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A
Ab initio training, 6, 89, 90-92
comparison with other training pathways, 92-98
prospects, 98
for curriculum standardization, 111
rationale, 111
recommendations for, 7, 111-112
Affirmative action, 118-119
Agricultural pilots, 40
Air taxis, 25-26
pilot compensation, 40
Air traffic controller's strike, 108
Airframe and powerplant technician, 43, 81
Airline Deregulation Act, 13, 23
Airline transport pilot, 41-42
Airports
intermodal transportation system, 27-28
numbers of, 27
projections for growth, 100-101
Airway science program
appropriations, 108
current status, 109-110
curriculum development, 110
in expanding workforce diversity, 109
failure of, 108
growth of, 108
origins of, 107
rationale, 107
specializations, 107-108
in standardization of training curricula, 108-109
Aviation industry
ab initio training programs, 6, 89, 90-92
aircraft size, 100-101
benefits of airway science program for, 108-109
classification system, 24-27
collaboration for training, 103-104, 106, 110-111, 112
in collegiate accreditation system, 7, 111-112
commercial market, 25
economic significance, 28-30
gender-neutral terminology, 125
general aviation market, 27
hiring patterns, 33-35
historical development, 18-24
in intermodal transportation system, 27-28
local service airlines, 21, 22
market characteristics, 13, 18, 22-23, 99
minority participation, 116-117
participation in training, 102-103, 105, 106-107, 110-113
partnerships for increasing workforce diversity, 122-125
projected workforce needs, 99-100, 105
recent history, 13-14
relations between carriers, 26-27
responsiveness to economic conditions, 3, 30
supplemental carriers, 21
wage and salary trends, 36-40
willingness to increase workforce diversity, 147-151
worker supply and demand, 50-52, 105
workforce characteristics, 2-4, 15, 16, 18, 28, 29, 30-33
Aviation maintenance technician (transport), 44, 83
Aviation maintenance technicians, 3, 43-44, 102, 125
collegiate training, 83-84
See also Technicians
Aviation repair specialist, 44
B
Black-McKellar Act, 19-20
C
Certificated carriers
definition and characteristics, 25
employment, 31-33
historical development, 20-22
Certification and licensing, 15
airline qualifications and, 7-8, 112-113
flight instructors/schools, 79
flight time requirements, 112-113
government role, 52
for minorities and women, 115-116
on-the-job training and, 78
recommendations for, 7-8, 112-113
Civil Aeronautics Board, 20-22, 23
Collegiate aviation training, 6
alternative programs, 89-90
career outcomes, 88-89
comparison with other training pathways, 92-98
costs, 139-140
current characteristics, 81, 82-83, 84
enrollment/graduation data, 84-88
FAA certification and, 7-8, 112-113
historical development, 81-82, 105-106
industry collaboration, 103-104, 106-107, 110-112
loans and subsidies, 139-141
outreach to underrepresented groups, 122
pilot quality, 96
recommendations for, 7, 9, 111, 112
specialized pilot programs, 90
standardization, 7, 106, 110-111
for technicians, 83-84
women in, 87-88
Commuter air carriers, 25-26
Compensation for aviation workers, 3
formula for pilots, 20
industry comparison, 37-39
trends, 36-40
Contract Mail Act of 1925, 19
Corporate aircraft, 40
airway science program appropriations, 108
as barrier to increasing diversity, 139-142
college loans and subsidies, 139-141
comparison of training pathways, 92, 94
paid by trainee, 89, 91, 94-95, 141
recommendations for financial assistance, 10, 141-142
Council on Aviation Accreditation, 110, 111
Crew resource management, 96, 106
D
origins of, 23
outcomes, 23-24
Discriminatory employment practices, 11
glass ceiling, 148-151
historical patterns, 44, 115-117
legal prohibition, 117-118
Diversity of workforce
academic competencies of underrepresented groups, 10, 128-129, 131 , 136-139
affirmative action oversight, 118-119
aviation industry commitment to, 147-148, 151
comparison of training pathways as contributing to, 92, 95, 96
cost of training as obstacle to, 139-142
current concerns, 1, 2, 3-4, 14, 17, 114-115
developing interest of underrepresented groups in aviation, 8-9, 119, 120-128
effects of airway science program, 109
historical patterns, 8, 14, 44, 114, 115-119
implications of military downsizing, 4, 61-62, 69-75
industry comparisons, 45
legal issues, 117-118
in military aviation, 4, 53-54
partnerships for promoting, 122-125
pilot selection criteria and, 142-147
prospects, 113
public image of aviation industry and, 125-128
rationale for increasing, 2, 8, 114
recommendations for increasing, 8-11, 121, 122, 124-125, 128, 138-139, 141, 142, 147, 151
strategies for increasing, 119
student-paid training as obstacle to, 95, 96
in upper management, 148-151
E
Education and training for aviation careers
accreditation systems, 7, 110, 111
adaptability to industry needs, 97, 98-105
barriers to minority participation, 10-11, 139
basic academic competencies, 10, 128-131
career continuum, 51
career opportunities information, 123-125
certification for mechanics, 42-44
collegiate-industry collaboration, 7, 103-104, 106, 112
comparison of pathways, 92-98
as contributing to workforce diversity, 92, 95, 96
current enrollment, 15
employment market and, 80-81
financial assistance, 10, 141-142
framework for assessing effectiveness of, 92
freestanding schools for, 79, 80, 81
future prospects, 5, 6-7, 97-98
government participation, 107
industry participation, 102-103, 105, 106-107, 110-113
for minorities and women, historical development of, 115-116
minority preparation in elementary/secondary school, 131-134
outcome prediction, 144-146
outreach to underrepresented groups, 8-9, 119, 120-122
pilot licensing requirements, 40-42, 79-80
pilot quality, 95
pilot selection criteria, 10-11, 42, 51, 79, 142-147
projected workforce needs, 99-102
public perception problems, 126-128
range of employment opportunities, 125-126
reliance on military-prepared candidates, 76-77
technological adaptability, 97, 106
transitional training, 80
See also Airway science program;
Collegiate aviation training;
Elementary/secondary school education;
Military training
Elementary/secondary school education, 127-128
gender differences in math and science preparation, 135-136
interventions with underrepresented groups, 136-139
minority exposure to math and science, 131-134
teacher attitudes toward minority achievement, 134-135
F
Fares
deregulation effects, 23-24
regulation of, 22
Federal Aviation Administration, 24
basic educational/informational activities, 123-125
certification, 3, 5, 15, 25, 51, 78, 112-113
certification for mechanics, 7-8, 40-44
commercial aviation classifications, 24, 25-27
in development of accreditation system, 112
employment, 30
flight school/instructor certification, 79
partnerships for increasing workforce diversity, 122-123
recommendations for, 7-8, 112-113
See also Airway science program
Feeder carriers, 26-27
Financial assistance, 10, 141-142
First officers. See Copilot
Fixed-base operators, 27
Flight instructors, 79
Foreign airlines, 6
Foreign-trained personnel, 5, 6, 78
comparison with other training pathways, 92-98
projections, 98
G
General aviation, 27
Glass ceiling, 148-151
H
K
Kelly Act. See Contract Mail Act of 1925
L
Labor unions, 15
Local service airlines, 21, 22
M
Mail service, 19-20
Management workforce
data sources, 15
Manufacturing industry, 30
foreign hires, 78
hiring patterns, 35
terminology, 125
wage trends, 36-37
workforce diversity, 44, 45-47
See also Technicians
Military downsizing
capacity of civilian system to make up for, 98-99, 102, 103
distribution of aviation-related positions, 57-59
diversity of enlistment and, 69
implications for worker supply, 2, 4, 14, 17, 53-54, 76
implications for workforce diversity, 2, 4, 14, 17, 61-62, 69-75
trends, 59-60
Military training
advantages, 6
airline hiring patterns, 54-57
aviation enrollment trends, 59-60
aviation industry reliance on, 76-77
collegiate training and, 82
comparison with other training pathways, 92-98
distribution of aviation-related positions, 57
diversity of trainee population, 4, 53-54, 68-69
historical contribution to civilian aviation, 54
minority enrollment, 62-63, 115, 116
pilot quality, 96-97
pilot selection procedures, 142-146
projections for pilots, 60-61
Minorities
in airway science program, 109
elementary/secondary school math and science, 131-134
in military aviation, 4, 53-54, 115, 116
military enlistment trends, 62-63, 69
participation in aviation industry, 1, 3-4, 115
student-paid training as obstacle to employment, 95, 96
teacher expectations, 134-135
See also Diversity of workforce
O
comparison with other training pathways, 92-98
future prospects, 98
for pilots, 78-81
Outsourcing, 33
P
Pell grants, 139-140
Pilots
collegiate training, 81-83, 85-90
continuum of training, 51
foreign hires, 78
gender-neutral terminology, 125
job task analysis skills, 145
licensing requirements, 40-42, 79-80
military backgrounds, 4, 54-57
military downsizing, 59, 60-61, 69
military enlistment, trends in, 59-60, 69
minorities in military, 63, 69
minority and women, historical development of, 115-119
nonairline, 40
numbers of, 2
personality characteristics, 145-146
quality assessment, 95-96
selection criteria, 10-11, 42, 51, 142-147
women in military, 65-69
worker supply and demand, 50-51, 105
workforce characteristics, 16, 30-31, 33
workforce diversity, 4, 44, 45-47
workforce projections, 99-103
See also Education and training for aviation careers
Post Office, 19-20
Productivity, 22-23
pilot, 101-102
Public perception and understanding, 9
aviation image problems, 125-126
developing minority group interest in aviation, 8-9, 119, 120-121
educational efforts for improving, 123-125
of industry hiring criteria, 10-11, 142
of technical/vocational education, 126-128
R
Regulatory environment
affirmative action oversight, 118-119
civil rights law, 117-118
commercial aviation classification, 25-27
competition, 20-21
current, 52
fare control, 22
historical development, 19-22
historical practice, 13, 16-17
S
Science education, 10
Student loans, 139-141
Supplemental carriers, 21
T
Technicians
airframe and powerplant, 43, 81
certification, 42-44
collegiate training, 81, 83-84
military enlistment, historical patterns of, 59-60
military training for, 57
minorities in military, 63, 69
numbers of, 2
on-the-job training, 5, 78, 81
school training for, 81, 83-84
worker supply and demand, 50-51, 105
workforce diversity, 4
workforce projections, 102
See also Aviation maintenance technicians;
Mechanics
Technological developments, 23
airway science program training for, 107-108
basic academic competencies for, 128-129
comparative adaptability of training pathways, 97
implications for training, 106
implications for workforce, 51
job titles and, 125
need for human factors research, 145
Transitional training, 80, 104, 141-142
W
Wages. See Compensation for aviation workers
Watres Act, 19
Women
in aviation industry, 1, 3-4, 15, 44, 46-47, 115, 116, 117, 118
in collegiate aviation programs, 87-88
math and science education, 135-139
in military, 4, 53-54, 63-69, 116
See also Diversity of workforce