INDEX
A
Aarhus University (Denmark), 12
Accelerators;
see Particle accelerators
Acetylene, 261
Acridines, 107
Adamantane, 273
Adenosine triphosphate, 113
Adriamycin, 107
Aerodynamics, 228
Agnew, D.C., 161, 163, 168, 179
AIDS
cases by exposure group, 84
drug treatments, 91-97
epidemic, 60
HIV progression to, 81-88
opportunistic infections, 61-62, 93-94, 95, 96
prevention, 97
related conditions, 62
research goals, 63
surveillance case definition, 64, 85
T-cell mystery, 85-88
see also HIV
Airy, George, 136-137
Alanine, 296
Alber, Tom, 290-293, 295, 296-297, 298, 301-305, 308, 309-310, 311 , 312-314
Albrecht, Thomas, 43
Alvarez, Walter, 324
American Physical Society, 34
see also Proteins;
individual amino acids
Amsacrine, 107
Anfinsen, Christian, 292-293
Anthracyclines, 107
Anthraquinones, 107
Antibodies, 67-68, 72, 84, 87, 88, 92, 93, 113, 291
Antimatter, 244
Antineutrino, 19
Arecibo Observatory, 127
Argon, 23
Arizona State University, 135
Arneodo, Alain, 223
Artificial metals, 280-281
Arvidson, Ray, 148
Ashkin, Arthur, 57
Astrid Ion, 50
Atoms/atomic
behavior in small groups, 40
biological applications of manipulation techniques, 56-58
Bose condensation, 56
Doppler shifts, 48-49
electrical properties, 51-52
force microscope, 43
funnel, 53-54
image, 38
photon absorption, 51
standards for measurement, 55-56
switching, 42-43
syncytia and, 86
trapping, 51-53
at ultralow temperatures, 54, 55-56, 58
wave properties, 55-56
AT&T Bell Laboratories, 51, 52, 57, 205, 217, 273, 280, 281, 321-322, 326
Australia, 16
B
Babai, Laszlo, 326
Bacteria
gyrase, 121
toxins, 67
see also individual bacteria
Balykin, V. I., 49
Barium ion, trapping, 50
Bartol Research Institute, 13
Bell, Stephen, 111, 113, 114-115
Berger, Jonathan, 22
Berns, Michael, 58
Beryllium-7, 22
Bethe, Hans, 21
Bethune, Donald S., 260, 263, 264, 266-274, 277-279, 283, 284, 285
Big Bang, 5
Big Bear Solar Observatory, 12
Binnig, Gerd, 37-38
Biological switches, 311
Biology, atomic manipulation in, 56-58
Bloom's syndrome, 122
Bolt, Bruce, 158, 163, 182, 186
BOREXINO neutrino detector, 31
Born, Max, 236
Bose condensation, 56
Botchan, Michael, 113-114
Bovine papillomavirus, 114
Brenner, Sydney, 105
Brillinger, David, 171
Brookhaven National Laboratory, 238, 241, 242, 243, 314
Brown, Russ, 311
Brown University, 131, 147-148, 188
Brus, Louis, 321-322
Buckminsterfullerenes (buckyballs)
attempted synthesis, 263
bond lengths, 274
cesium-doped, 282
chromatography column, 276
commercial importance, 258-259, 275-277
compression effects, 278-279
diameter, 274
discovery, 258
infrared analyses, 277
insulating properties, 280
ionized, 287
magnets, 285
mass spectral analyses, 277
name, 265-266
optical properties, 285
phase transition, 274
polymers, 285
potassium-doped, 280-282
production and trapping of, 266-269, 275-277
Raman spectrum, 269, 270-271, 279
rocket propellant from, 285-286
rubidium-doped, 282
solid-state spin, 273-274
in shungite, 287
strength, 285-286
structure, 259, 261, 263, 265, 266, 271
superconductivity, 280-282
uses, 279-286
vibrational frequencies, 270-271
x-ray crystallography, 274, 277
Buckyclutcher I, 276
Buckyonions, 278
Buckytubes, 277-278
Byerlee, James, 187
C
Calcium, 283
California, 16
earthquake probabilities, 180-181
seismicity, 163-164, 177, 178, 187
see also Earthquakes;
San Andreas Fault
California Institute of Technology, 5, 7, 12, 171, 238, 317, 322
Jet Propulsion Laboratory, 135, 316-317
Cambridge University, 4
Canada, 30
Canary Islands, 16
Cancer
breast, 107
colon, 314
defined, 106
drug development approaches, 106-107
onco-proteins, 108
protein diagnostic, 314
skin, 122
Carbon
chains in outer space, 286-287
crystalline forms, 258, 261-262, 277
fiber technology, 278
reactivity, 265
versatility, 261
See also Buckminsterfullerenes;
Fullerenes
Carbon, John, 112
Carnegie Institution of Washington, 147, 298-299
Carnegie-Mellon University, 30
Carr, Chavela, 311
Cavendish laboratory (Great Britain), 18
cdc-2 kinase, 103
Cells
catalyst, 292
endycytosis, 71
fusion experiments, 104-105
G1 phase, 100-101, 104-105, 114, 115
G2 phase, 101
regulatory proteins, 103
see also individual types of cells
Cellular organelles, 57
Cellulose, 291
Centre de Recherche Paul Pascal, 223
Ceramic oxides, 282
Chamberlain, Owen, 244
Chaos, 201
Chazelle, Bernard, 326
Chen, Nancy, 278
Chile, 16
Chinese hamster cells, 122
Chlorofluorocarbons, 318-320
Christensen-Dalsgaard, Jorgen, 12
Chromosomes
composition, 102
DNA replication origins on, 104, 111, 112
manipulation of, 58
Chu, Steven, 51, 52, 53, 55, 56, 57
Circumstellar shells, 287
Coherent structures, 230
Coifman, Ronald, 196, 228, 231, 232
Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, 108-109, 111, 113
Coma supercluster, 222-223
Comets, 324
Communications, digital transmission, 205-206
Composite materials, 278
Computers
fast Fourier transform algorithm, 206
graphics, 326
hardware design, 327
hypercube architectures, 327
transparent proofs, 325-326
see also Modeling and computer simulations
Cornell University, 137, 214, 278
Cosmology, 251
Courant Institute of Mathematical Sciences, 219
Cowan, Clyde, 20
Crick, Francis, 98-99, 293, 301, 302-303, 305
Critchfield, Charles, 21
Crumpler, Larry, 131-132
Cyclin, 103
Cyclobutane, 317
D
Dahlquist, Rick, 295
Daubechies, Ingrid, 215, 217, 220, 221, 222, 223, 226, 227
Davis, Ron, 112
de Vries, Mattanjah, 267
Dehmelt, Hans, 45, 46, 50, 55, 58
Delambre, Jean-Baptiste, 201
Deuterium oxide neutrino detector, 30-31
Deuteron, 22
Diamond, 261-262, 263, 276, 277, 284-285
Dideoxycytosine, 93
Dideoxyinosine, 93
Digital technology, sampling theorem and, 205
Dimethylamino methylstilbazolium tosylate, 317
Dimethylamino nitro stilbene, 317
Dirac, P, A. M., 236, 240, 249
Dirichlet, Peter, 200
DNA
antisense, 94-95
laser manipulation of, 57
polymerase III holoenzyme, 119, 120, 121
proliferation in cancer cells, 99
structure, 98, 104, 120, 293, 298
topoisomerases, 106-107, 120-121
transcription, 121
DNA replication
accessory proteins, 116-122
autonomously replicating sequences, 112
bacterial, 110, 113, 117, 119, 120-121
cell cycle and, 99, 100-103, 104-105, 108, 111, 114, 115
Central Dogma, 75-76
deletion analysis, 112-113
error correction, 121-122
fork, 117-119
in fruit flies, 112
implications of research findings on, 113-116
initiator proteins, 105, 108, 110, 111-114
lagging and leading strands, 117-120
origin recognition complex, 111, 113, 115
ligation, 118
multiprotein initiation factor, 111, 116
Okazaki fragment, 118, 119, 120
order of, 116-117
origin recognition complex, 113, 115-116
primosome complex, 120
Replicon model of duplication, 105
supercoiling, 120
tangles and odd structures, 117, 119, 120
in yeast, 104, 111-112, 114, 115-116, 120-121
Doppler shifts, 5, 9, 15-16, 17, 48-49, 51
Dougherty, Dennis, 317-318
Drugs
AIDS treatments, 91-97
anticancer drugs, 106-107
antitopoisomerases, 106-107
see also individual drugs
Duvall, Thomas, 13
Dziedzic, J. B., 57
E
Earth
coalescence and differentiation, 128
comet and meteor impacts, 324-325
heat transfer, 138, 155, 160, 162
hot spots, 141
hypsometry, 130-131
interior temperature, 137-138
mega-eruption, 132
plate tectonics, 129-130, 136, 138
seismic probes of interior, 135-136, 162
size, mass, and composition, 126
Yucatan crater, 146-147
Earthquake prediction
California probabilities, 180-181, 183
characteristic earthquake hypothesis and, 165-168, 178, 183, 184, 186, 189, 190
elements of, 163-165
feasibility, 161
first modern theory of, 161
foreshock dilemma, 192-193
long-term forecasting, 173, 175, 179-180
Los Angeles, 177-178
paleoseismology and, 168, 169-172, 178
Parkfield Earthquake Prediction Experiment, 155, 156, 165-168, 183 , 187, 190-193
plate slip rates and, 172-176
and politics, 178-182
recurrence models and, 166, 168, 183, 190
rupture dynamics and, 186, 187-190
scaling problems in models, 187
seismic cycle and, 182-183
slip-predictable model, 163
stress dilemma and, 184-187, 188
time-predictable behavior and, 163, 173
Earthquakes
Big Bear, 175
confining stress, 185
cycle hypothesis, 161, 168, 175
deep-focus, 164-165
elastic rebound theory, 161, 168, 173, 178, 183
equations, 158
Galway, 175
Homestead Valley, 175
hypocenter, 164
Imperial Valley, 189
intermediate-focus, 164
isoseismal map, 177
Joshua Tree, 175
Loma Prieta, 155, 156, 158, 178-179, 180, 183, 185, 193
measurement scales, 158-159, 177
modeling and computer simulations, 161, 166, 188
Modified Mercali Intensity Scale, 159, 177
Morgan Hill, 189
North Palm Springs, 175
Pallett Creek history, 170-172, 178
precursors, 191-193
San Andreas Fault history, 170, 172
San Francisco (1906), 154, 161, 174, 190
seismic paths, 163
shallow-focus, 164
slipping friction and, 188
Southern California (1812), 176-177
stress released during, 184
"The Big One," 155, 156, 168, 174, 177-178, 192-193
tree ring dating of, 176-177
Ecole Normale Supérieure, 210
Ecole Polytechnique, 209, 210, 219
Eddington, Arthur, 21
Edison, Thomas, 232
Eigler, Don, 39
Einstein's theory of general relativity, 5, 13, 55, 240, 243
Einsweiler, Kevin, 250
Eisenberg, David, 312-314
El Niño, 222
Electric fields, 56
Electrical resistivity, 191
Electromagnetic waves, 204
Electrons
mass, 249-250
radius, 55
shared, 40
subquark structure, 58
see also Quarks
Van der Waals force, 39-40
wave properties, 56
Ellsworth, W. L., 161, 163-170, 173, 174, 176, 178, 179, 180, 182, 184, 187, 193
Endonuclease, 121
Enzymes, starch-digesting, 291
Epipodophyllotoxins, 107
Epperson, Jay, 228
Escherichia coli, 101, 110, 111, 113, 117, 119, 120
Ethane, 261
Ethylene, 261
Eukaryotes, 110, 111-115, 120-121
Euler, Leonhard, 265
European Center for Nuclear Research (CERN), 239, 241, 243, 244-245, 247, 248, 253-256
European Space Agency, 17
Exonucleases, 119
Exxon, 264
F
Fahey, David, 319-320
Farge, Marie, 210, 220, 226, 229, 230
Fast Fourier transform, 206
Faults
dilatancy-fluid diffusion model, 186
geometry, 164
groundwater monitoring, 192
lock-up, 173
under Los Angeles, 193
plate movement and, 170, 172-173, 174
radiometric dating of ruptures, 170, 171
rupture dynamics, 186, 187-190
slip rates, 174
slipping friction, 188-189, 190
strain detection, 191-192
stratigraphic map of ruptures, 171
tilt measurements, 192
transform zones, 173
wave structure and behavior of, 193
see also San Andreas fault
FBI, 231
Feldspar, 128
Fermilab, 241, 243, 244, 245, 251, 253, 254, 255, 256
Ferromagnets, organic, 317-318
Feynman, Richard, 34
Fiber optics, 222
Fifth International Symposium on Small Particles and Inorganic Clusters , 269
Fingerprint compression, 231
Fourier, Joseph, 198-200
Fourier analysis
advantages of, 226
applications, 197, 200, 203, 204, 233-234
and digital technology, 205-206
extraction of information from, 204-205
Fourier transforms, 200, 202, 204, 206, 207, 208, 227
functions, 200-201
heat diffusion equations, 204
history of, 198-200
image compression with, 227
in information processing, 207
limitations of, 207-208, 210, 213, 216, 231
mathematical statement, 200
misuse of, 206-207
phase errors, 208
temperature predictions with, 203
time information in, 208
of turbulence, 229
vulnerability to errors, 208
windowed, 208, 211, 214, 217, 232
see also Wavelet analysis
Fourier tachometer, 16-17
Franconi's anemia, 122
Franklin, Rosalind, 293
Free University of Amsterdam, 324
Freedman, Michael, 321
French Revolution, 198
Fruit fly (Drosophila melanogaster), 112
Fuller, R. Buckminster, 259, 265
Fullerenes, 43;
see also Buckminsterfullerenes
applications, 259-260, 276, 278, 284-285
C70, 259, 260, 266, 267, 269, 272, 273, 275, 276, 277, 284-285, 287
diamond films from, 284-285
formation mechanisms, 272-273
metallo-, 260, 282-284, 285, 287
nonfullerene, 277-279
in outer space, 286-288
predicted discovery of, 262, 263
products, 276
properties, 260
sources and abundance, 259, 263
superconductors, 283
Fullerite, 273
Fusion reaction, 21
G
g-factor, 45-46
Galileo, 2-3
Gallium neurino detector, 27-28, 29
Gamma rays, 22
Gell-Mann, Murray, 238-242
Genes
APC, 314
DNA recognition, 114-115
DNA repair, 122
regulation of, 298-301
Genetic
code, 98;
see also DNA
defects, 290
Genetics
experimental approaches to study of, 99
Germanium neutrino detector, 27, 28
Glaser, Donald, 254
Global Oscillation Network Group, 15
Glycoproteins, 64-65, 78, 80, 81, 86, 90
Gough, Douglas, 4, 7, 10, 11, 13, 18, 25, 26
Granuloma, 91
Graphite, 261-263, 264-265, 267-268, 277, 278
Gravity
acceleration of, 56
anomalies, 136-137
Fourier analysis applied to, 207
Higgs particle and, 250
Newton's differential equations, 199-200
Venus PVO data, 141
Grimm, Robert, 135, 140-141, 144, 147-148, 149, 150-151
Grossmann, Alex, 209, 210-211, 216, 217, 220, 224, 226, 228, 229, 233
Gyrase, 121
H
Hafnium, 283
Hansch, Ted, 51
Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, 5
Harvey, John, 13
Hassen, Chuck, 276
Hawaiian swell, 137
Hawkins, Joel, 274
Hayward fault system, 181
He, Zheng-Xu, 321
Heath, James R., 264
Heaton, Tom, 163, 174, 183-190, 193
Heisenberg, Werner, 236
Heisenberg uncertainty principle, 221-222, 227
Helioseismology, 4
agenda, 14
see also Solar/sun
Helium-3, 22
Helium-4, 22
Hemoglobins, 295
Hendrickson, Wayne, 308
Hess, Paul, 148
Higgs, Peter W., 249
Higgs particle, 249-251, 252, 253, 256-257
Himalayas, 137
HIV
acute phase of infection, 83-84
assembly of components, 79-81
asymptomatic phase of infection, 84-85, 92, 94, 96
body fluids containing, 83
culture conditions and behavior of, 87
early stages of infection, 83
env gene, 78
genetic complexity, 77-79
immune response to, 62-63, 84, 87
infection process, 71-72, 76-77, 81-85, 87-88
life cycle, 70-75
natural history, 60-61, 81, 88
pathogenicity, 79
pol gene, 78
protein synthesis and functions, 77, 78, 80, 86-87, 90
receptor contact, 70-72, 90-91, 93
replication, 66, 74-75, 79, 87, 92, 94-95
research goals and strategies, 73, 77
routes of infection, 71-72, 76
shedding, 85-88
structure, 64-66, 78, 80-81, 86-87
switching from latent to active infection, 77, 78-79, 91, 95
target for infection, 69, 70, 71
transition to AIDS, 81-88
transmission modes, 81-84
U.S. incidence, 61
vulnerability in air, 80-81
worldwide infections, 63
Hopkins, Michael, 321
Hubble Space Telescope, 16
Huberman, Joel A., 114-115
Huffman, Donald, 268, 274, 275, 276, 277
Hugo, Victor, 199
Hunziker, Heinrich, 267
Hurtwitz, Jerard, 108
Huth, John, 253
Hwang, Wen Liang, 225
I
IBM
Almaden Research Center, 39, 43, 260, 266, 273, 274, 275, 278, 284, 285
Zurich Research Laboratory, 37
Image
compression, 227-228
encoding contours and textures, 233
processing, 219, 220, 223, 224
Imaging
atoms, 38
circular dichromism, 302
see also specific technologies
Immune system
elements, 66-69
enhancers, 92
HIV interaction with, 62-63, 86-88
immunological memory, 89
Imperial fault zone, 181
India, 16
Inertial sensor, 56
Information
compression, 213, 217, 226-228, 231
theory, 205
Institut du Globe, 222
Institute for Advanced Study, 22, 324
Institute for Theoretical Physics, 161
Institute of Spectroscopy (Moscow), 49
Interferons, 95
International Astronomical Union, 152
Interstellar dust, 287
Interstellar lines, diffuse, 287
Io, 124
Ion cooling and trapping, 50-51
Iron, 128
Isostatic compensation of mountains, 136-137
Italy, GALLEX detector, 27-28
Izenberg, Noam, 148
J
Jacob, François, 105
Jacobi, Carl, 201-202
Jacoby, Gordon, 176
James, Thomas, 306
Japan, Kamiokande neutrino detectors, 25, 27, 31
Johns Hopkins University, 108, 314
Johnson, Robert D., 260, 271, 273
Jones, D. E. H., 262
Joyce, James, 239
Jupiter, 124
K
Kelly, Thomas, 108
Kerkyacharian, Gerard, 224
Kim, Peter, 298, 301, 302, 308, 311
Klawe, Maria, 326
Kolmogorov, Andrei, 226-227
Kratschmer, Wolfgang, 268, 275, 276, 277
Kroto, Harold W., 264, 265, 266, 271, 275, 286-288
Kuhn, Jeffrey, 14
L
Lagrange, Joseph, 201
Lanthanum, 283
Lasers
atomic manipulations with, 34-35, 56-58
biological applications, 56-58
chirp cooling, 49
cooling of ions, 50
interferometry, 55-56
polarizable molecules in, 316-317
and polystyrene spheres, 57
Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 250
Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 11
Laws of physics
conservation of energy, 18
conservation of linear and angular momentum, 18-19
Lawson, Andrew, 164
Lay, Thorne, 162
Lederman, Leon, 245
Legionnaire's disease, 61
Leighton, Robert, 5
Leighton, Tom, 327
Letokhov, Vladilen, 52
Leucine zipper
asparagine rule, 311-312
and gene regulation, 298-301
imaging, 302
synthesis, 302
Leukemia, 122
Levi, Barbara Goss, 30
Li, Joachim, 108, 114, 115, 116
Libbrecht, Ken, 7, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 16
Lindh, Al, 155, 165, 180, 181, 193
Lithium niobate, 317
Long-Duration Exposure Facility, 288
Los Alamos National Laboratory, 20
Lutz, Chris, 43
M
Macrophages, 68, 69, 71, 72, 82, 86
Magnetic fields
atom cooling, 49
as earthquake precursors, 191
Magnetic resonance imaging, 222, 228
Magnetohydrodynamics, 16
Malin, Michael, 143-144, 147, 152
Mallat, Stéphane, 219-220, 221, 224, 225, 232
Marder, Seth, 316-317
Mars
geologic history, 129
surface features, 124
Tharis Mons volcano, 141
Viking landings, 143
Mass extinctions, 323-325
Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 147, 165, 209, 225, 301, 318 , 321, 327
Materials and Electrochemical Research Corp., 276
Materials science, 316-318
Mathematical analysis
differential equations, 199-200, 203, 228
Fourier's definition, 199
linear partial differential equations, 200
nonlinear equations, 230
practical applications, 196-197
see also Fourier analysis;
Wavelet analysis
Matrices, compression, 228
Matsumura, Masazumi, 297
Matthews, Brian, 295, 296, 297, 298
Maturation-promoting factor, 103
Max Planck Institute for Nuclear Physics, 267, 276
Maxwell, James Clark, 199, 240
McKnight, Steven, 298-299, 301, 303, 308
McNutt, Marcia, 165, 166, 169, 187
Medical Research Council (Cambridge, England), 106
Mercury (element), ion, 51
Mercury (planet)
geologic history, 129
orbit, 13
Meredith, Gerald, 317
Metcalf, Harold, 49
Meteorites, fullerenes in, 287-288
Meyer, Yves, 196, 197, 207, 208, 209, 213, 216, 217, 218, 219, 221 , 223, 226, 229, 231
Michaels, Al, 178
Michelson Doppler Imager, 17
Michelson interferometer, 16-17
Michigan State University, 5, 14, 196
Microscope
atomic force, 43-44
DNA studies, 104
electron, 117
light, integration with lasers, 57
mathematical, see Wavelet analysis
see also Scanning tunneling microscope
Mikheyev, Stanislav, 30
Military target identification, 231
Milne, John, 168
Milnor, John, 321
Mitoxantrone, 107
Modeling and computer simulations
buckyball simulation, 261
dilatancy-fluid diffusion, 186
distance geometric algorithm, 307
earthquakes, 161, 163, 166, 188
leucine zipper, 300-301
MSW (neutrino oscillations), 30
protein structure, 304-307
schwarzite, 278
seismological, 162
solar, 3, 4, 5-6, 10, 11-12, 13-15, 25-26, 28
turbulence, 230
Molecular pliers, 274
Molina, Mario, 318-319
Mononucleosis, 83
Montanari, Alessandro, 324
Moon (Earth's)
Apollo missions, 128
differentiation, 128
geologic activity, 128-129, 152
Morlet, Jean, 210, 211-212, 215
Morrow, Cherilynn, 12
Moshary, Fred, 278
Mount Wilson, 5
Muons, 20
Music, 205, 207, 208, 229-230, 232
Myosin, 57
N
Nakata, T., 161
Namiki, Noriyuki, 147
Nanocrystals, 323
Napoleon, 198-199
National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 152
Goddard Space Flight Center, 13
Pioneer Venus Orbiter, 130-131
Solar and Helispheric Observatory, 17
National Center for Atmospheric Research (Colorado), 12
National Earthquake Prediction Evaluation Council, 180
National Earthquake Prediction Observatory, 190, 193
National Institute of Standards and Technology, 49, 50-51, 53
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 319
National Science Foundation, 15-16, 169
National Solar Observatory (Tucson), 5, 13, 16
NEC Corporation, 277
Ne'eman, Yuval, 238
Neptune, 124
Neurotransmitters, 71
Neutrinos
astronomy, 23
BOREXINO detector, 31
deuterium oxide detector, 30-31
energy spectra, 28
high-energy, 22, 23, 25, 26, 28
Homestead detector, 24, 25, 28, 30
hypothesis, 18-19
Kamiokande detectors, 25, 27, 28, 30, 31
observatories, 23-30
positron, 22
production rates, 26
Project Poltergeist, 20
solar flux, 25
Soviet-American Gallium Experiment, 27, 29, 30
Neutrons, 22
Nickel
in Earth's core, 128
Nobel prize winners, 38, 209, 254, 293
Noise filtration, 223-225
Nonlinear systems, behavior of, 207
Northwestern University, 285
Noyes, Robert, 5
Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, 269, 271-273, 292, 293, 294, 303, 305-308
Nuclear reactions, proton-proton, 21-22, 23, 26, 27
Nyquist, Harry, 205
O
O'Brien, Sean C., 264
Observatoire de la Cote d'Azur, 222
Observatory of Nice (France), 9
Oliver, Bernard, 205-206
Olivine, 128
Omega-minus particle, 238, 241
Optical
molasses, 51-52
nonlinear materials, 285
signal switching, 316-317
thin films, 285
transitions, 55
tweezers, 57-58
O'Shea, Erin, 301, 302, 303, 305, 308
Osmium tetroxide, 274
Ozone holes, 318-320
P
Paleoseismology and, 168, 169-172, 178
Paramagnets, 318
Parmentier, Marc, 148
Particle accelerators
Alternating Gradient Synchrotron, 241
beam energy, 238
Bevatron, 244
colliding beam type, 243-245, 251
computer processing of signals, 255
Cosmotron, 243
detectors, 247, 248, 254, 255, 256
discovery of new particles, 237-238
energy of collisional debris, 256
experiments, 21
Large Electron-Positron Collider, 246, 247, 251-252, 253
Large Hadron Collider, 252, 253, 256
magnets, 252-253
m-Phenylene, 317
principles of operation, 237, 239
Stanford Linear Collider, 239, 241, 242, 244, 247, 249
Stanford Positron-Electron Accelerating Ring, 244
Super Proton Synchrotron, 244-245
Superconducting Supercollider, 252, 253, 255-256
synchrotron radiation problems, 251-252
Tevatron, 251
Particle physics
electroweak theory, 240, 241, 243, 245, 246, 250, 257
grand unified theories in, 30, 240, 314
Standard Model, 21, 237, 242, 249-250, 257
strong force, 21
see also individual particles
Pathogens
extracellular vs. intracellular, 67-68
immune response to, 69
protective/camouflage mechanisms, 69-70
see also Bacteria;
HIV;
Viruses
Peyers patches, 82
m-Phenylene, 318
Phillips, Roger, 134, 141, 143, 144, 147-148, 151
Phillips, William, 49
Phosphorylation, 114
Photomultiplier tubes, 20, 25, 31
Photons, cyclic absorption and reemission of, 48-49
Physics
constants, checks of, 55
Nobel prize in, 38
see also Laws of physics
Picard, Dominique, 224
Pierce, John, 205-206
Planck's constant, 55
Planetary
age estimation by crater counting, 129, 132-135
evolution, 128
formation, fullerenes, 287
heat dissipation and generation, 128-130
Planetesimals, 128
Plasma physics, 16
Plastic crystals, 273
Plate tectonics, 129-130, 131, 136, 139-140, 150, 160, 161, 172, 173-174, 193
Platinum, 41
Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia, 62
Poincaré, Henri, 201
Polchinski, Joseph, 251
Polymer elasticity, 57
Polymerases, 111, 117, 119, 120, 121
Polymerization reactions, 119
Polypeptides, 115-116
Polystyrene spheres, lasing, 56
Pomerantz, Martin, 13
Positrons, 22, 45-46, 237, 244, 250
Potassium, 280-282
Princeton University, 326
Proliferating cell nuclear antigen, 111
Proteins
accessory, for DNA replication, 116-122
alpha helices, 298-303
amino acid sequence, 292-293, 296, 304
anatomy of, 292
C-EBP, 300
cancer diagnostic system, 314
cell-free extracts, 108
cell regulatory, 103
coiled coil, 301, 303, 308-311, 313
crystallization for analysis, 294, 304, 308
defects, 290
DNA-binding, 300
DNA coding and manufacture of, 75-76
DNA initiator, 105, 108, 110, 111, 113
electron density data, 304-305
folding, 292-294, 295, 297, 300, 301, 308-311, 312
fos, 300
helix destabilizing, 117
HIV synthesis and assembly of, 78-79, 80
jun, 300
manipulation of, 290-291
myc, 300
NMR analysis, 292, 293, 294-295, 303, 307
nuclear, 106
onco-, 108
properties, 292
rep, 120
replication, 111
single-stranded DNA-binding, 117, 120
stability of, 295-297
structure predictions from sequence, 312-314
superstable, 297-298
three-dimensional structure, 291-292, 293
x-ray crystallography, 292, 293-294, 296, 302-308
Proto-oncogenes, 300
Puerto Rico, 127
Pyroxene, 128
Q
Quantum chromodynamics, 46
Quantum-confined semiconductors, 321-323
Quantum dots, 323
Quantum electrodynamics, 46, 55, 240
Quantum mechanics, 46, 55, 56, 204, 210, 220, 236, 240, 246
Quantum wells, 323
Quantum wires, 323
detector requirements, 254
down, 241
electric charge, 239
masses, 250
up, 241
Quills, 302-303
R
Radio frequency currents, 191
Raman spectroscopy, 269, 270-271, 279
Raubertas, Richard, 134
Reed, Mark A., 284
Regis Chemical Company, 276
Reid, Harry Fielding, 161, 173
Reines, Frederick, 20
Replication factor c, 111
Research Corporation Technologies, 276, 285
Reverse transcriptase, 74, 76, 78, 80, 81, 90, 93, 94
Reverse transcription, 76-77, 81
Reynolds number for atmospheric interactions, 230
Rhodes, Edward, 10
Ribonuclease, 292-293
Rice, Jim, 187
Rice University, 264, 283, 286
Richter, Charles F., 158
RNA
central dogma, 75-76
HIV, 80-81
Rocket propellant, 285-286
Rohrer, Heinrich, 37-38
Rokhlin, Vladimir, 228-229
Rosen, Hal J., 271
Roswell Park Cancer Institute, 114
Rousseau, Jean Jacques, 229-230
Rubidium, 282
Russia
Institute of Spectroscopy (Moscow), 49
see also Soviet
S
Saccharomyces cerevisiae, 112, 113, 114
characteristic earthquake model applied to, 167
creeping section, 165
extent, 164
history of earthquakes on, 170, 172, 176-177
Loma Prieta earthquake and motion on, 179
locked-up section, 165
probabilities of earthquakes on, 181
San Bernardino Mountains segment, 175
seismic cycle, 167-168
shear strain, 185
San Jacinto fault system, 181
Sandblow formations, 170
Savannah River reactor, 20
Scanning tunneling microscope
atomic switching application, 42-43
buckyball photograph, 269, 274, 275
features, 36-37
first, 37-38
limitations of, 43-45
manipulation of atoms, 34, 40, 41, 56
principle, 36
problems, 38
tunneling current, 37
Schaber, Gerald, 132, 133-134, 135, 143, 144, 149, 151
Schawlow, Arthur, 51
Schroedinger, Erwin, 236
Schwarzite, 278-279
Scripps Research Institute, 297
Segall, Paul, 166
Segre, Emilio, 244
Seismic
tomography, 162
Seismography, 158
Seismology, 162
Seismometers, network, 191
quantum-confined, 321-323
Sheehan, Peter, 324
Shinomura, Katsumi, 320-321
Shungite, 287
Sibson, Rick, 186
Sickle cell anemia, 290
Sieh, Kerry, 169-172, 173-178, 179, 183, 193
Silvera, Isaac, 278
Sister chromatids, 102
Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 108
Smalley, Richard E., 264, 277, 286
Smallpox, 61
Smirnov, Alexi, 30
Smit, Jan, 324
Smrekar, Suzanne, 135, 138, 140-141, 145-146, 147-148, 152
Solar/sun
acoustic waves, 3-12, 13-18, 26
convection zone, 4, 6, 10, 12, 13, 14, 26
coronal holes, 3
Doppler shifts, 5, 9, 15-16, 17
f-modes, 6
flux tubes, 14
fusion reactions, 4
granules, 5
inner rotation, 4, 11-12, 13, 16, 26
modeling and computer simulations, 3, 4, 5-6, 10, 11-12, 13-15, 25 -26, 28
prominences, 3
radiative transfer, 16
spectral measurements, 5
telescopes, 5
turbulent convection, 7
see also Helioseismology
Solar and Heliospheric Observatory, 17
Solomon, Sean, 147
Soviet-American Gallium Experiment, 27
Soviet Union
Veneras missions, 127, 130, 131
wavelet analysis, 229
Space exploration
Apollo missions, 128
Magellan, 125-126, 131-132, 134, 135, 140, 142-143, 144, 148, 150
Mariner missions, 127
Pioneer Venus Orbiter, 130-131, 136, 137, 141
with radio telescopes, 127
Venera missions, 127, 128, 132
Viking landings, 143
Voyager2, 124
Speech compression, 233
Speed of light, 55
Stanford University, 38, 43, 51, 52, 54, 112, 165, 166, 169, 185, 224
Stars
core temperature, 21
see also Solar/sun
Static electricity, 51-52
Statistics, wavelet transforms in, 224
Steigerwald, Michael, 322
Stillman, Bruce, 106, 108, 111, 113, 114-115
Strichartz, Robert, 214
Strom, Robert, 132
Stromberg, J. O., 218
Stuvier, Minze, 171
Sudbury Neutrino Observatory, 30-31
Sulfuric acid, 127
Sun, see Solar/sun
Superantigens, 87
Superconducting wires, 282
Superconductivity, 260, 280-281
Supersonic cluster beam device, 264
Surfaces, reactions on, 44
SV40
DNA replication studies in, 105, 108-109, 111
Swift, Jonathan, 34
Swinburne, Nicola, 324
Switzerland
IBM Zurich Research Laboratory, 37
T
T-cells
CD4 surface molecules, 71, 72, 74, 77, 80, 81, 82, 86, 90-91, 92, 93
helper, 68-69, 70, 71-72, 82, 85, 86, 87-88, 93
killer, 68, 69, 71-72, 84, 86, 87, 88
Tang, Wade, 271
Tarjan, Robert, 326
TATA box, 114
Tau, 21
Telescopes, 2
radio, 127
tungsten, 36
underground, 23-30
Teller, Edward, 38
Temperature
wavelet analysis, 214
Tetanus, 61
Thatcher, Wayne, 191
Titanium, 283
Tjian, Robert, 108
Topology, 320-321
Toxic shock syndrome, 61
Trimethylenemethane, 317
Triton, 124
Trypsin inhibitor, 302
Tullis, Terry, 188
Tungsten, 38
Turbulence, wavelet analysis applied to, 228-230
Turcott, Donald, 137-138, 140, 147, 151, 152
Tycko, Robert, 273
Typhoid, 61
U
Ubiquitin, 103
Ulrich, Roger, 5, 6, 8, 10, 22
Ultraviolet radiation, 121, 122
University of
Arizona, 132, 268, 274, 275, 276
Birmingham (Great Britain), 9
British Columbia, 326
California at Berkeley, 108, 114, 163, 166, 171, 224, 244, 254, 274
California at Irvine, 58
California at Los Angeles, 5, 259, 281, 282, 284, 285-286, 312
California at San Francisco, 114, 306
California at Santa Barbara, 112, 259
California at Santa Cruz, 155, 162, 165
Edinburgh, 249
Nevada at Reno, 188
Nijmegen, 267
Oregon, 295
Paris-Dauphine, 196
Paris-Jussieu, 224
Picardy, 234
Rochester, 134
South Carolina, 225
Southern California, 10
Texas, 251
U.S. Geological Survey, 132, 155, 163, 165, 168, 179, 182, 183, 191, 193
V
Vaccines
BCG, 91
development approaches, 90, 91
HIV, 89-91
and immunological memory, 89
polio, 89
viral mutability and, 90-91, 92
Vahala, Kerry, 323
Valine, 310
Van der Waals force, 39
Van Wyck, Chris, 326
Veltman, Martinus, 250
Venice (floods), 207
Venus
Aphrodite Terra, 130, 132, 136, 142, 148, 149
apparent depth of compensation, 136-137, 140, 148, 149
atmosphere, 126, 127, 130, 132
Cleopatra crater, 146-147
clouds, 126-127
coronae, 125-126, 139-140, 142, 144
crater controversy, 131-135, 144-147, 148-149
distributed deformation hypothesis, 149-151
Eistla Regio, 141-142, 149, 151
geologic activity, 130, 131, 132-133, 139-140, 142-143
global resurfacing model, 132-135, 138, 151
''hibernating Venus," hypothesis, 151
hot spots, 147-148
hypsometric profile, 131
isostatic compensations, 141
landslides, 147
lithosphere, 131, 137, 138-138, 140, 142, 145, 147, 148, 149-150, 151, 152
lithospheric recycling, 139-140
Magellan exploration of, 125, 130-131, 134, 135, 142-143, 144, 148, 150
mantle convection, 141
Maxwell Montes, 145-146, 147, 152
naming of features, 152
orbit, 152
pressures, 127
quakes, 147
residuum layer, 147-148
River Styx, 126
RMS slope map, 144-145
runaway greenhouse heating, 142
seismic lander, 152
size, mass, and composition, 126, 127
Soviet exploration of, 127, 130, 131, 132
surface features, 125, 127, 130, 131, 141-142
tectonic activity, 143-147, 148, 150, 152
terrain classes, 149
winds, 127
Vibrio harveyi, 110
Viruses
assembly of components, 79-80
DNA replication, 108, 111, 114
interaction with host cell receptors, 71
interior probes, 135-138
genetic complexity, 99
replication, 67, 72, 73, 75, 105
see also HIV
T4 lysozyme, 295
violation of central dogma, 76-77
Vogelstein, Bert, 314
Volcanoes/volcanism
coronae, 142
hot spot, 141
lunar, 129
mega-eruption, 132
Venusian, 125, 131, 141-143, 148
von Weizsacker, Carl, 21
VP-16
W
W particles, 243, 244, 245, 250, 253, 254
Wallace, Robert, 164, 173-174, 178
Wallace Creek offsets, 174
Washington University, 134, 223
Waveform dictionaries, 232
Wavelet analysis
algorithmic compression, 228
algorithms for calculation of coefficients, 220
applications, 197, 213, 220, 222-223
in astronomy, 222-223
basis, 224
coefficient calculations, 211-212, 230
comparison of coefficients at different resolutions, 223
continuous representations, 215, 217, 225, 229
cross-disciplinary nature of, 210
fingerprint compression, 231
goals of analysis, 211
Harr function and, 218
and Heisenberg uncertainty principle, 221-222
in image processing, 219, 220, 222, 224
imprecision about frequency, 222
information compression with, 213, 217, 226-228, 229, 231-232
interpretation problems, 225-226
limitations of, 231
Matching Pursuits systems, 232-233
maxima, 225
Morlet wavelet, 215
multiresolution component, 212-213, 216-217, 219-220, 221
noise filtration, 223-225
in ocean current studies, 222
order of wavelets, 215
othogonal transforms, 217-218, 220, 221, 225, 229-230
reconstruction of signal, 216, 224
redundancy in, 216-218
sampling theorem and, 220
scaling function, 214-216
in statistics, 224
target identification by helicopters, 231
theorems proved with, 222
turbulence and, 228-230
unification of, 219-220
wavelet transform, 212-213, 214-216, 217, 224
windowed Fourier analysis in, 211
Weakly interacting massive particles, 26
Weather prediction, 229
Weinland, David, 50-51
Wendt, H. Russell, 267
Whetten, Robert L., 260, 263, 281, 282, 284, 285-286
White, Ray, 314
Whitehead, J. H. C., 320
Whitehead Institute, 298
Wickerhauser, Victor, 196, 223, 231, 232
Wilkerson, John, 20, 22, 23, 25, 26, 27, 30, 31
Wilson, Kenneth, 209
Wilson, Robert, 274
Wolfenstein, Lincoln, 30
Working Group on California Earthquake Probabilities, 180, 183
X
X-ray crystallography, 274, 292, 293-294, 296, 303-305, 306, 307, 308, 310
Xeroderma pigmentosum, 122
Y
Yale University, 196, 228, 232, 284
Yeasts, 99, 103, 111-114, 115-116, 120-121, 122
Yttrium, 283
Z
Z particle, 240, 241, 243-248, 251, 253, 254
Zeolites, 43
Zhang, Xue-Jun, 296
Zirconium, 283
Zoback, Mark, 185
Zweig, George, 239