Index
A
Accelerated Research Initiatives (ARIs), 25
Acceleration Mass Spectrometer (AMS) facility, 55
Acoustic Dopper Current Profilers (ADCPs), 55
Advance and Primary Opportunities in Physical Oceanography Studies (APROPOS), 80
Advisory Committee for the Ocean Science Program, 86
Agencies. See Federal agencies; individual agencies
AGOR-23 class vessels, 76
Allocation decisions, 67
American Geophysical Union (AGU), 14, 86
American Society of Limnology and Oceanography (ASLO), 14
Announcements of Opportunity (AOs), 44, 65-66
Anthropogenic influence, growing awareness of, 21, 86
Arabian Sea process study, 94
Atlantic Climate Change Program, 94
Atmospheric Sciences Division (ATM). See National Science Foundation
Autonomous Lagrangian Circulation Explorer (ALACE), 55
Autonomous vehicles (AUVs), 58
B
Background Questionnaire, 116-119
Balanced Budget Act of 1997, 36
Bermuda Atlantic Time-Series Study (BATS), 51, 57
Biological Oceanography, discipline of, 28
Biotechnical Investigations--Ocean Margins Program (BI-OMP), 28
Briscoe, Melbourne, 24-25
Broido, Michelle S., 27-28
Budgetary information, 10-11
Summary Budget Data, 128-136
C
Cable systems, 58
Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center (CDIAC), 44, 139
Central Equatorial Pacific Experiment (CEPEX)
Challenger expedition, 17
Chemical Oceanography, discipline of, 22
Classroom programs, 60-61
Climate: Long-Range Investigation, Mapping, and Prediction (CLIMAP) , 19
Climate Diagnostics and Experimental Prediction Centers, 77
Climate forecasting, 5, 26, 49
Climate Research Committee (CRC), 84-85
Climate Variability and Predictability Programme (CLIVAR), 12-13, 14, 38
origin and evolution of, 86
CLIVAR--A Study of Climate Variability and Predictability, 86
CLIVAR--Decadal to Centennial (CLIVAR-DecCen), 86
CLIVAR on Anthropogenic Climate Change (CLIVAR-ACC), 86
CLIVAR on Global Ocean-Atmosphere-Land System (CLIVAR-GOALS), 86
Coastal Ocean Processes (CoOP) program, 11-12, 14, 21, 41, 42-45, 54, 86
origin and evolution of, 86
and technology, 55-56
Coastal Ocean Program (COP). See National Ocean Service
Coastal Physical Oceanography (CoPO), 86
Coastal pollution, 7
Coastal programs, increase in, 77
Coastal Upwelling and Ecosystem Analysis (CUEA), 19, 21
Cold War, 18
Collateral performance support, 24
Collegiality. See Oceanographic research community
Committee on Climate Changes and the Ocean (CCCO), 85
Committee on Major U.S. Oceanographic Research Programs, 1, 8
approach of, 10-16
formation of, 36
task statement, 9
Committees of Visitors, 10, 15, 30, 63, 67
Communication, enhancing, 5
Conductivity, temperature, and depth (CTD) groups, 56
Congress, 22
Consensus building, 6
Consortium for Oceanographic Research and Education (CORE), 15, 61
Contingencies, developing mechanisms to deal with, 3, 71-74
Continuing Quest: Large-scale Ocean Science for the Future, The, 35, 90
Coordination
enhancing, 5
increasing need for, 6
CO2 Survey, 28
Coupled Ocean-Atmosphere Response Experiment (COARE), 23, 49, 73-74
data-submission policies for, 142
Creativity, 8
D
Dahlem Conferences, 81
Data assimilation and synthesis, need to enhance, 4
Data information units (DIUs), 49
Data management, 78-79
Data sets, 44
identifying, 10-11
as legacy, 49-52
policy for, 137-143
preserving access to, 2
value of, 2
Data synthesis capabilities, need to enhance, 4
Deep-Sea Drilling Program (DSDP), 18, 60, 85
Direct performance support, 24
Dissolved oxygen sensor technology, 50
Division of Ocean Sciences (OCE). See National Science Foundation/Ocean Sciences Division
E
Earth Science Division (EAR). See National Science Foundation
Education
advances in, 2
facilities for, 59
El Niño and the Southern Oscillation--A Scientific Plan, 84-85
El Niño/Southern Oscillation (ENSO), 54-55, 81, 93, 149
Emergence of a United Ocean Sciences, 85-86
Environmental Geochemistry and Biogeochemistry (EGB) program, 29
Environmental Research Laboratories (ERL). See Office of Oceanographic and Atmospheric Research
EOS (scholarly journal), 14
Ewing, Maurice, 88
F
Facilities, 56-57
new and improved, 2-3
sharing, 6
Federal agencies, recommendations to, 4-5, 15
Federal funding for ocean science, 129-130
trends in, 31-32
Field programs, coordinating, 40-43
Fisheries, decline in, 2
Fleet Improvement Plan (FIP), 58
Flexibility, importance of maintaining, 4
Forums. See Town meetings
French-American Undersea Study (FAMOUS), 21
Future of Marine Geology and Geophysics (FUMAGES), 80
Future of Ocean Chemistry in the United States (FOCUS), 80
G
Geochemical Ocean Sections (GEOSECS), 19, 21, 87-88
Geosciences Directorate. See National Science Foundation
Global Change Research Program, 14
Global environmental issues, emphasis placed on, 5
Global Ocean-Atmosphere-Land System (GOALS), 86
Global Ocean Ecosystems Dynamics (GLOBEC) program, 11-12, 14, 33-34, 39-44, 45, 54, 60, 156
data-submission policies for, 141
origin and evolution of, 86
publications from, 146
Global Ocean Flux Study (GOFS), 85
Global Ocean Observing System (GOOS), 75
Gordon Conferences, 81
Graduate education, 61-62
Gray, Judith, 25-27
Greenhouse gases, 29
concentration changes buffered in ocean, 2
H
Hawaii Ocean Time-Series (HOTS), 49, 52, 57, 157
Hydrowire, 14
I
Impacts, 49-71
Improved Meteorological Package (IMET), 55
Individual creativity, 8
Information
identifying, 11
Infrastructure, gaps in, 76-79
Interdisciplinary research activities, 4-6, 46, 68, 100-102
Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission (IOC), 70
International Council of Scientific Unions (ICSU), 70
International Decade of Ocean Exploration (IDOE), 18-21, 35-36, 60 , 75
programs involving, 87-89
International Geophysical Year (IGY), 18
International Geosphere-Biosphere Programme (IGBP), 14, 70, 85
International Research Institute (IRI), 77
International Southern Ocean Studies (ISOS), 21
Inter-program planning. See Strategic planning
J
Jennings, Feenan, 18
Joint Global Ocean Flux Study (JGOFS) program, 11-12, 14, 21, 23, 29, 37, 39-42, 44, 51-54, 60, 153-158
data-submission policies for, 141-142
origin and evolution of, 85, 94-95
publications from, 145
and technology, 56
and unexpected events, 73
Joint Oceanographic Institutions (JOI), 61, 85, 87
Joint Scientific Committee (JSC), 85
Journal of Geophysical Research (JGR), 148
L
Lagrangian drifters and floats, 55
Land Margin Ecosystem Research (LMER), 29
Leadership, greater involvement of, 46
Legacies, 48-70
Lessons from existing programs, 44-47, 97-100
Life in Extreme Environments (LEXEN), 29
Lindstrom, Eric, 23
Long-range science plans, 3
Long-Range Science Plans (LRPs), 45
Long-time series observations, 8, 74-75
operationalizing, 3-4
M
Major oceanographic programs (MOPs). See Oceanographic research
Management styles, 46
Manganese Nodule Project (MANOP), 19, 88
MARGINS program, 102
Marine food webs, 48
Marine Geology and Geophysics (MG&G), disciplines of, 22
Merz, Alfred, 17
Mid-Ocean Dynamics Experiment (MODE), 21
eddies division (POLYMODE), 21
Mid Ocean Ridge (MOR), 73
Mission to Planet Earth (MTPE). See National Aeronautics and Space Administration
Modeling
coordinating with observation, 4, 93-95
need to enhance, 4
"Mountains to Monsoons" (CD-ROM), 60
Multi-channel seismic (MCS) systems, 55, 154
Multi-investigator projects, 5, 77
Multivariate time series, 74
N
National Academy of Engineering (NAE), 18, 35
National Academy of Sciences (NAS), Committee on Oceanography (NASCO) , 18, 31, 34-36
National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), 14, 23, 27, 154
Mission to Planet Earth (MTPE), 23
Tropical Rainfall Measurement Mission, 23
National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP), 149
National Climatic Data Center (NCDC), 44, 139
National Environmental Satellite Data and Information Service (NESDIS) , 25-26, 138
National Geophysical Data Center (NGDC), 45, 139
National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS), 25, 156
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), 14, 25-27, 40, 57, 75, 77, 94, 138, 156
National Oceanographic Data Center (NODC), 4, 26, 44, 78-79, 138
National Ocean Service (NOS), 25
Coastal Ocean Program (COP), 26
National Research Council (NRC), 1, 8, 36, 62, 81, 84, 87
National Science Board, 20
National Science Foundation (NSF), 9, 19-22, 27, 73
Advisory Committee on Geosciences, 10
Atmospheric Sciences Division (ATM), 102
creating new interdisciplinary unit within, 5-6, 100-102
creation of, 18
Division of National and International Programs, 18
Earth Science Division (EAR), 102
future of ocean science funding at, 15, 63-68, 96-102
Geosciences Directorate, 29, 102
programs involving, 84-87
recommendations to, 62
National Science Foundation/Ocean Sciences Division (NSF/OCE), 1, 3-6, 22-31, 33, 41, 42, 51, 80.
See also Committees of Visitors;
Oceanographic Centers and Facilities Section;
Oceanographic Sciences Research Section
focus initiatives of, 28-29
formation of, 18
and funding, 63-68, 128, 131-132
policy statement for, 137-143
recommendations to, 8-10, 14-16, 82
role of, 96-97
National Snow and Ice Data Center (NSIDC), 45, 139
National Weather Service (NWS), 25
Newsletters, 14
North Atlantic Oscillation, 81
North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) Institutes, 81
North Pacific Experiment (NORPAX), 19, 21
North Pacific subtropical gyre, 49
NSF/OCE. See National Science Foundation
O
OAR. See Office of Oceanographic and Atmospheric Research
Ocean Drilling Program (ODP), 10-11, 13, 18, 22, 28, 39, 44, 54, 55, 59-60, 154
data-submission policies for, 142-143
origin and evolution of, 85
publications from, 146-148
Ocean Ecology: Understanding and Vision for Research (OEUVRE), 80
Ocean Margins Program (OMP), 94
Oceanographic and Atmospheric Research (OAR). See Office of Oceanographic and Atmospheric Research
Oceanographic Centers and Facilities Section (OCFS), 22
Oceanographic research
accomplishments of, 48-70
challenges facing, 1
developing goals for, 37-40
disciplines within, 11, 22, 28, 35, 100
gaps in, 3-4, 9, 71-82, 157-158
graduate degrees in, 133
growth in, 21-22
history of, 17-21
impact on education, 59-62
innovations in, 1
major programs in, 1-3, 7-8, 10, 17-36, 83-95, 155
publications of, 144-149
textbook references to, 150-151
Oceanographic research community, 8
collegiality within, 3, 30, 62-70
high standard of scientific achievement within, 15
perception of accomplishments, 53, 59, 152-158
Oceanography in the Next Decade: Building New Partnerships,36, 70
Oceanography 1960 to 1970,31
Oceans, 80-81
commercial importance, 7
environmental importance, 7
role in climate, 2
Ocean Sciences Division. See National Science Foundation
Ocean Sciences Research Section (OSRS), 22
Ocean Studies Board (OSB), 1, 35, 80, 85
Ocean Surface Topography Experiment (TOPEX), 60
Ocean Technology and Interdisciplinary Coordination, discipline of , 28
Ocean Technology and Interdisciplinary Program, 102
Office of Global Programs (OGP), 25-26
Office of Naval Research (ONR), 9, 14, 24-25, 27
programs involving, 89-90
Office of Oceanographic and Atmospheric Research (OAR), 25
Environmental Research Laboratories (ERL), 26
Opportunities in Ocean Sciences: Challenges on the Horizon,80
P
Pacific Decadal Oscillation, 81
Passive tracer technology, 55
Penrose Conferences, 87
Physical Oceanography, discipline of, 28
Plenary sessions at meetings, 3
Policymakers, value of oceanographic research for, 21-22
POLYMODE, 21
Poseidon satellite radar altimetry mission, 23
Post-program support, 24
Precursor program support, 24
Process studies, combining, 74
Programs.
See also Oceanographic research
concluding, 99-100
implementing, 99
initiating, 98
length of, 92-93
managing, 100-102
size of, 92
structure and organization of, 91-95, 127
Public forums. See Town meetings
Q
Questionnaires, 11
Background, 116-119
Scientific Steering Committee Perspectives, 44-46, 120-125
selected responses to, 152-158
on World Wide Web, 11, 14-15, 126-127
R
Remotely operated vehicles (ROVs), 58
Report of Observations and Samples Collected on Oceanographic Programs (ROSCOP), 138
Research. See Oceanographic research
See also individual research vessels (R/Vs)
gaps in, 76-77
Reshaping the Graduate Education of Scientists and Engineers,62
Ridge Inter-Disciplinary Global Experiments (RIDGE), 11, 13-14, 21 , 39-41, 44, 54, 60, 154
origin and evolution of, 85-86
publications from, 145-146
success of, 64-66
and technology, 55-56
and unexpected events, 73
R/V Alvin,57
R/V Atlantis II, 76
R/V Ewing,154
R/V Revelle,76
R/V Thompson,76
R/V Washington,76
S
Sampling techniques, standardizing, 56
Satellites, 58
Science and technology (S&T), 24-25, 127
Science journal, 53
Sciencenet, 14
Scientific Steering Committee Perspectives Questionnaire, 120-125
selected responses to, 152-158
Scientific Steering Committees (SSCs), 4-5, 37, 45, 57-58, 74, 87
annual meetings of chairs of, 5, 46
joint appointments to, 5
role of, 91-92
sharing among, 46-47
Sea-viewing Wide Field-of-view Sensor (SeaWiFS), 23
Smithsonian Institution, 59
Sound Surveillance System (SOSUS), 73
Special Focus Programs, 25
Stommel, Henry, 87
Strategic planning, 59
coordinating across agencies, 3
Study approaches, 38, 49-50, 72, 84
Summary Budget Data, 128-137
Synoptic ocean observations, 21
Synthesis activities, coordinating, 43-44
T
Task groups, study approaches for, 38, 50-51, 72, 84
Technology, developments in, 2, 56-57
Telephonic Device for the Deaf (TDD) capabilities, 143
Time series. See Bermuda Atlantic Time-Series Study; Hawaii Ocean Time-Series; Long-time series observations
TOGA Tropical Atmosphere-Ocean (TOGA TAO) array, 54, 73, 75
Poseidon satellite radar altimetry mission, 23
Tropical Ocean Global Atmosphere (TOGA) program, 11-13, 21, 23, 39 -41, 49-55
Coupled Ocean-Atmosphere Response Experiment (COARE), 23, 49, 73-74
origin and evolution of, 84-85
Program on Prediction (T-POP), 73
publications from, 148-149
and technology, 55-56
and unexpected events, 73
Tropical Rainfall Measurement Mission. See National Aeronautics and Space Administration
U
United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), 70
U.S. Department of Commerce, 7
U.S. Department of Energy (DOE), 14, 27-28
U.S. Global Change Research Program (USGCRP), 23, 29-30, 36, 41
U.S. Science Advisory Committee (USSAC), 28, 60, 85
U.S. Science Support Program (USSSP), 28, 59
publications from, 146-148
University-National Oceanographic Laboratory Systems (UNOLS), 40, 43, 50, 57-58, 76, 95, 136, 157
Unknowns, investigating, 72
W
Weather forecasting, 26
Website questionnaire, 11, 126-127
selected responses to, 152-158
Woods Hole, Massachusetts, 18, 85
World Climate Research Program (WCRP), 13-14, 70, 85
World Meteorological Organization (WMO), 70
World Ocean Circulation Experiment (WOCE) program, 10-14, 21, 23, 27-29, 37, 39-42, 44, 49-53, 55-56, 59-60, 158
data-submission policies for, 140-141
milestones in, 69
origin and evolution of, 85
publications from, 144-145
success of, 64-69
trends in funding, 14, 33-34, 134-135
and unexpected events, 73
World War II, 17
World Wide Web