 272
historic perspectives, 35, 39, 148, 150, 154, 155, 156–158, 160
liver, effects on, 145, 148–149, 156
P. falciparum
P. vivax, 35, 145, 146, 150, 152, 156, 161, 163–164
pregnant women, 153–154, 158, 244
private sector, 153, 158–159, 160, 171
research, 66–68, 140, 144, 155, 156–165, 171–172, 190
schizonticidal, general, 129, 149, 158, 162
side effects, 60, 145, 148, 149, 152, 154, 155, 159–160, 268
travelers, 3, 64, 65–66, 131, 172, 179, 181
see also Artemisinin;
BW566c;
Chloramphenicol;
Chlorguanil;
Chloroquine;
Chlorproguanil;
Chlorpromazine;
Clindamycin;
Doxycycline;
Erythromycin;
Floxacrine;
Halofantrine;
Hydroxynaphthoquinones;
Mefloquine;
Pamaquine;
Primaquine;
Proguanil;
Pyrimethamine;
Quinazoline;
Quinine;
Quinolines;
Rifampicin;
Sulfa drugs;
Tetracyclines;
WR238605
E
Economic factors, 10, 237–253, 269, 283
control programs, general, 10, 237–253
drugs, 153, 158–159, 160, 195, 226
epidemiology and, 213, 223–225, 226, 242, 246–253, 264
eradication, 43
local programs, 238, 240, 243–244, 252
vaccine development, 171
see also Costs and cost-effectiveness;
Foreign aid;
Funding
Education and training, 6, 20–21
diagnosis and treatment, 16, 17, 76–77, 78
local programs, general, 17, 229, 232
managers, 20, 21, 231–232, 252
parasite biology, 104–105
professional, general, 6, 20–21, 56, 229, 231–232, 282, 270–271
public, 56, 224, 226, 229, 244, 253, 264–269, 272–273, 282
treatment guidelines, 17, 63, 146, 229, 244, 246, 272
vector biology, 134–135
Emigration, see Migrant workers;
Migration
Endemicity, 33–34, 120, 127, 128, 131, 132, 146, 213, 221, 242, 253, 267, 279
AIDS and, 60–61
children and, 33, 146, 222–223
clinical immunity, 24, 108, 129, 132, 146, 172, 173, 213, 218
vaccines, 181
Entomological inoculation rate, 126, 128, 129, 136, 137
Environmental issues, 30
biological agents, 133–134
insecticides, 44–45, 118, 132–133
Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA), 77–78, 80, 81, 127
Epidemiology, 30–34, 118, 211–236
Centers for Disease Control, 48, 51
control strategies and, 212–214, 215–236
drugs, 211, 225–226, 227, 229, 235
economics and, 213, 223–225, 226, 242, 246–253, 264
entomological inoculation rate, 126, 128, 129, 136, 137
geographical factors, 22, 30–32, 122, 124, 125, 127, 213, 217–222, 238
historical perspectives, 212, 215, 232, 259
immunology and, 24, 32, 66, 212, 213, 222–223, 234
infection versus disease, 22, 74, 212–214, 234
microepidemiology, 135–136, 243–244
parasites, general, 221–222
P. falciparum, 213, 221, 222, 260
surveillance, 9–10, 118, 67–68, 127–128, 136–137, 229, 232–233, 282, 285
vectors and, 123, 124–125, 129–134, 217, 219, 222, 227–228
see also Endemicity;
Morbidity and mortality;
Paradigm approach Erythrocytes
parasite biology, general, 92–100 passim, 102, 106,
vaccines, effects, 170, 171–172, 173, 175–177, 182–192
passim
see also Hemoglobin
Erythromycin, 156
Evaluation, 19
bednets, 228
drugs, 64–65
education programs, 253, 272–273
of funding methods, 46
health workers, 270–271
outcome measures, 246
program-level, 18, 233, 253, 269, 273–274
research proposals, 9
vector control, 140
see also Clinical trials;
Costs and cost-effectiveness;
Field studies;
Research
F
Federal government, 43, 47–53, 157, 159, 160, 240
see also Agency for International Development;
Centers for Disease Control;
Department of Defense;
National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases
Feeding behavior mosquitoes, 28–29
bednets, 132
parasite transmission, 122, 125–126
vectors, 120, 122, 125–126, 128–129, 135–137, 138–139, 140
Fish, larvivorous, 35, 123, 131
Floxacrine, 161
development projects, 226, 261, 281
surveillance, 10
see also Agency for International Development
Foreign countries, general
political instability, 45
Funding, 7–21 passim,
control strategies, 8, 9, 10, 11, 13–14, 15, 44
eradication, 43
federal, 47–53
see also Foreign aid
G
Gametocytes, 26, 27, 92–94, 121, 122, 137, 140, 145, 148, 149, 193, 227
antimalarial drugs, 103, 104, 148, 150, 151
cloning, 100, 102, 103–104, 163
immune response, 32, 150, 180–181, 191, 194–195
monoclonal antibodies, 77, 82, 178–179, 188, 191–192, 193
probe assays, 77, 79–81, 82, 85, 86
research, 107–109
vectors, 118, 121, 126, 133, 134, 138, 139
see also DNA;
RNA
Geographic factors, 30
access to health care, distance, 223, 283
coastal zones, 220–221
desert fringes, 219
drug sensitivities, 56
epidemiology, 22, 30–32, 122, 124, 125, 127, 213, 217–222, 238
highland fringes, 219
plains, 220
P. malariae, 32
P. vivax, 30, 32, 124, 220, 221–222
savannah lands, 217–218, 220, 223
urban areas, 119, 131, 219–220, 250–251, 257, 262–264
vectors, 122, 124, 125, 127, 136–137, 259
H
Halofantrine, 148, 154–155, 156
Highland fringe malaria, 219
Historic perspectives, 1, 3, 7, 9, 37–53
agriculture and malaria, 259, 260
Civil War, 39
control strategies,
drugs, 35, 39, 148, 150, 154, 155, 156–158, 160
epidemiology, 212, 215, 232, 259
eradication era, 41–45, 212, 232, 263, 274
social factors, 258, 259, 260, 263
United States, 38–39, 43, 47–53
urban areas, 263
vaccines, 172–173
World War II, 40, 41, 148, 150, 154, 156–157
Health care, see Treatment
Health care personnel
education, diagnosis and treatment, 16, 17, 76–77, 78
education, general, 6, 20–21, 56, 229, 231–232, 282, 270–271
education, parasite biology, 104–105
education, vector biology, 134–135
treatment guidelines, 17, 63, 146, 229, 244, 246, 272
Holoendemicity, 33
blood-stage, 92–98, 106, 153, 156, 170
see also Merozoites;
Schizogony;
Sporogony
Hydroxynaphthoquinones, 160
Hyperendemicity, 33–34
I
Immigration, see Migration
Immunoassays, 77–78, 126, 127–128, 139
antigens and, 77–79, 82, 85, 86
radioimmunoassays, 78–79
Immunology, 3, 24, 64, 123–124, 196–197
cell-mediated immunity, 174–182 passim, 186, 189, 193, 194
endemicity and immunity, 24, 108, 129, 132, 146, 172, 173, 213, 218
epidemiologic factors, 24, 32, 66, 212, 213, 222–223, 234
genetics of, 32, 150, 180–181, 191, 194–195
host defense evasions, 98–100
irradiated sporozoites, 6, 45, 105, 160, 173, 175, 196, 197
migration and, 262
research, 8, 14–15, 66, 106, 196–198
vector factors, 6, 45, 105, 123–124, 126
see also Antibodies;
Antigens;
Assays;
Vaccines
In vitro techniques, 45, 66, 96, 109, 122, 138, 155, 158, 170, 173, 198, 229
Indian National Malaria Eradication Program, 263
Information, see Education and training
Insecticides, 16, 35, 130–131, 132, 227, 285
Africa, use in, 3
bednets, impregnated with, 35, 130, 131, 132, 223, 228, 235–236
DDT, 35, 41, 42, 44–45, 132–133, 259
environmental issues, 44–45, 118, 132–133
resistance to, 1, 42, 132, 257–258, 259
Institute of Medicine, 6–7, 216, 283
International Congress on Primary Health Care, 44
International perspectives, 1, 41–42, 44, 46–47
multinational businesses, 10
United Nations, 9, 41, 42, 44, 45, 158, 271
United Nations Development Program/World Bank/World Health Organization Special Programme for Research and Training in Tropical Diseases 9, 45, 46, 158, 171
see also Foreign countries;
World Health Organization
Irradiation, 6, 45, 105, 170, 173, 175, 196, 197
Irrigation systems, 218–219, 259, 261
K
Karyotypes, 101
L
Laboratory studies, 137–139
in vitro techniques, 45, 66, 96, 109, 122, 138, 155, 158, 170, 173, 198, 229
P. falciparum culturing, 45, 79, 81, 122, 158, 170, 198, 229
see also Assays
ecology of, 123, 124, 125, 130, 263
fish, larvivorous, 35, 123, 131
Legal issues, 262
Life cycles
of mosquitoes, 27–28, 34, 40, 42, 123;
see also Larvae
of P. falciparum, 91–99 passim, 121, 122, 182, 183
of parasites, 25–27, 39–40, 90–94, 105–108, 119, 120–121, 122, 171, 193
see also Merozoites;
Schizogony;
Sporogony
drug effects, 145, 148–149, 156
vaccines and, 171–172, 174, 176, 177, 197
Local programs and factors control, 16–17, 216, 226, 232, 233, 234, 238, 240, 243–244, 245, 252, 257
community participation, 269–271, 273–274
development projects, 226
drug sensitivities, 56
economics, 238, 240, 243–244, 252
education and training, 17, 229, 232
microepidemiology, 135–136, 243–244
operational research, 232
M
Macrophages, 189
Management and managers, 19, 231, 233, 244, 245
training of, 20, 21, 231–232, 252
Mathematical models, 42
Mefloquine, 147, 148, 150, 153–154, 156, 158
Merozoites, 26–27, 61, 91, 92–93, 106
vaccines, 171–172, 184–185, 186–188, 191–192
Migrant workers, 2, 4, 260, 262
Migration, 2, 223, 260, 261–262, 264
Military personnel, 8, 39, 40, 49–50, 148, 156–157, 223, 227
Civil War, 39
World War II, 40, 41, 148, 150, 154, 156–157
see also Department of Defense
Models, 42
see also Paradigm approach
Molecular biology, see Genetic
Monoclonal antibodies, 77, 82, 178–179, 188, 191–192, 193
Monocytes, 174
Morbidity and mortality, 56, 132, 214–215, 229, 238, 247
Mosquitoes, 27–29, 93–94, 118–140, 280–281
antibodies, human, ingestion by, 133
biological control agents, 35, 133–134, 229
community control programs, 16
control, general, 15, 119, 129–134, 140, 243, 244, 269–270
demographic factors, 119
education on, 134–135
epidemiology and, 123, 124–125, 129–134, 217, 219, 222, 227–228
feeding behavior, 28–29
field studies, 120, 122, 125–126, 128–129, 135–137, 138–139, 140
immunological factors, 6, 45, 105, 123–124, 126
insecticide resistance, 1, 42, 132, 257–259
life cycle, 27–28, 34, 40, 42, 123;
see also Larvae
parasites, interactions with, 93–94, 120–129, 137–138
personal protection from, 16, 227;
see also Bednets;
Clothing primary versus secondary vectors, 124
research on, 8, 15, 120, 135–140
taxonomy, 125
temperature factors, 28, 30, 105, 124
urban areas, 263
vaccines against, 118, 133, 137, 139, 169, 172, 195–196
vectorial capacity, 126–127
see also Anopheles;
Insecticides;
Larvae
N
National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, 7, 50, 52, 53
National Institutes of Health, 7, 9, 50, 52, 157
National Research Council, 134, 157
Naval Medical Research Institute, 49–50
Neoantigens, 99–100
North America, malaria in, 38–39
see also United States
O
Operational research, 20, 232, 233, 243–244, 259
Organizational factors, 243, 268–269
advisory boards, 12, 17–18, 284
decentralization, control programs, 216, 234
policy, general, 231, 237, 244–246, 252
program evaluation, 18, 233, 269, 273–274
program planning, 216, 230–234, 257, 269, 273–274
research coordination, 11–12
see also Management and managers
P
Pamaquine, 156
Pan American Sanitary Commission, 42
Paradigm approach, 18–19, 216–230, 235, 247, 250–252, 279–282, 285–286
Parasites, causing malaria, 90–109, 280
education on, 104–105
epidemiology and, 221–222
erythrocytes, general, 92–100 passim, 102, 106
field studies of transmission, 122, 125–126
life cycle, 25–27, 39–40, 90–94, 105–108, 119, 120–121, 122, 171, 193;
see also Merozoites;
Schizogony;
Sporogony
vectors, interactions with, 93–94, 120–129, 137–138
see also Host-parasite interactions;
and specific parasites
Peace Corps, 67–68
Penfluridol, 150
Pesticides, see Insecticides
Phenothiazines, 161
Plains malaria, 220
Plasmodium cynomolgi, 180
Plasmodium falciparum, 1, 5, 22–27, 40, 65
antimosquito vaccines, 133
drug-resistance, 35, 45, 103, 147–148, 149, 150, 151, 154, 156, 163, 229
drugs, effective, 152, 153–155, 158, 161, 162–163, 229
epidemiology, 213, 221, 222, 260
geographic distribution, 32, 124, 260
life cycle, 91–99 passim, 179, 179, 179, 179
severe malaria, 23, 57–59, 66–67, 144, 182, 183, 213, 221, 222
vaccines, 133, 175, 176, 177, 178, 180, 181, 182, 186–194 passim 191
Plasmodium malariae, 22, 63, 121, 146
geographic distribution, 32
recurrence, 27
Plasmodium ovale, 22, 27, 145, 146
Plasmodium vivax, 1, 22, 27, 40, 95, 121
culturing, 81, 93, 163–164, 198
drug-resistant strains, 35, 150, 152, 161, 164
drugs, effective, 145, 146, 156, 161, 163–164
geographic distribution, 30, 32, 124, 220, 221–222
vaccines, 175, 178–179, 187–188, 190, 194, 195
Pneumocystis carinii, 160
Policy, 231, 237, 244–246, 252
advisory boards, 12, 17–18, 284
Polymerase chain reaction method, 80–81, 156
Population factors, see Cultural factors;
Demographic factors;
Migration;
Social factors
Pregnancy, 4, 13, 24, 60, 62, 64, 67, 211, 213, 234, 267
antimalarial drugs, 153–154, 158, 244
Primaquine, 147, 148–149, 157, 160
Private sector, 46
drug companies, 153, 158–159, 160, 171
multinational businesses, 10
Problem-solving, see Operational research
Projections, 57, 73, 90, 118, 144, 169, 211, 237, 257
Proteins, 91, 101–104, 109, 162, 163
vaccine development, 172, 175–179, 181–182, 185–189 passim, 191
Pulmonary edema, 62
Pyrimethamine, 151–153, 154, 157
Q
Quantitative buffy coat technique, 76
Quinazoline, 161
Quinine, 39, 60, 147, 148, 149–150, 154
Quinoline drugs, 107, 105, 150, 159–160, 162–163
see also specific drugs
R
Rainfall, 218
Red blood cells, see Erythrocytes
Relapse, see Chronic complications
Research, 8, 12–15, 65–68, 284
antimalarial drugs, 66–68, 140, 144, 155, 156–165, 171–172, 190
clinical immunity, 108, 129, 132
clinical trials, 161–162, 170, 190–191, 198
control strategies, 12, 13–14, 15–20, 139–140
coordination of, 11–12
epidemiology, 135, 234–236, 247
eradication, 43
funding, 7–21 passim, 44, 45, 46, 53
genetics, 107–109
immunology, 8, 14–15, 66, 106, 196–198
social and behavioral factors, 13–14, 258, 271–274
treatment, 65–66
vaccines, 6, 8, 11, 14–15, 170, 196–198
see also Evaluation;
Field studies;
Laboratory studies
Rifampicin, 156
S
Savannah lands, 217–218, 220, 223
Schizogony, 24–25, 26–27, 61, 93, 188
see also specific schizonticidal drugs
Seashore malaria, 220–221
Seasonal factors, 129, 132, 137, 217–218, 220, 222
Secondary metabolism, 164–165
Severe and complicated malaria, 13, 16, 23, 57–63, 64, 65, 144, 211, 219, 234
cerebral malaria, 13, 57–61, 23, 65, 265
chronic complications, 27, 63, 145, 147, 222
P. falciparum, 23, 57–59, 66–67, 144, 182, 183, 213, 221, 222
see also Children;
Pregnancy
Skin patch administration, drugs, 164
Sleeping habits, 224
bednets, 35, 130, 131, 132, 223, 228, 235–236
Social factors, 13–14, 223–224, 240, 242, 257–274, 280
community participation, 269–271, 273–274
historical perspectives, 258, 259, 260, 263
political instability, 45
professional training about, 20
see also Migration
Sporogony, 26, 30, 91, 94, 105, 106, 120–126 , 128, 138, 176–177
circumsporozoite protein, 175–176
irradiation, 6, 45, 105, 170, 173, 175, 196, 197
vaccine development, 133, 171, 172–182, 190, 196, 197
Stevens-Johnson syndrome, 152
Surveillance, 9–10, 67–68, 118, 127–128, 136–137, 229, 232–233, 282, 285
Switzerland, 4
asymptomatic infections, 22, 74, 212–214, 234
T
T cells, 174, 175, 176, 177, 179–181, 182, 189, 193, 194
Tanzania, 5
Taxonomy
entomology, 125
nosological fusion, 267–268
paradigm approach, 18–19, 216–230, 235, 247, 250–252, 279–282, 285–286
Temperature factors, 28, 30, 105, 120–121, 124
Temporal factors, 242–243
infection progression, 66–67, 120–121
seasonality, 129, 132, 137, 217–218, 220, 222
vaccines, duration of protection, 181–182
see also Seasonal factors
Training, see Education and training
Transportation, 233
Travel and tourism, 2–3, 4, 5, 8, 131, 223
antimalarial drugs, 3, 64, 65–66, 131, 172, 179, 181
information on, 56
Treatment, 6, 16, 65–66, 235, 257
access to health care, distance, 223, 283
costs, versus control strategies, 244
guidelines, 17, 63, 146, 229, 244, 246, 272
see alsoDrugs;
Health care personnel
Trophozoites, 95
Tumor necrosis factor, 59, 61, 189
U
Uncomplicated malaria, general, 63–64
United Kingdom, 153
United Nations, 9, 41, 42, 44, 45, 158, 271
United Nations Development Progam/World Bank/World Health Organization Special Programme for Research and Training in Tropical Diseases 9, 45, 46, 168, 271
United States
DDT, 44–45
historical perspectives, 38–39, 43, 47–53
see alsoFederal government
Urban areas, 119, 131, 219–220, 250–251, 257, 262–264
Urine, diagnosis using, 158
V
Vaccines
animal models, 173, 176, 178, 180, 181, 189, 190, 192, 194, 195–196
antibodies, 133, 173–174, 178–179, 182, 183–186, 188, 191–193, 195, 197
antigens, 170, 177–178, 180, 188–189, 191, 194
antimalarial, 6, 8, 11, 14–15, 36, 45, 52, 128–129, 156, 169–195, 196–198
antimosquito, 118, 133, 137, 139, 169, 172, 195–196
assays, 181
blood-stage, general, 128, 182–192
costs, 195
duration of protection, 181–182
economics, 171
endemicity and, 181
entomological components, 128–129, 192–195
epidemiological factors, 211, 235
erythrocytes, 170, 171–172, 173, 175–177, 182–192 passim
field studies, 128–129, 137, 140
historical perspective, 172–173
liver, effects on, 171–172, 174, 176, 177, 197
merzoites, 171–172, 184–185, 186–188, 191–192
P. falciparum, 133, 175, 176, 177, 178, 180, 181, 182, 186–194 passim
P. vivax, 175, 178–179, 187–188, 190, 194, 195
proteins, 172, 175–179, 181–182, 185–189 passim, 191
research, general, 8, 14–15, 66, 106, 196–198
side effects, 169
sporozoites, 133, 171, 172–182, 190, 196, 197
transmission-blocking, 192–195
Vectorial capacity, 126–127
Vectors,
see Mosquitoes
W
Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, 11, 49–50, 157–158, 159