Index
A
A. See Ampere (A)
Abortions, spontaneous, 181
ac. See Alternating current (ac)
ß-actin, 65-66
Acute lethality. See Toxicologic studies
Acute lymphocytic leukemia. See Leukemia, in children
Acute myelogenous leukemia. See Leukemia, in adults
Acute myeloid leukemia. See Leukemia, in adults
Age of onset, 266, 268-270, 272, 274, 276
Alkylating agents, 341
Alternating current (ac), 11n, 22-24, 338
animals able to detect, 74, 90-91, 93, 198
Ambient levels. See Environmental fields
Ampere (A), 338
per square meter, 339
Analgesia mediation effects, 92
Animal experiments, 7, 40-44, 73-106
applicability to humans, 75-76, 194
mammalian, 83-89
Anisotropies, 51
defined, 338
Anti-CD3 antibody, 60-61
Appliances, electric, 1, 4, 11, 16-17, 29-31
fields associated with, 12-13, 29-30, 50, 171, 176-179, 183-184, 204, 255, 295
Artifacts. See Experimental artifacts, potential
ATPase activity, 61
B
Behavioral effects, 3, 7, 10, 13-14, 73-74, 90-94, 185-189, 238-239
from electric fields, 90-91, 247
from magnetic fields, 91-93, 244-247
See also Information bias;
Selection bias
Bifilar windings, 42
defined, 338
Biologic effects, 4-8, 14-16, 46-51
importance of, 17
research needs, 206-208
Bipartite thoracic centra, 338
Birth defects. See Reproductive studies
Blankets, electric. See Electric blankets
Blood melatonin concentration effects. See Melatonin concentration effects
Bone.
See also Skeletal anomalies
cell biology of, 108-109
electromagnetic properties of, 109-110
Bone density, enhancing, 109
Bone healing, 2, 6, 8, 53, 71-72, 74, 106-115
appliances for, 111
possible mechanisms of, 112, 115
research needs, 207
Brain tumors, 169, 172, 177-179, 195, 279
in children, 269-271
Breast cancer, 179, 181, 223-225
in animals, 7, 73, 81, 116, 193, 208
Building codes, 2
C
C. See Coulomb (C)
Cable radiant heating. See Electric heating, of homes
Calcium concentrations, intracellular, changes in, 52-53, 58, 60, 64, 66-72, 112, 220-222
oscillations in, 71
Calculations. See Field calculations
Cancellation in three-phase transmission lines, 32
Cancers, 1-3, 10, 14, 17-18, 127, 255-265, 279, 338
See also Brain tumors;
Leukemia;
Nervous system tumors;
Testicular cancer
in animals. See Animal experiments;
Breast cancer
case and control selection, 258-259
in children, 126, 146-158, 170, 185, 202, 204, 258-263, 266-278.
See also Leukemia;
Lymphomas
exposure assessment. See Exposure assessment
ovarian, treating. See Trenimon
structure of studies, 255-257
Carcinogenicity, 52, 54-55, 73, 79-81, 223-225.
See also Toxicologic studies
Carcinogens.
See also 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol 13-acetate (TPA)
animals treated with, 7
magnetic field interactions with, 79
Causality, establishing, 119, 123-126, 163-165
Cell culture studies. See In vitro studies
Cell growth effects, 13, 106-115
Cell membranes. See Membranes
Cell metabolism effects, 13
Cellular phones, 10
Central nervous system effects, 18, 55, 95
Chemicals, hazardous, 180
Chickens, studies of, 67-70, 83, 87-88, 226-228, 232, 243, 245
Childhood leukemia. See Leukemia
Chondrogenesis, 112-114
Chromatid exchanges. See Sister chromatid exchanges (SCE)
Chromosomal aberrations, 55-56, 210-219
Chronic lymphocytic leukemia. See Leukemia, in adults
Chronic myelogenous leukemia. See Leukemia, in adults
Chronic toxicity. See Toxicologic studies
CI. See Confidence interval (CI)
Circadian cycle. See Melatonin concentration effects
CIRRPC. See Committee on Interagency Radiation Research and Policy Coordination (CIRRPC)
c-myc, 64-66
Cocarcinogenicity. See Toxicologic studies
Combined probability test, 136
Committee on Interagency Radiation Research and Policy Coordination (CIRRPC), 338
Commuter trains. See Trains, intercity
Concanavalin-A (Con-A), 60, 72
Conduction currents, induced, 46
Confidence interval (CI), 126, 141-142, 338
Configuration, wiring. See Wire codes;
Wiring configuration
Confounders, 122-123, 125-128, 158-163, 174-175, 266-284
research needs, 202-203
Consumption levels of electric energy, 159
rising through time, 175-176
Control-selection bias, 155
Copromotion studies. See Toxicologic studies
Copulatory behavior reduced in animals, 84, 227
Cost factors. See Electromagnetic fields (EMF), cost to control
Coulomb (C), 338
per second, 338
Counts per minute (cpm), 338
cpm. See Counts per minute (cpm)
Current densities
induced. See Induced fields and currents
See also Impedance
Cut points, 135, 141-143, 168, 174, 206
D
Day-care exposures, 171
dc. See Direct current (dc)
DEB. See Diethylbenzene (DEB)
Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), 63, 194, 197, 339
agents interacting with, 55, 57, 80
double-strand breaks in, 217
repair, 215
single-strand breaks in, 213-216, 218-219
synthesis increased, 114
unscheduled synthesis, 215
Depression, 187-188
Developmental studies, 1, 10, 14, 73, 82-90, 181-185, 199, 226-237.
See also Skeletal anomalies;
Toxicologic studies
developmental retardation, 237
Developmental toxins, 55
Diagnostic Inventory Survey, 188
Dielectric constant, 23
Dielectric properties of tissues and cells, 46
Diethylbenzene (DEB), 57
7,12-Dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (DMBA), 80-82, 224-225, 339
Direct current (dc), 22, 69, 112, 339
Disease.
See also Wire codes
diagnoses, 3
shift of interest to magnetic fields, 11, 36, 105
unclear linkage of fields to, 5, 40, 53
Displacement
currents, 339
induced, 46
Distribution lines. See Transmission and distribution lines
DMBA. See 7,12-Dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (DMBA)
DNA. See Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)
Dose-response relationship, 47, 74-75, 98, 125, 145-146, 173-174, 201, 248
research needs, 207
E
Earth's static magnetic field, 4, 13, 16-17, 69, 339
experimental corrections for, 46
Effect modification, 122-123
Electric appliances. See Appliances, electric
Electric blankets, 11, 30, 102, 123, 171, 177-178, 183-184
Electric fields
See also Perturbation effects
exposure to, 1-2, 3-8, 14-15, 27-28, 40-41, 44, 47-48, 210-243, 248 -249, 253-284.
See also Wire codes
time rate of change, 339
Electric heating
Electric power lines. See Transmission and distribution lines
Electrical Power Research Institute (EPRI), 27, 31-32, 34-35, 290293
Electrocardiogram, 4
Electrode types, 44
implanted in bone, 110
microelectrodes, 70
Electroencephalogram, 4
Electromagnetic fields (EMF).
See also Spot measurements
cost to control, 17-18
mystery surrounding, 17
therapeutic effects of. See Bone healing
time-weighted average measurements, 39-40
Electromagnetic properties of bone. See Bone, electromagnetic properties of
Electromagnetic spectrum, 12
ELF. See Extremely low frequency (ELF)
Embryo. See Sternebra
EMF. See Electromagnetic fields (EMF)
Endogenous current densities. See Current densities, endogenous
Energy Policy Act of 1992, 208
Environmental fields, 21, 31-32, 200, 267.
See also Earth's static magnetic field
research needs, 204-206
Enzyme activities, 59.
See also Membranes
Epidemiological studies, 2-3, 14-15, 36-46, 117-190, 199, 291
reliability issues, 3, 118-126, 156, 199
research needs, 200-204
EPRI. See Electrical Power Research Institute (EPRI)
Experimental artifacts, potential, 22, 42
Exposure assessment, 14-15, 21-51, 121-122, 126-127, 193, 196, 260 -265.
See also Electric fields;
Magnetic fields;
Risk assessment
methods, 25-27
reliability issues, 166-167
Exposure meters, 27
Extremely low frequency (ELF), 4, 12, 127, 182, 184, 339
F
F0. See Permeability, of free space (F0)
False negatives. See Information bias
Faraday's law, 48
Fetal abnormalities. See Terata
Field attenuation. See Attenuation, field
Field calculations, 27, 39, 143
Field cancellation, partial, 41
Field measurements, 266, 269, 272, 274, 276, 282
Field strength. See Electric fields;
Magnetic fields
Fields. See Coupled fields;
Electric fields;
Electromagnetic fields (EMF);
Independent fields;
Induced fields and currents;
Magnetic fields;
Rotating fields;
Spatially-varying fields;
Time-varying fields;
Unchanging fields
Fixed-effects model, 136-137
Fluorescent lights, 33
Flux density. See Electric flux density;
Magnetic flux density
Fourier analysis, 24
Frequency, 11n, 23, 24, 26, 339.
See also Extremely low frequency (ELF);
Harmonics;
High frequency;
Low frequency;
Very low frequency (VLF)
G
G. See Gauss (G)
g. See Permittivity, medium (g)
g0. See Permittivity, of free space (g0)
Gene expression, changes in, 6, 13, 52-53, 58, 63-66.
See also Signal-transduction pathways, changes in
Generating stations, 8.
See also Transmission and distribution lines
Genes, early response, 53.
See also fos;
jun;
myc
Genotoxicity, 52-55, 56-58, 210-219.
See also Chromosomal aberrations;
Mutations
GH. See Growth hormone (GH) effects
Glandular effects. See Neuroendocrine responses
Gray (Gy), 339
Grounding system, residential, 28, 205, 295, 301
Growth hormone (GH) effects, 104, 114
Growth retardation, fetal. See Reproductive studies
Gy. See Gray (Gy)
H
Hamsters, studies of, 252
Harmonics, 25
Hazard identification, 192-195
Hazardous chemicals. See Chemicals, hazardous
Headaches, 187-189
Health effects. See Behavioral effects;
Cancer;
Central nervous system effects;
Developmental studies;
Disease;
Learning disabilities;
Reproductive studies
Heating, electric. See Electric heating
Herbicides, 174
Heritable changes, 55-58
Heterogeneity, 22, 136-137, 143
defined, 339
High-voltage transmission lines. See Transmission and distribution lines
HIOMT. See Hydroxyindole-O-methyltransferase (HIOMT)
HIV-LTR expression, 219
Hodgkin's disease, 279
Home appliances. See Appliances, electric
Home exposures. See Age of home;
Residential exposures
See also Transmission and distribution lines
Homogeneity, 143
defined, 339
Hormonal changes. See Neuroendocrine responses
6-Hydroxy melatonin sulfate, urinary, 254
Hydroxyindole-O-methyltransferase (HIOMT), 98, 249, 339
Hz. See Hertz (Hz)
I
ICR. See Ion cyclotron resonance (ICR) model
In vitro studies, 15, 43, 55-72, 210-219.
See also Mammalian cells;
Prokaryotic cells
defined, 339
extrapolations from, 55
limits of, 53-54
possible effects. See Calcium concentrations, intracellular, changes in;
Carcinogenicity;
Gene expression, changes in;
Genotoxicity
reliability issues, 57, 61, 63
In vivo studies, 15
defined, 339
Independent fields, 4
Induced fields and currents, 4, 22, 41, 46-51
Helmholtz induction, 111
Influence analysis, 136-137
Information bias, 120-122, 155-158, 170, 187
Inheritable changes, 55-58
Instrumentation, 26-27
research needs, 204
unavailability of, 164
Intermittent exposure, 56
Interspecies scaling, 44, 48-50
Intracellular calcium concentrations. See Calcium concentrations, intracellular, changes in
Intrinsic impedance. See Impedance
Ion cyclotron resonance (ICR) model, 70-71
Ion pump activity, 61
Ionizing radiation, 12
absorbed dose of, 339
Isotropic, defied, 339
J
Joule, 339
L
Laboratory studies, 15, 204-208
Leading edge, 24
Learning disabilities, 10, 13-14, 185
Lethality, acute. See Toxicologic studies
Leukemia, 169, 172, 195, 223, 279
in adults, 126, 162, 171, 177, 179-181
in children, 2-3, 11, 25, 117-118, 122-123, 126-146, 160-163, 174, 178, 197, 255-257, 266-268
Light, velocity of, 12
Long-term average measurements. See Electromagnetic fields (EMF), time-weighted average measurements
Low frequency, 8, 13, 23, 35, 68, 70.
See also Extremely low frequency (ELF);
Very low frequency (VLF)
Low-voltage lines, 29
Lymphocytic leukemia. See Leukemia, in children
in children, 126, 134, 272-273
lyn kinase, 62
M
Magnetic fields
ambient levels. See Environmental fields
cancellation of, 32
exposure to, 1-2, 3-8, 14-15, 28-36, 41-46, 48-53, 127-128, 163-172 , 210-239, 244-247, 250-284.
See also Wire codes
research needs, 203-204
strength of, 2, 3-4, 15-17, 22-23, 26-27, 126, 156, 165-170, 290-301 , 339
Magnetic flux density, 23, 26-27, 35, 338-339.
See also Gauss (G);
Tesla (T)
Magnetite in bodily tissues, 23
Malformations, children with, 184
Malignant melanoma, 179.
See also Skin tumors
Mammary tumors. See Breast cancer
Marijuana smoking, 161
Maxwell's equations, 12-13, 22, 46, 48
Media bridges, 44
Medical X-ray exposures, 123
Melanoma, malignant. See Malignant melanoma
Melatonin concentration effects, 7-8, 62-63, 74, 95-102
on animals, 96-102, 105, 248-249, 250-253
suppression of secretions, 105-107
Membranes, 60
proteins in, 59
Meta-analyses, 128-146
defined, 128-129
methodology, 134-137
5-Methosytryptophol, 248
Mice, studies of, 83-84, 88, 114, 223-224, 228-232, 237, 240, 242247
Military exposure, 10
Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory, 188
Misclassification. See Information bias
Mitogens, 61-62
Mobility of residents, 154, 157, 159, 168, 188, 276
Molecular biologic investigation. See Carcinogenicity;
Genotoxicity
Morphologic studies, 250
mRNA transcripts, 63-66
Myelogenous leukemia. See Leukemia, in adults
Myeloid leukemia. See Leukemia, in adults
N
Na, K-ATPase, 61
N-Acetyltransferase activity (NAT), 97-99, 248-249, 340
NAT. See N-Acetyltransferase activity (NAT)
National Radiological Protection Board (NRPB), 18, 129, 134
Neoplastic transformations, 216
Nerve stimulation, 13
Nerve tissue electric activity, 4-5
Nervous system tumors, 134
Neurobehavioral effects. See Behavioral effects
Neurobiologic dysfunction, 1, 10, 240-243
Neurochemical studies, 94-102
reliability issues, 105-106
Neuroendocrine responses, 7-8, 13, 73-74, 84, 94, 103-105, 199, 241
Neurohormonal changes. See Neuroendocrine responses
Neuropsychologic performance, 189
Nitrites in processed meats, 161
NMU. See N-nitroso-N-methylurea (NMU)
N-nitroso-N-methylurea (NMU), 57, 82, 224, 340
NOEL. See No-observable-effect level (NOEL)
Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, 279
Nonionizing radiation, 18
Nonparticipation bias. See Participation rates
No-observable-effect level (NOEL), 77
NRPB. See National Radiological Protection Board (NRPB)
Nucleus, 340.
See also Prokaryotic cells
O
Oak Ridge Associated Universities (ORAU) report, 18, 24-25, 154-155
Occupational exposures, 33-36, 40, 108, 162, 171-172, 179-181, 184 , 188-189, 198
ODC. See Ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) activity
Odds ratio (OR), 129, 134, 141-144, 162, 168, 170, 340
Office environment. See Occupational exposures
Office of Technology Assessment, 18
Opiate mediation effects, 93
OR. See Odds ratio (OR)
ORAU. See Oak Ridge Associated Universities (ORAU) report
Ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) activity, 53, 61-62, 115
Ossification, 340
primordial points of. See Bipartite thoracic centra;
Semipartite thoracic centra
Osteogenesis, 222.
See also Bone healing
Osteonecrosis, treating, 111
Osteoporosis.
See also Bone density, enhancing
P
Parathyroid hormone effects (PTH), 114-115
Participation rates, 150-151, 154
PCB. See Polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) leakage
PCR. See Polymerase-chain-reaction (PCR) analysis
Permeability
medium, 23
Permittivity, 340
Pesticide use, 267
Phorbol ester. See12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol 13-acetate (TPA)
Phosphenes, endogenous, 91
Piezoelectric, defined, 340
Piezoelectric properties of bone. See Bone, electromagnetic properties of
Pigeons, studies of, 242-243
Pineal gland function effects, 7-8, 62-63, 74, 95-99, 105, 248-253
PKC. See Protein kinase C (PKC)
Plasma membrane. See Membranes
Police exposure, 10
Polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) leakage, 174
Polymerase-chain-reaction (PCR) analysis, 65-66
Power line fields. See Alternating current (ac)
Power lines. See Transmission and distribution lines
Power stations. See Transmission and distribution lines
Primaries, distribution. See Transmission and distribution lines
Primordial ossification points. See Bipartite thoracic centra;
Semipartite thoracic centra
Probabilities. See Combined probability test
Protein kinase C (PKC), 64, 115, 340
Proximity to power lines. See Transmission and distribution lines, distance from
Prudent avoidance, policy of, 18-19
PTH. See Parathyroid hormone effects (PTH)
Pulsed fields
exposure to, 57
magnetic, 8, 74, 88-89, 99, 112
Q
Quantification. See Risk assessment
R
Rabbits, studies of, 110, 114, 241
Radar operator exposure, 10
Radiant heating. See Electric heating, of homes
Radiation. See Ionizing radiation;
Nonionizing radiation
Railroads, electric. See Subways;
Trains, intercity
Random digit dialing, 152-154, 157
reliability issues, 202
Random error, 119-120, 128, 157
Random-effects model, 136-137, 143-144
Rats, studies of, 84-86, 89, 104, 223-227, 229-230, 232-245, 247-252
Rectangular waveforms. See Waveforms, rectangular
''Red tears." See Chromodacryorrhea
Relative risk (RR), 340
Repeated-dose studies. See Toxicologic studies
Representativeness
of cases, 147-152
of controls, 152-154
Reproductive studies, 1, 3, 10, 14, 73, 82-90, 181-185, 199, 226-237.
See also Toxicologic studies
birth defects, 182
fetal growth retardation, 183, 229
low birth weight, 226
premature termination of pregnancy, 14, 182, 226-227, 231
Research needs, 193, 197, 200-208
Residential exposures, 1, 5, 28-33, 36-40, 53, 108, 117-118, 126-127 , 156-158, 182-183, 287-301.
See also Appliances, electric;
Home wiring
multi-family residences, 158
Residential mobility. See Mobility of residents
Resonant effects, testing for, 45
Risk assessment, 1, 15-16, 191-199
stages of, 192-193
Risk characterization, 193, 197
rms. See Root mean square (rms) measurements
Root mean square (rms) measurements, 5, 26, 340
RR. See Relative risk (RR)
S
Scaling species. See Interspecies scaling
SCE. See Sister chromatid exchanges (SCE)
Secondaries, distribution.
See also Transmission and distribution lines
spun (wrapped), 170
Segments I/II/III tests, 77-78
Selection bias, 122, 146-155, 157, 185
use of friend controls, 153
Semipartite thoracic centra, 340
Sensitivity analysis, 154
See also Melatonin concentration effects
Serum melatonin concentration effects. See Melatonin concentration effects
Service drops. See Transmission and distribution lines
SES. See Socioeconomic status (SES)
Sheep, studies of, 253
Shielding, 27.
See also Magnetic fields, shielding from
electrostatic, 43
Short-term tests, 78
SI. See Systeme International (SI) units
Signal transduction pathways, changes in, 6, 52, 58-63.
See also Ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) activity
research needs, 207
Sinusoidal field exposure, 56-57, 74, 100, 248-253
Sinusoidal waveforms. See Alternating current (ac)
Sister chromatid exchanges (SCE), 56-57, 210, 212-216, 218-219, 340
Skeletal anomalies, 89
Skin tumors, 224
Smoking. See Marijuana smoking;
Tobacco smoking
Socioeconomic status (SES), 152, 157-159, 163, 187, 266-267, 269-270 , 272-274, 276, 284
Solenoidal coils, 44
Soma, defined, 340
Spatially-varying fields, 5, 25
Species, scaling of. See Interspecies scaling
Spot measurements, 5, 39, 142-145, 169, 173, 201, 255-257, 267-268 , 270, 290, 292
Static fields. See Unchanging fields
Sternebra, 340
Streaming potential, 341
Stress responses, 103-104, 338
Subchronic toxicity. See Toxicologic studies
Substations, 32.
See also Transmission and distribution lines
Subways, 17
Suicide, 186-187
Surrogate assessment means, 341
Swine, studies of, 86-87, 235-236, 241
Switched equipment, 35, 201-202, 301.
See also Transients
Switchyard workers, 184
Systeme International (SI) units, 340
T
T. See Tesla (T)
Target organs, 76
Telephone workers, 181
Temporal changes in fields. See Time-varying fields
Terata, 340
Testicular cancer, 177
12-O-Tetradecanoylphorbol 13-acetate (TPA), 53-54, 61-62, 80, 115, 224, 341
inducing early-response genes, 53, 341
Three-phase transmission lines. See Transmission and distribution lines
Time-varying fields, 3-5, 13, 23, 25, 105, 110
Time-weighted average measurements. See Electromagnetic fields (EMF)
Tissue culture studies. See In vitro studies
Tissue healing, 13.
See also Bone healing
Tissue-air interface, 46
Tobacco smoking, 123, 161, 163, 281
in pregnancy, 266, 269, 272, 274, 276
Toxicologic studies, 75-79
acute lethality, 76
chronic toxicity, 77
cocarcinogenicity, 78-79, 198, 207
copromotion studies, 78-79, 197
developmental studies, 77-78
repeated-dose studies, 76-77
reproductive studies, 77-78
subchronic toxicity, 77
TPA. See 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol 13-acetate (TPA)
Trailing edge, 24
Trains, intercity, 17, 35, 164.
See also Subways
Transcript activity, increased, 63
Transformers. See Transmission and distribution lines
Transient changes (biologic), 55, 58-72, 240, 243
Transients (electric), 5, 24, 34-36, 39, 300-301, 341
research needs, 204
Transmission and distribution lines, 1, 3-5, 11-12, 16-17, 287-290
distance from, 5, 15-16, 32-33, 36-40, 117, 164, 255-257, 267, 270 , 276, 279, 282
safe, 28
three-phase, 32, 176, 287-288, 301
Transportation systems, 17, 34-35
Tumors
promotion of, 13, 54, 80-82, 106, 116, 224
24-hr measurements, 169, 173, 255-256, 267, 300
Tyrosine protein kinases, 62.
See also lyn kinase;
Protein kinase C (PKC)
U
Underground power lines. See Transmission and distribution lines
U.S. Department of Energy, 1, 9
U.S. Food and Drug Administration, 111
V
V. See Volt (V)
VDT. See Video display terminals (VDTs)
Very low frequency (VLF), 13, 18, 71-72, 182, 197, 341
Video display terminals (VDTs), 10, 181-182, 184
Vietnam Experience Study, 188
Viral exposure, 174
VLF. See Very low frequency (VLF)
Volt (V), 341
per meter, 23
Vote counting, 136
unweighted, 142
W
Waveforms
rectangular, 24
saw-toothed, 88-89
sinusoidal. See Alternating current (ac)
Weighted risk factors. See Risk assessment
Wire codes, 3, 22, 36-40, 117-118, 127-176, 184, 195-198, 287-301, 255-257, 341
low-current configuration, 138, 142
reliability issues ("wire-code paradox"), 37-38, 156, 165-170, 299 -300
research needs, 202-203, 205-206
Wiring. See Home wiring
Wiring configuration, 24.
See also Wire codes
Workplace exposures. See Occupational exposures
World War II, 10
X
X-ray exposures, 123