TABLE B-1 Total Number of Ph.D.s in the Labor Force, by Sex, Field, and Year of Survey
|
1973 |
1979 |
1989 |
1995 |
||||
Engineering |
Men |
Women |
Men |
Women |
Men |
Women |
Men |
Women |
Biomedical |
317 |
5 |
870 |
10 |
1373 |
94 |
1913 |
205 |
Chemical |
5427 |
19 |
7497 |
43 |
11004 |
322 |
11879 |
714 |
Electrical |
7962 |
21 |
10375 |
68 |
14438 |
249 |
19513 |
704 |
Industrial |
815 |
5 |
1312 |
18 |
1304 |
107 |
2110 |
307 |
Materials Science |
178 |
0 |
691 |
14 |
1768 |
153 |
3558 |
521 |
Other |
18743 |
77 |
26584 |
269 |
38595 |
927 |
43552 |
1996 |
Total |
33442 |
127 |
47329 |
422 |
68482 |
1852 |
82525 |
4447 |
Mathematical Sciences |
Men |
Women |
Men |
Women |
Men |
Women |
Men |
Women |
Computer Science |
571 |
33 |
1428 |
104 |
3950 |
484 |
6942 |
1133 |
Probability & Statistics |
2399 |
191 |
4003 |
434 |
5655 |
1066 |
6525 |
1479 |
Mathematics |
9883 |
766 |
12661 |
1079 |
15995 |
1698 |
17100 |
2204 |
Total |
12853 |
90 |
18092 |
1617 |
25600 |
3248 |
30567 |
4816 |
Physical Sciences |
Men |
Women |
Men |
Women |
Men |
Women |
Men |
Women |
Astronomy |
1023 |
99 |
1627 |
127 |
2478 |
240 |
2866 |
224 |
Physics |
18944 |
395 |
23792 |
628 |
30319 |
1236 |
33781 |
2058 |
Chemistry |
34784 |
2198 |
41278 |
3058 |
49102 |
5814 |
52841 |
8478 |
Oceanography |
583 |
10 |
922 |
46 |
1516 |
167 |
1724 |
310 |
Geosciences |
6024 |
162 |
8259 |
376 |
11981 |
1083 |
13288 |
1790 |
Total |
61358 |
2864 |
75878 |
4235 |
95396 |
8540 |
104500 |
12860 |
Life Sciences |
Men |
Women |
Men |
Women |
Men |
Women |
Men |
Women |
Agricultural |
10009 |
163 |
13750 |
399 |
19273 |
1704 |
21059 |
2906 |
Medical |
35416 |
6356 |
47014 |
9979 |
64361 |
19499 |
80407 |
29511 |
Biological |
5013 |
600 |
7369 |
1395 |
13121 |
6295 |
8345 |
8570 |
Total |
50438 |
7119 |
68133 |
11773 |
96755 |
27498 |
109811 |
40987 |
Social/Behavioral Sciences |
Men |
Women |
Men |
Women |
Men |
Women |
Men |
Women |
Psychology |
18964 |
4942 |
28766 |
9975 |
43169 |
24400 |
47473 |
34677 |
Anthropology |
1378 |
343 |
2528 |
1026 |
4101 |
2374 |
4727 |
3305 |
Economics |
9755 |
603 |
12175 |
1102 |
16782 |
2185 |
16809 |
2737 |
Sociology |
4910 |
1134 |
7177 |
2222 |
9254 |
4330 |
8745 |
5024 |
Other |
12289 |
1385 |
19156 |
3133 |
26474 |
7479 |
21270 |
6243 |
Total |
47296 |
8407 |
69802 |
17458 |
99780 |
40768 |
99024 |
51986 |
TABLE B-2 Number of Full-Time Scientists and Engineers, by Sex, Field, and Year of Survey
|
1973 |
1979 |
1989 |
1995 |
||||
Engineering |
Men |
Women |
Men |
Women |
Men |
Women |
Men |
Women |
Biomedical |
307 |
2 |
778 |
10 |
1314 |
84 |
1729 |
135 |
Chemical |
4835 |
13 |
6696 |
33 |
9410 |
257 |
9574 |
504 |
Electrical |
7317 |
17 |
9578 |
53 |
12595 |
213 |
16422 |
601 |
Industrial |
720 |
4 |
1007 |
12 |
901 |
75 |
1590 |
279 |
Materials Science |
146 |
0 |
599 |
12 |
1587 |
138 |
3304 |
366 |
Other |
16883 |
46 |
23860 |
218 |
32631 |
791 |
36394 |
1704 |
Total |
30208 |
82 |
42518 |
338 |
58438 |
1558 |
69013 |
3589 |
Mathematical Sciences |
Men |
Women |
Men |
Women |
Men |
Women |
Men |
Women |
Computer Science |
540 |
30 |
1330 |
92 |
3670 |
397 |
6501 |
933 |
Probability & Statistics |
2233 |
130 |
3710 |
318 |
5067 |
798 |
5165 |
1175 |
Mathematics |
8866 |
517 |
10871 |
780 |
13610 |
1304 |
14045 |
1620 |
Total |
11639 |
677 |
15911 |
1190 |
22347 |
2499 |
25711 |
3728 |
Physical Sciences |
Men |
Women |
Men |
Women |
Men |
Women |
Men |
Women |
Astronomy |
930 |
64 |
1531 |
89 |
2310 |
175 |
2578 |
202 |
Physics |
16424 |
220 |
20603 |
427 |
25577 |
982 |
26977 |
1473 |
Chemistry |
28936 |
1236 |
34990 |
2105 |
39788 |
4426 |
39773 |
6251 |
Oceanography |
523 |
6 |
888 |
37 |
1336 |
132 |
1537 |
212 |
Geosciences |
5355 |
111 |
7287 |
292 |
9857 |
809 |
10508 |
1367 |
Total |
52168 |
1637 |
65299 |
2950 |
78868 |
6524 |
81373 |
9505 |
Life Sciences |
Men |
Women |
Men |
Women |
Men |
Women |
Men |
Women |
Agricultural |
8766 |
86 |
12093 |
297 |
15569 |
1354 |
15688 |
2053 |
Medical |
30916 |
4131 |
41403 |
7218 |
54025 |
14699 |
63815 |
22452 |
Biological |
4371 |
381 |
6724 |
1078 |
11490 |
4955 |
5595 |
5380 |
Total |
44053 |
4598 |
60220 |
8593 |
81084 |
21008 |
85098 |
29885 |
Social/Behavioral Sciences |
Men |
Women |
Men |
Women |
Men |
Women |
Men |
Women |
Psychology |
16048 |
3060 |
24690 |
7005 |
34961 |
16818 |
36317 |
22833 |
Anthropology |
1226 |
246 |
2193 |
756 |
2914 |
1441 |
3419 |
2283 |
Economics |
7359 |
376 |
9261 |
781 |
11907 |
1654 |
11659 |
2063 |
Sociology |
4018 |
753 |
5649 |
1592 |
6575 |
2717 |
6255 |
3536 |
Other |
9434 |
778 |
14058 |
1820 |
18501 |
4251 |
14633 |
4218 |
Total |
38085 |
5213 |
55851 |
11954 |
74858 |
26881 |
72283 |
34933 |
TABLE B-3 Labor Force Participation Status by Sex, Field, and Year of Survey
|
1973 |
1979 |
1989 |
1995 |
||||
Engineering |
Men |
Women |
Men |
Women |
Men |
Women |
Men |
Women |
Full Time in Science |
.931 |
.695 |
.909 |
.818 |
.897 |
.848 |
.906 |
.813 |
Full Time out of Science |
.047 |
.042 |
.060 |
.070 |
.073 |
.061 |
.046 |
.043 |
Part Time |
.012 |
.136 |
.021 |
.061 |
.021 |
.063 |
.029 |
.066 |
Seeking Work |
.008 |
.051 |
.005 |
.022 |
.006 |
.011 |
.011 |
.039 |
Not Seeking Work |
.003 |
.076 |
.005 |
.029 |
.002 |
.016 |
.009 |
.039 |
n |
32443 |
118 |
46765 |
413 |
65149 |
1838 |
76200 |
4416 |
Mathematical Sciences |
Men |
Women |
Men |
Women |
Men |
Women |
Men |
Women |
Full Time in Science |
.947 |
.765 |
.905 |
.784 |
.910 |
.800 |
.908 |
.795 |
Full Time out of Science |
.029 |
.048 |
.066 |
.064 |
.068 |
.080 |
.042 |
.050 |
Part Time |
.008 |
.123 |
.021 |
.083 |
.016 |
.078 |
.030 |
.108 |
Seeking Work |
.013 |
.018 |
.003 |
.019 |
.003 |
.010 |
.009 |
.006 |
Not Seeking Work |
.003 |
.045 |
.005 |
.049 |
.002 |
.033 |
.012 |
.041 |
n |
11191 |
771 |
15684 |
1335 |
22038 |
2580 |
26137 |
3891 |
Physical Sciences |
Men |
Women |
Men |
Women |
Men |
Women |
Men |
Women |
Full Time in Science |
.898 |
.641 |
.897 |
.732 |
.903 |
.799 |
.872 |
.774 |
Full Time out of Science |
.066 |
.069 |
.070 |
.072 |
.068 |
.070 |
.063 |
.084 |
Part Time |
.018 |
.154 |
.023 |
.103 |
.020 |
.070 |
.041 |
.055 |
Seeking Work |
.014 |
.054 |
.008 |
.030 |
.006 |
.020 |
.012 |
.022 |
Not Seeking Work |
.004 |
.082 |
.002 |
.063 |
.003 |
.041 |
.012 |
.065 |
n |
58068 |
2554 |
72808 |
4029 |
87354 |
8164 |
93274 |
12285 |
Life Sciences |
Men |
Women |
Men |
Women |
Men |
Women |
Men |
Women |
Full Time in Science |
.933 |
.744 |
.925 |
.779 |
.913 |
.803 |
.853 |
.759 |
Full Time out of Science |
.039 |
.048 |
.045 |
.044 |
.060 |
.067 |
.091 |
.111 |
Part Time |
.019 |
.105 |
.020 |
.087 |
.017 |
.080 |
.032 |
.066 |
Seeking Work |
.006 |
.039 |
.008 |
.031 |
.007 |
.015 |
.012 |
.014 |
Not Seeking Work |
.003 |
.064 |
.003 |
.059 |
.003 |
.035 |
.011 |
.050 |
n |
47218 |
6176 |
65137 |
11027 |
88785 |
26152 |
99706 |
39379 |
Social/Behavioral Sciences |
Men |
Women |
Men |
Women |
Men |
Women |
Men |
Women |
Full Time in Science |
.870 |
.697 |
.832 |
.713 |
.810 |
.685 |
.796 |
.694 |
Full Time out of Science |
.098 |
.081 |
.125 |
.101 |
.144 |
.122 |
.132 |
.103 |
Part Time |
.024 |
.164 |
.030 |
.128 |
.036 |
.148 |
.059 |
.159 |
Seeking Work |
.007 |
.031 |
.008 |
.025 |
.008 |
.019 |
.006 |
.008 |
Not Seeking Work |
.002 |
.028 |
.004 |
.032 |
.002 |
.026 |
.008 |
.036 |
n |
43793 |
7480 |
67100 |
16761 |
92385 |
39230 |
90829 |
50313 |
TABLE B-4 1973 Labor Force Participation Status, by Sex, Field, and Cohort
|
1940 Ph.D.s |
1950 Ph.D.s |
1960 Ph.D.s |
Total |
||||
Engineering |
Men |
Women |
Men |
Women |
Men |
Women |
Men |
Women |
Full Time in Science |
.889 |
.667 |
.919 |
.444 |
.942 |
.745 |
.934 |
.695 |
Full Time out of Science |
.072 |
.000 |
.063 |
.222 |
.039 |
.011 |
.047 |
.042 |
Part Time |
.028 |
.000 |
.009 |
.222 |
.009 |
.128 |
.010 |
.136 |
Seeking Work |
.008 |
.000 |
.008 |
.111 |
.007 |
.043 |
.008 |
.051 |
Not Seeking Work |
.003 |
.333 |
.001 |
.000 |
.002 |
.074 |
.002 |
.076 |
n |
2174 |
6 |
6667 |
18 |
23032 |
94 |
31873 |
118 |
Mathematical Sciences |
Men |
Women |
Men |
Women |
Men |
Women |
Men |
Women |
Full Time in Science |
.963 |
.732 |
.966 |
.817 |
.948 |
.761 |
.953 |
.768 |
Full Time out of Science |
.023 |
.070 |
.028 |
.063 |
.028 |
.042 |
.028 |
.049 |
Part Time |
.007 |
.127 |
.000 |
.079 |
.005 |
.122 |
.004 |
.115 |
Seeking Work |
.007 |
.014 |
.006 |
.000 |
.015 |
.025 |
.012 |
.019 |
Not Seeking Work |
.000 |
.056 |
.000 |
.040 |
.004 |
.050 |
.003 |
.049 |
n |
828 |
71 |
2326 |
126 |
7487 |
523 |
10641 |
720 |
Physical Sciences |
Men |
Women |
Men |
Women |
Men |
Women |
Men |
Women |
Full Time in Science |
.871 |
.596 |
.911 |
.662 |
.915 |
.656 |
.907 |
.649 |
Full Time out of Science |
.093 |
.135 |
.067 |
.089 |
.053 |
.048 |
.064 |
.07 |
Part Time |
.016 |
.175 |
.007 |
.132 |
.014 |
.149 |
.012 |
.149 |
Seeking Work |
.015 |
.023 |
.014 |
.043 |
.014 |
.070 |
.014 |
.057 |
Not Seeking Work |
.005 |
.070 |
.001 |
.075 |
.004 |
.077 |
.003 |
.075 |
n |
8579 |
342 |
15409 |
562 |
29534 |
1509 |
53522 |
2413 |
Life Sciences |
Men |
Women |
Men |
Women |
Men |
Women |
Men |
Women |
Full Time in Science |
.905 |
.719 |
.932 |
.737 |
.953 |
.759 |
.941 |
.75 |
Full Time out of Science |
.054 |
.091 |
.048 |
.062 |
.028 |
.036 |
.037 |
.047 |
Part Time |
.030 |
.099 |
.013 |
.094 |
.010 |
.107 |
.013 |
.103 |
Seeking Work |
.008 |
.029 |
.003 |
.036 |
.006 |
.044 |
.006 |
.041 |
Not Seeking Work |
.003 |
.062 |
.003 |
.072 |
.002 |
.054 |
.003 |
.059 |
n |
5580 |
615 |
13076 |
1280 |
25263 |
3939 |
43919 |
5834 |
Social/Behavioral Sciences |
Men |
Women |
Men |
Women |
Men |
Women |
Men |
Women |
Full Time in Science |
.815 |
.708 |
.861 |
.677 |
.894 |
.709 |
.876 |
.702 |
Full Time out of Science |
.144 |
.101 |
.111 |
.093 |
.079 |
.073 |
.095 |
.079 |
Part Time |
.034 |
.174 |
.021 |
.178 |
.017 |
.156 |
.020 |
.162 |
Seeking Work |
.005 |
.009 |
.005 |
.031 |
.009 |
.034 |
.007 |
.031 |
Not Seeking Work |
.003 |
.009 |
.003 |
.021 |
.001 |
.028 |
.002 |
.025 |
n |
4274 |
576 |
12433 |
1536 |
25439 |
5130 |
42146 |
7242 |
TABLE B-5 1979 Labor Force Participation Status, by Sex, Field, and Cohort
|
1950 Ph.D.s |
1960 Ph.D.s |
1970 Ph.D.s |
Total |
||||
Engineering |
Men |
Women |
Men |
Women |
Men |
Women |
Men |
Women |
Full Time in Science |
.868 |
.769 |
.902 |
.625 |
.930 |
.857 |
.914 |
.822 |
Full Time out of Science |
.079 |
.000 |
.071 |
.089 |
.047 |
.070 |
.058 |
.071 |
Part Time |
.032 |
.231 |
.023 |
.143 |
.013 |
.041 |
.018 |
.061 |
Seeking Work |
.003 |
.000 |
.002 |
.071 |
.007 |
.015 |
.005 |
.022 |
Not Seeking Work |
.018 |
.000 |
.002 |
.071 |
.003 |
.018 |
.004 |
.024 |
n |
4971 |
13 |
15127 |
56 |
25880 |
342 |
45978 |
411 |
Mathematical Sciences |
Men |
Women |
Men |
Women |
Men |
Women |
Men |
Women |
Full Time in Science |
.884 |
.762 |
.918 |
.765 |
.907 |
.809 |
.908 |
.796 |
Full Time out of Science |
.084 |
.143 |
.068 |
.088 |
.061 |
.043 |
.066 |
.060 |
Part Time |
.027 |
.060 |
.008 |
.078 |
.023 |
.081 |
.019 |
.079 |
Seeking Work |
.000 |
.012 |
.000 |
.000 |
.005 |
.028 |
.003 |
.020 |
Not Seeking Work |
.005 |
.024 |
.006 |
.068 |
.004 |
.04 |
.005 |
.045 |
n |
1504 |
84 |
5055 |
294 |
8533 |
906 |
15092 |
1284 |
Physical Sciences |
Men |
Women |
Men |
Women |
Men |
Women |
Men |
Women |
Full Time in Science |
.865 |
.687 |
.902 |
.683 |
.932 |
.780 |
.909 |
.744 |
Full Time out of Science |
.103 |
.118 |
.070 |
.101 |
.047 |
.051 |
.066 |
.072 |
Part Time |
.024 |
.089 |
.017 |
.126 |
.010 |
.078 |
.015 |
.091 |
Seeking Work |
.005 |
.016 |
.010 |
.034 |
.008 |
.034 |
.008 |
.032 |
Not Seeking Work |
.003 |
.091 |
.001 |
.056 |
.003 |
.057 |
.002 |
.061 |
n |
12911 |
451 |
23403 |
968 |
31363 |
2402 |
67677 |
3821 |
Life Sciences |
Men |
Women |
Men |
Women |
Men |
Women |
Men |
Women |
Full Time in Science |
.900 |
.668 |
.928 |
.742 |
.944 |
.824 |
.932 |
.791 |
Full Time out of Science |
.068 |
.104 |
.051 |
.043 |
.032 |
.033 |
.044 |
.042 |
Part Time |
.018 |
.076 |
.013 |
.141 |
.012 |
.060 |
.013 |
.080 |
Seeking Work |
.010 |
.061 |
.007 |
.023 |
.008 |
.031 |
.008 |
.032 |
Not Seeking Work |
.004 |
.091 |
.000 |
.050 |
.004 |
.051 |
.003 |
.054 |
n |
10777 |
953 |
18451 |
2446 |
33295 |
7210 |
62523 |
10609 |
Social/Behavioral Sciences |
Men |
Women |
Men |
Women |
Men |
Women |
Men |
Women |
Full Time in Science |
.797 |
.682 |
.835 |
.720 |
.845 |
.721 |
.835 |
.719 |
Full Time out of Science |
.151 |
.134 |
.130 |
.113 |
.115 |
.094 |
.124 |
.100 |
Part Time |
.046 |
.140 |
.024 |
.117 |
.026 |
.126 |
.028 |
.125 |
Seeking Work |
.001 |
.016 |
.008 |
.018 |
.011 |
.028 |
.008 |
.025 |
Not Seeking Work |
.005 |
.028 |
.003 |
.031 |
.004 |
.030 |
.004 |
.030 |
n |
9775 |
900 |
17372 |
2955 |
38455 |
12507 |
65602 |
16362 |
TABLE B-6 1989 Labor Force Participation Status, by Sex, Field, and Cohort
|
1960 Ph.D.s |
1970 Ph.D.s |
1980 Ph.D.s |
Total |
||||
Engineering |
Men |
Women |
Men |
Women |
Men |
Women |
Men |
Women |
Full Time in Science |
.870 |
.714 |
.884 |
.796 |
.943 |
.867 |
.902 |
.848 |
Full Time out of Science |
.107 |
.125 |
.081 |
.097 |
.044 |
.050 |
.074 |
.062 |
Part Time |
.015 |
.107 |
.025 |
.077 |
.007 |
.057 |
.016 |
.062 |
Seeking Work |
.003 |
.036 |
.010 |
.011 |
.003 |
.011 |
.006 |
.011 |
Not Seeking Work |
.005 |
.018 |
.000 |
.019 |
.003 |
.016 |
.002 |
.016 |
n |
14213 |
56 |
25783 |
362 |
22368 |
1415 |
62364 |
1833 |
Mathematical Sciences |
Men |
Women |
Men |
Women |
Men |
Women |
Men |
Women |
Full Time in Science |
.899 |
.754 |
.917 |
.809 |
.929 |
.812 |
.917 |
.804 |
Full Time out of Science |
.078 |
.119 |
.070 |
.078 |
.059 |
.069 |
.068 |
.078 |
Part Time |
.018 |
.077 |
.007 |
.071 |
.010 |
.079 |
.011 |
.076 |
Seeking Work |
.003 |
.021 |
.003 |
.007 |
.002 |
.009 |
.003 |
.010 |
Not Seeking Work |
.002 |
.028 |
.002 |
.034 |
.000 |
.032 |
.001 |
.032 |
n |
4923 |
285 |
8846 |
970 |
7197 |
1270 |
20966 |
2525 |
Physical Sciences |
Men |
Women |
Men |
Women |
Men |
Women |
Men |
Women |
Full Time in Science |
.896 |
.746 |
.895 |
.782 |
.939 |
.832 |
.910 |
.807 |
Full Time out of Science |
.076 |
.099 |
.085 |
.086 |
.041 |
.049 |
.068 |
.066 |
Part Time |
.025 |
.088 |
.012 |
.082 |
.007 |
.054 |
.014 |
.067 |
Seeking Work |
.001 |
.010 |
.005 |
.014 |
.010 |
.026 |
.005 |
.020 |
Not Seeking Work |
.002 |
.057 |
.003 |
.036 |
.002 |
.039 |
.002 |
.040 |
n |
21906 |
879 |
32027 |
2420 |
25329 |
4528 |
79262 |
7827 |
Life Sciences |
Men |
Women |
Men |
Women |
Men |
Women |
Men |
Women |
Full Time in Science |
.909 |
.705 |
.901 |
.779 |
.940 |
.838 |
.918 |
.808 |
Full Time out of Science |
.073 |
.108 |
.075 |
.087 |
.037 |
.047 |
.060 |
.065 |
Part Time |
.013 |
.145 |
.010 |
.087 |
.014 |
.063 |
.012 |
.078 |
Seeking Work |
.002 |
.010 |
.011 |
.014 |
.005 |
.018 |
.007 |
.016 |
Not Seeking Work |
.003 |
.033 |
.002 |
.033 |
.004 |
.034 |
.003 |
.034 |
n |
16330 |
2111 |
34684 |
8078 |
31891 |
15359 |
82905 |
25548 |
Social/Behavioral Sciences |
Men |
Women |
Men |
Women |
Men |
Women |
Men |
Women |
Full Time in Science |
.801 |
.696 |
.823 |
.661 |
.818 |
.698 |
.817 |
.686 |
Full Time out of Science |
.156 |
.143 |
.145 |
.150 |
.142 |
.105 |
.145 |
.122 |
Part Time |
.035 |
.128 |
.024 |
.131 |
.027 |
.158 |
.027 |
.147 |
Seeking Work |
.005 |
.011 |
.007 |
.017 |
.013 |
.021 |
.009 |
.019 |
Not Seeking Work |
.003 |
.021 |
.002 |
.041 |
.000 |
.019 |
.002 |
.027 |
n |
15764 |
2553 |
38771 |
12921 |
32248 |
23054 |
86783 |
38528 |
TABLE B-7 1995 Labor Force Participation Status, by Sex, Field, and Cohort
|
1970 Ph.D.s |
1980 Ph.D.s |
1990 Ph.D.s |
Total |
||||
Engineering |
Men |
Women |
Men |
Women |
Men |
Women |
Men |
Women |
Full Time in Science |
.874 |
.864 |
.929 |
.803 |
.952 |
.811 |
.918 |
.813 |
Full Time out of Science |
.069 |
.000 |
.042 |
.041 |
.025 |
.050 |
.046 |
.043 |
Part Time |
.031 |
.089 |
.012 |
.065 |
.010 |
.064 |
.018 |
.066 |
Seeking Work |
.011 |
.047 |
.015 |
.059 |
.010 |
.027 |
.012 |
.040 |
Not Seeking Work |
.015 |
.000 |
.003 |
.032 |
.002 |
.047 |
.007 |
.038 |
n |
21947 |
361 |
23688 |
1480 |
19655 |
2553 |
65290 |
4394 |
Mathematical Sciences |
Men |
Women |
Men |
Women |
Men |
Women |
Men |
Women |
Full Time in Science |
.900 |
.794 |
.927 |
.698 |
.909 |
.911 |
.911 |
.801 |
Full Time out of Science |
.053 |
.031 |
.028 |
.093 |
.052 |
.024 |
.044 |
.052 |
Part Time |
.034 |
.096 |
.021 |
.176 |
.021 |
.045 |
.026 |
.107 |
Seeking Work |
.004 |
.026 |
.009 |
.000 |
.015 |
.000 |
.009 |
.006 |
Not Seeking Work |
.009 |
.054 |
.015 |
.034 |
.004 |
.020 |
.010 |
.033 |
n |
8396 |
897 |
7508 |
1416 |
6179 |
1389 |
22083 |
3702 |
Physical Sciences |
Men |
Women |
Men |
Women |
Men |
Women |
Men |
Women |
Full Time in Science |
.875 |
.702 |
.917 |
.769 |
.894 |
.830 |
.895 |
.780 |
Full Time out of Science |
.076 |
.150 |
.044 |
.089 |
.052 |
.051 |
.059 |
.087 |
Part Time |
.025 |
.049 |
.013 |
.051 |
.030 |
.052 |
.022 |
.051 |
Seeking Work |
.011 |
.015 |
.013 |
.011 |
.016 |
.034 |
.013 |
.021 |
Not Seeking Work |
.013 |
.083 |
.013 |
.079 |
.009 |
.033 |
.012 |
.062 |
n |
30327 |
2267 |
25962 |
4753 |
15716 |
4474 |
72005 |
11494 |
Life Sciences |
Men |
Women |
Men |
Women |
Men |
Women |
Men |
Women |
Full Time in Science |
.848 |
.733 |
.886 |
.75 |
.892 |
.792 |
.873 |
.762 |
Full Time out of Science |
.104 |
.114 |
.09 |
.116 |
.076 |
.105 |
.092 |
.112 |
Part Time |
.019 |
.089 |
.007 |
.067 |
.015 |
.046 |
.013 |
.064 |
Seeking Work |
.012 |
.011 |
.010 |
.014 |
.014 |
.016 |
.012 |
.014 |
Not Seeking Work |
.016 |
.053 |
.006 |
.053 |
.003 |
.040 |
.009 |
.048 |
n |
32398 |
7809 |
32230 |
15867 |
18892 |
13797 |
83520 |
37473 |
Social/Behavioral Sciences |
Men |
Women |
Men |
Women |
Men |
Women |
Men |
Women |
Full Time in Science |
.808 |
.671 |
.814 |
.703 |
.813 |
.705 |
.811 |
.696 |
Full Time out of Science |
.140 |
.125 |
.133 |
.098 |
.134 |
.091 |
.136 |
.102 |
Part Time |
.041 |
.158 |
.039 |
.156 |
.039 |
.162 |
.039 |
.158 |
Seeking Work |
.003 |
.007 |
.009 |
.005 |
.011 |
.009 |
.007 |
.007 |
Not Seeking Work |
.009 |
.039 |
.006 |
.040 |
.003 |
.033 |
.007 |
.037 |
n |
33058 |
11125 |
29532 |
21113 |
13966 |
15578 |
76556 |
47816 |
TABLE B-8 Reasons for Part-Time Employment, by Sex and Year of Survey
1989 |
No Job Available |
No Need to Work |
Family Obligations |
n |
Men |
.296 |
.527 |
.047 |
7917 |
Women |
.187 |
.319 |
.470 |
8573 |
1995 |
No Job Available |
No Need to Work |
Family Obligations |
n |
Men |
.246 |
.316 |
.042 |
15377 |
Women |
.188 |
.416 |
.518 |
11992 |
TABLE B-9 Reasons for Part-Time Employment, by Cohort, Sex, and Year of Survey
|
1989 |
Older |
Middle |
Younger |
Men |
No Job |
.312 |
.375 |
.470 |
No Need |
.519 |
.455 |
.300 |
|
Family |
.075 |
.055 |
.043 |
|
N |
1561 |
2232 |
1694 |
|
Women |
No Job |
.212 |
.179 |
.189 |
No Need |
.488 |
.348 |
.257 |
|
Family |
.203 |
.466 |
.539 |
|
N |
730 |
2656 |
4887 |
|
|
1995 |
Older |
Middle |
Younger |
Men |
No Job |
.308 |
.475 |
.577 |
No Need |
.282 |
.221 |
.212 |
|
Family |
.060 |
.112 |
.023 |
|
N |
3655 |
2137 |
1630 |
|
Women |
No Job |
.198 |
.160 |
.236 |
No Need |
.462 |
.432 |
.354 |
|
Family |
.388 |
.629 |
.549 |
|
N |
2678 |
4948 |
3614 |
TABLE B-10 Reasons for Part-Time Employment, Field, Sex, and Year of Survey
|
Engineering |
Mathematical Sciences |
Physical Sciences |
Life Sciences |
Social/Behavioral Sciences |
||
1989 |
Men |
No Job |
.285 |
.102 |
.355 |
.371 |
.257 |
No Need |
.515 |
.625 |
.475 |
.454 |
.581 |
||
Family |
.042 |
.050 |
.058 |
.037 |
.048 |
||
N |
1345 |
323 |
1729 |
1362 |
3158 |
||
Women |
No Job |
.181 |
.193 |
.222 |
.239 |
.164 |
|
No Need |
.060 |
.278 |
.258 |
.259 |
.354 |
||
Family |
.724 |
.503 |
.508 |
.456 |
.465 |
||
N |
116 |
187 |
563 |
2032 |
5675 |
||
1995 |
Men |
No Job |
.302 |
.197 |
.324 |
.162 |
.225 |
No Need |
.328 |
.432 |
.291 |
.281 |
.335 |
||
Family |
.042 |
.028 |
.023 |
.043 |
.057 |
||
N |
2193 |
773 |
3822 |
3226 |
5363 |
||
Women |
No Job |
.366 |
.362 |
.202 |
.229 |
.157 |
|
No Need |
.414 |
.298 |
.331 |
.430 |
.425 |
||
Family |
.493 |
.431 |
.432 |
.487 |
.540 |
||
N |
292 |
420 |
673 |
2591 |
8016 |
TABLE B-11 Reasons for Part-Time Employment, by Field, Cohort, Sex, and Year of Survey
|
Older |
Middle |
Younger |
|||||
Men |
Women |
Men |
Women |
Men |
Women |
|||
1989 |
Engineering |
No Job |
.248 |
.833 |
.352 |
.000 |
.503 |
.175 |
No Need |
.371 |
.000 |
.486 |
.179 |
.252 |
.025 |
||
Family |
.190 |
.167 |
.000 |
.821 |
.112 |
.750 |
||
N |
210 |
6 |
640 |
28 |
143 |
80 |
||
Mathematics |
No Job |
.182 |
.200 |
.000 |
.215 |
.246 |
.174 |
|
No Need |
.477 |
.350 |
.552 |
.369 |
.261 |
.163 |
||
Family |
.000 |
.450 |
.448 |
.415 |
.043 |
.609 |
||
N |
88 |
20 |
29 |
65 |
69 |
92 |
||
Physical Sciences |
No Job |
.517 |
.338 |
.499 |
.161 |
.538 |
.230 |
|
No Need |
.383 |
.442 |
.298 |
.327 |
.321 |
.071 |
||
Family |
.083 |
.182 |
.100 |
.528 |
.011 |
.690 |
||
N |
540 |
77 |
379 |
199 |
184 |
239 |
||
Life Sciences |
No Job |
.173 |
.225 |
.356 |
.240 |
.713 |
.242 |
|
No Need |
.631 |
.376 |
.413 |
.247 |
.226 |
.191 |
||
Family |
.000 |
.281 |
.054 |
.479 |
.041 |
.544 |
||
N |
214 |
306 |
315 |
691 |
442 |
937 |
||
Social/ Behavioral Sciences |
No Job |
.202 |
.159 |
.358 |
.158 |
.343 |
.172 |
|
No Need |
.684 |
.623 |
.512 |
.393 |
.345 |
.295 |
||
Family |
.063 |
.118 |
.063 |
.449 |
.040 |
.520 |
||
N |
509 |
321 |
869 |
1673 |
856 |
3539 |
||
1995 |
Engineering |
No Job |
.308 |
.375 |
.633 |
.281 |
.610 |
.415 |
No Need |
.375 |
.125 |
.076 |
.500 |
.346 |
.421 |
||
Family |
.104 |
.625 |
.080 |
.677 |
.000 |
.360 |
||
N |
672 |
32 |
275 |
96 |
205 |
164 |
||
Mathematics |
No Job |
.256 |
.302 |
.076 |
.378 |
.515 |
.516 |
|
No Need |
.463 |
.465 |
.335 |
.341 |
.400 |
.000 |
||
Family |
.060 |
.221 |
.000 |
.586 |
.038 |
.161 |
||
N |
285 |
86 |
158 |
249 |
130 |
62 |
||
Physical Sciences |
No Job |
.509 |
.196 |
.762 |
.128 |
.741 |
.343 |
|
No Need |
.196 |
.723 |
.053 |
.370 |
.211 |
.197 |
||
Family |
.066 |
.438 |
.062 |
.716 |
.000 |
.292 |
||
N |
745 |
112 |
341 |
243 |
464 |
233 |
||
Life Sciences |
No Job |
.291 |
.266 |
.619 |
.182 |
.469 |
.327 |
|
No Need |
.180 |
.405 |
.164 |
.476 |
.197 |
.385 |
||
Family |
.029 |
.350 |
.044 |
.627 |
.114 |
.512 |
||
N |
611 |
692 |
226 |
1071 |
290 |
633 |
||
Social/ Behavioral Sciences |
No Job |
.214 |
.162 |
.378 |
.136 |
.495 |
.185 |
|
No Need |
.291 |
.473 |
.303 |
.428 |
.126 |
.365 |
||
Family |
.050 |
.404 |
.164 |
.625 |
.000 |
.603 |
||
N |
1342 |
1756 |
1137 |
3289 |
541 |
2522 |
TABLE B-12 Predicted Probabilities of Working, by Familial Status and Year of Survey. Based on Multinomial Logit Analyses of Labor Force Participation Status
|
Full Time in Science |
Full Time Outside Science |
Part Time |
Seeking Work |
Not Seeking Work |
||
Men |
1979 |
Single |
.894 |
.053 |
.029 |
.017 |
.008 |
Married |
.920 |
.057 |
.016 |
.005 |
.002 |
||
Older Children |
.927 |
.058 |
.010 |
.004 |
.001 |
||
Younger Children |
.921 |
.060 |
.015 |
.003 |
.001 |
||
1989 |
Single |
.888 |
.075 |
.019 |
.012 |
.006 |
|
Married |
.911 |
.070 |
.012 |
.005 |
.002 |
||
Older Children |
.920 |
.069 |
.006 |
.004 |
.001 |
||
Younger Children |
.925 |
.061 |
.010 |
.003 |
.001 |
||
1995 |
Single |
.854 |
.085 |
.024 |
.023 |
.014 |
|
Married |
.907 |
.064 |
.015 |
.009 |
.006 |
||
Older Children |
.916 |
.061 |
.011 |
.008 |
.004 |
||
Younger Children |
.914 |
.061 |
.011 |
.010 |
.005 |
||
|
Full Time in Science |
Full Time Outside Science |
Part Time |
Seeking Work |
Not Seeking Work |
||
Women |
1979 |
Single |
.837 |
.083 |
.054 |
.016 |
.011 |
Married |
.770 |
.065 |
.100 |
.030 |
.035 |
||
Older Children |
.674 |
.058 |
.169 |
.027 |
.071 |
||
Younger Children |
.559 |
.051 |
.198 |
.044 |
.148 |
||
1989 |
Single |
.860 |
.088 |
.034 |
.011 |
.008 |
|
Married |
.804 |
.081 |
.077 |
.017 |
.021 |
||
Older Children |
.697 |
.074 |
.152 |
.017 |
.061 |
||
Younger Children |
.642 |
.061 |
.192 |
.019 |
.087 |
||
1995 |
Single |
.822 |
.115 |
.037 |
.013 |
.013 |
|
Married |
.789 |
.096 |
.067 |
.011 |
.037 |
||
Older Children |
.714 |
.089 |
.124 |
.010 |
.062 |
||
Younger Children |
.646 |
.068 |
.167 |
.013 |
.106 |
TABLE B-13 1979 Mean Work Experience, by Sex, Year of Ph.D., and Marital Status
|
Men |
Women |
||||||||||||||
Total |
Single |
Married without Children |
Children at Home |
Total |
Single |
Married without Children |
Cat Home hildren |
|||||||||
Ph.D. Year. |
Mean |
n |
Mean |
n |
Mean |
n |
Mean |
n |
Mean |
n |
Mean |
n |
Mean |
n |
Mean |
n |
57 |
21.9 |
2704 |
21.7 |
293 |
21.9 |
1352 |
21.9 |
1059 |
20.7 |
199 |
21.8 |
91 |
20.9 |
68 |
17.6 |
40 |
58 |
20.6 |
4115 |
20.4 |
428 |
20.7 |
1330 |
20.7 |
2357 |
18.8 |
268 |
20.6 |
122 |
18.7 |
58 |
16.3 |
88 |
59 |
19.7 |
4144 |
18.7 |
496 |
19.9 |
1352 |
19.7 |
2296 |
17.6 |
273 |
19.6 |
98 |
18.2 |
58 |
15.6 |
117 |
60 |
18.8 |
4439 |
18.6 |
485 |
18.9 |
1055 |
18.8 |
2899 |
16.9 |
300 |
17.9 |
164 |
17.6 |
59 |
14.2 |
77 |
61 |
17.7 |
5304 |
17.8 |
607 |
17.6 |
1296 |
17.8 |
3401 |
16.1 |
326 |
17.5 |
161 |
17.6 |
75 |
12.3 |
90 |
62 |
16.4 |
5282 |
16.0 |
544 |
16.9 |
1201 |
16.3 |
3537 |
15.2 |
391 |
16.9 |
155 |
16.7 |
81 |
12.6 |
155 |
63 |
15.6 |
5886 |
14.9 |
453 |
15.7 |
1044 |
15.6 |
4389 |
13.6 |
563 |
14.7 |
215 |
15.4 |
100 |
12.0 |
248 |
64 |
14.6 |
6951 |
14.7 |
746 |
14.3 |
1123 |
14.7 |
5082 |
13.2 |
557 |
14.3 |
195 |
13.0 |
115 |
12.3 |
247 |
65 |
13.7 |
7657 |
13.6 |
770 |
13.8 |
1223 |
13.6 |
5664 |
12.3 |
699 |
13.4 |
261 |
13.1 |
129 |
10.9 |
309 |
66 |
12.8 |
9343 |
12.8 |
1335 |
12.9 |
1544 |
12.7 |
6464 |
11.2 |
863 |
12.4 |
288 |
12.1 |
156 |
10.0 |
419 |
67 |
11.8 |
9417 |
11.7 |
880 |
11.9 |
1302 |
11.8 |
7235 |
10.2 |
1022 |
11.5 |
343 |
11.6 |
147 |
8.9 |
532 |
68 |
10.7 |
10146 |
10.9 |
1410 |
10.8 |
1033 |
10.7 |
7703 |
9.4 |
1044 |
10.2 |
388 |
10.6 |
194 |
8.3 |
462 |
69 |
9.6 |
11793 |
9.4 |
1829 |
9.6 |
1370 |
9.7 |
8594 |
8.6 |
1246 |
9.0 |
421 |
9.0 |
302 |
7.9 |
523 |
70 |
8.7 |
12846 |
8.5 |
2188 |
8.8 |
1543 |
8.7 |
9115 |
7.9 |
1339 |
8.4 |
508 |
8.4 |
273 |
7.2 |
558 |
71 |
7.7 |
14044 |
7.5 |
1904 |
7.6 |
2017 |
7.8 |
10123 |
7.3 |
1674 |
7.6 |
503 |
7.7 |
439 |
6.8 |
732 |
72 |
6.7 |
13066 |
6.5 |
1907 |
6.7 |
2006 |
6.8 |
9153 |
6.2 |
2022 |
6.3 |
709 |
6.3 |
529 |
6.0 |
784 |
73 |
5.6 |
11630 |
5.4 |
1725 |
5.4 |
1789 |
5.7 |
8116 |
5.4 |
1937 |
5.7 |
647 |
5.4 |
448 |
5.2 |
842 |
74 |
4.8 |
11892 |
4.7 |
2318 |
4.7 |
2334 |
4.9 |
7240 |
4.5 |
2216 |
4.7 |
927 |
4.5 |
505 |
4.3 |
784 |
75 |
3.8 |
11037 |
3.8 |
2689 |
3.8 |
2134 |
3.8 |
6214 |
3.6 |
2509 |
3.7 |
913 |
3.5 |
782 |
3.5 |
814 |
76 |
2.8 |
10003 |
2.8 |
2461 |
2.6 |
2223 |
2.9 |
5319 |
2.8 |
2379 |
2.8 |
1054 |
2.8 |
544 |
2.7 |
781 |
77 |
1.9 |
10808 |
1.8 |
2872 |
1.9 |
3446 |
1.9 |
4490 |
1.9 |
2514 |
1.9 |
995 |
1.9 |
615 |
1.9 |
904 |
78 |
1.0 |
6862 |
0.9 |
1876 |
1.0 |
1852 |
1.0 |
3134 |
0.9 |
1804 |
1.0 |
667 |
0.9 |
552 |
0.9 |
585 |
TABLE B-14 1989 Mean Work Experience, by Sex, Year of Ph.D., and Marital Status
|
Men |
Women |
||||||||||||||
Total |
Single |
Married without Children |
Children at Home |
Total |
Single |
Married without Children |
Cat Home hildren |
|||||||||
Ph.D. Year. |
Mean |
n |
Mean |
n |
Mean |
n |
Mean |
n |
Mean |
n |
Mean |
n |
Mean |
n |
Mean |
n |
67 |
21.4 |
10083 |
21.0 |
1326 |
21.6 |
5870 |
21.0 |
2887 |
18.2 |
1002 |
20.3 |
336 |
18.0 |
472 |
15.3 |
194 |
68 |
20.3 |
12044 |
20.2 |
1334 |
20.3 |
6902 |
20.4 |
3808 |
17.5 |
1071 |
18.6 |
370 |
17.9 |
422 |
15.2 |
279 |
69 |
19.4 |
13321 |
19.1 |
1056 |
19.4 |
7146 |
19.5 |
5119 |
17.4 |
1265 |
18.4 |
424 |
17.0 |
488 |
16.9 |
353 |
70 |
18.2 |
14773 |
17.6 |
1888 |
18.3 |
6891 |
18.4 |
5994 |
16.4 |
1469 |
17.8 |
562 |
15.6 |
550 |
15.5 |
357 |
71 |
17.5 |
15462 |
17.5 |
1491 |
17.4 |
7215 |
17.7 |
6756 |
15.9 |
1946 |
16.3 |
622 |
16.3 |
816 |
15.0 |
508 |
72 |
16.4 |
14738 |
16.1 |
1807 |
16.5 |
6694 |
16.2 |
6237 |
15.1 |
2180 |
16.0 |
669 |
15.3 |
906 |
13.8 |
605 |
73 |
15.3 |
13656 |
14.8 |
1823 |
15.6 |
5004 |
15.3 |
6829 |
14.0 |
2387 |
14.5 |
731 |
13.9 |
872 |
13.6 |
784 |
74 |
14.4 |
14637 |
14.0 |
1810 |
14.4 |
5793 |
14.4 |
7034 |
13.5 |
2495 |
13.7 |
782 |
14.1 |
848 |
12.6 |
865 |
75 |
13.5 |
12904 |
12.9 |
1561 |
13.6 |
4081 |
13.6 |
7262 |
12.0 |
2830 |
13.2 |
829 |
11.6 |
991 |
11.4 |
1010 |
76 |
12.4 |
11995 |
11.6 |
1964 |
12.4 |
3539 |
12.5 |
6492 |
11.5 |
3009 |
11.9 |
918 |
11.6 |
936 |
11.1 |
1155 |
77 |
11.3 |
13865 |
10.7 |
1781 |
11.5 |
4499 |
11.4 |
7585 |
10.5 |
3024 |
11.0 |
843 |
11.1 |
1007 |
9.7 |
1174 |
78 |
10.4 |
12763 |
10.1 |
1806 |
10.4 |
3497 |
10.5 |
7460 |
9.3 |
3601 |
9.6 |
1022 |
9.6 |
1092 |
8.9 |
1487 |
79 |
9.5 |
12094 |
9.1 |
1871 |
9.6 |
3472 |
9.6 |
6751 |
8.8 |
3703 |
9.2 |
1217 |
9.0 |
1202 |
8.4 |
1284 |
80 |
8.5 |
12823 |
8.2 |
1850 |
8.5 |
3681 |
8.5 |
7292 |
8.0 |
4085 |
8.4 |
1305 |
7.9 |
1081 |
7.8 |
1699 |
81 |
7.6 |
12190 |
7.5 |
1830 |
7.6 |
2941 |
7.7 |
7419 |
7.1 |
4172 |
7.6 |
1393 |
7.2 |
1133 |
6.5 |
1646 |
82 |
6.6 |
12244 |
6.4 |
2424 |
6.4 |
3257 |
6.7 |
6563 |
6.1 |
4524 |
6.2 |
1182 |
6.2 |
1498 |
5.9 |
1844 |
83 |
5.4 |
12311 |
5.2 |
2543 |
5.3 |
3281 |
5.6 |
6487 |
5.0 |
4799 |
5.4 |
1340 |
5.2 |
1421 |
4.7 |
2038 |
84 |
4.6 |
11580 |
4.4 |
2865 |
4.8 |
2916 |
4.6 |
5799 |
4.3 |
4578 |
4.5 |
1502 |
4.5 |
1350 |
3.8 |
1726 |
85 |
3.7 |
11810 |
3.6 |
3075 |
3.6 |
3436 |
3.8 |
5299 |
3.5 |
4906 |
3.7 |
1916 |
3.4 |
1333 |
3.4 |
1657 |
86 |
2.7 |
11740 |
2.7 |
3379 |
2.7 |
3523 |
2.8 |
4838 |
2.6 |
5249 |
2.7 |
1656 |
2.6 |
2122 |
2.4 |
1471 |
87 |
1.8 |
12700 |
1.8 |
4224 |
1.9 |
3763 |
1.8 |
4713 |
1.7 |
5519 |
1.8 |
2117 |
1.8 |
2031 |
1.6 |
1371 |
88 |
1.1 |
7062 |
1.0 |
2371 |
1.1 |
2418 |
1.1 |
2273 |
1.0 |
3011 |
1.0 |
1155 |
1.0 |
1134 |
0.9 |
722 |