NOTICE: The project that is the subject of this report was approved by the Governing Board of the National Research Council, whose members are drawn from the councils of the National Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering, and the Institute of Medicine.
The National Academy of Sciences is a private, nonprofit, self-perpetuating society of distinguished scholars engaged in scientific and engineering research, dedicated to the furtherance of science and technology and to their use for the general welfare. Upon the authority of the charter granted to it by the Congress in 1863, the Academy has a mandate that requires it to advise the federal government on scientific and technical matters. Dr. Bruce Alberts is president of the National Academy of Sciences.
The National Academy of Engineering was established in 1964, under the charter of the National Academy of Sciences, as a parallel organization of outstanding engineers. It is autonomous in its administration and in the selection of its members, sharing with the National Academy of Sciences the responsibility for advising the federal government. The National Academy of Engineering also sponsors engineering programs aimed at meeting national needs, encourages education and research, and recognizes the superior achievement of engineers. Dr. William A.Wulf is president of the National Academy of Engineering.
The Institute of Medicine was established in 1970 by the National Academy of Sciences to secure the services of eminent members of appropriate professions in the examination of policy matters pertaining to the health of the public. The Institute acts under the responsibility given to the National Academy of Sciences by its congressional charter to be an adviser to the federal government and, upon its own initiative, to identify issues of medical care, research, and education. Dr. Kenneth I.Shine is president of the Institute of Medicine.
The National Research Council was organized by the National Academy of Sciences in 1916 to associate the broad community of science and technology with the Academy's purposes of furthering knowledge and advising the federal government. Functioning in accordance with general policies determined by the Academy, the Council has become the principal operating agency of both the National Academy of Sciences and the National Academy of Engineering in providing services to the government, the public, and the scientific and engineering communities. The Council is administered jointly by both Academies and the Institute of Medicine. Dr. Bruce Alberts and Dr. William A.Wulf are chairman and vice-chairman, respectively, of the National Research Council.
This material is based on work supported by the Bureau of the Census, under purchase order 40YABC622606; the U.S. Department of Agriculture, under purchase order no. 433K06703404; the Department of Health and Human Services, under purchase order no. 0009730126 and grant no. 1R13CA74882–01; and the National Science Foundation, under grant no. SBR-9619987. Support for this project was also provided by Ernst and Young, LLP, the Internal Revenue Service, the Office of Management and Budget's Federal Committee on Statistical Methodology, Statistics Canada, and the Washington Statistical Society. Any opinions, findings, and conclusions or recommendations expressed in this material are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the sponsors.
An electronic copy of the volume is available on the National Academy of Sciences Web site at <http://www.nap.edu>.
Copyright 1999 by the National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.
Printed in the United States of America
Committee on Applied and Theoretical Statistics
DARYL PREGIBON,
AT&T Laboratories,
Chair
RICHARD A.BERK,
University of California, Los Angeles
GEORGE W.COBB,
Mount Holyoke College
SUSAN S.ELLENBERG,
U.S. Food and Drug Administration
JOAN GARFIELD,
University of Minnesota
JAMES D.KUELBS,
University of Wisconsin
JOHN LEHOCZKY,
Carnegie Mellon University
JUDITH M.TANNER,
State University of New York, Stony Brook
ELIZABETH THOMPSON,
University of Washington
TOMMY WRIGHT,
U.S. Bureau of the Census
Staff
JOHN R.TUCKER, Program Officer
Board on Mathematical Sciences
ROBERT MacPHERSON,
Institute for Advanced Study,
Chair
LYNNE BILLARD,
University of Georgia
MARY ELLEN BOCK,
Purdue University
ROBERT FEFFERMAN,
University of Chicago
C.WILLIAM GEAR,
NEC Research Institute
FAN CHUNG GRAHAM,
University of Pennsylvania
M.SUSAN MONTGOMERY,
University of Southern California
DIANNE P.O'LEARY,
University of Maryland
ALAN S.PERELSON,
Los Alamos National Laboratory
WILLIAM R.PULLEYBLANK,
IBM T.J.Watson Research Center
DONALD ST. P.RICHARDS,
University of Virginia
DANIEL W.STROOCK,
Massachusetts Institute of Technology
DEWITT L.SUMNERS,
University of Florida
WILLIAM P.ZIEMER,
Indiana University
Ex Officio Member
DARYL PREGIBON,
AT&T Laboratories
Chair,
Committee on Applied and Theoretical Statistics
Staff
JOHN R.TUCKER, Director
RUTH E.O'BRIEN, Staff Associate
BARBARA W.WRIGHT, Administrative Assistant
Commission on Physical Sciences, Mathematics, and Applications
PETER M.BANKS,
ERIM International, Inc.,
Co-chair
W.CARL LINEBERGER,
University of Colorado,
Co-chair
WILLIAM BROWDER,
Princeton University
LAWRENCE D.BROWN,
University of Pennsylvania
MARSHALL H.COHEN,
California Institute of Technology
RONALD G.DOUGLAS,
Texas A&M University
JOHN E.ESTES,
University of California at Santa Barbara
JERRY P.GOLLUB,
Haverford College
MARTHA P.HAYNES,
Cornell University
JOHN L.HENNESSY,
Stanford University
CAROL M.JANTZEN,
Westinghouse Savannah River Company
PAUL G.KAMINSKI,
Technovation, Inc.
KENNETH H.KELLER,
University of Minnesota
MARGARET G.KIVELSON,
University of California at Los Angeles
DANIEL KLEPPNER,
Massachusetts Institute of Technology
JOHN R.KREICK,
Sanders, a Lockheed Martin Company (retired)
MARSHA I.LESTER,
University of Pennsylvania
M.ELISABETH PATÉ-CORNELL,
Stanford University
NICHOLAS P.SAMIOS,
Brookhaven National Laboratory
CHANG-LIN TIEN,
University of California at Berkeley
NORMAN METZGER, Executive Director
Federal Committee on Statistical Methodology Office of Management and Budget
NANCY KIRKENDALL (Chair),
Office of Management and Budget
WENDY ALVEY (Secretary),
Bureau of the Census
SUE AHMED,
Consumer Product Safety Commission
LYNDA CARLSON,
Energy Information Administration
CYNTHIA Z.F.CLARK,
Bureau of the Census
STEVEN B.COHEN,
Agency for Health Care Policy and Research
LAWRENCE H.COX,
Environmental Protection Agency
CATHRYN DIPPO,
Bureau of Labor Statistics
ZAHAVA D.DOERING,
Smithsonian Institution
ROBERT E.FAY III,
Bureau of the Census
GERALD GATES,
Bureau of the Census
DANIEL KASPRZYK,
National Center for Education Statistics
ROBERT P.PARKER,
Bureau of Economic Analysis
CHARLES P.PAUTLER, JR.,
Bureau of the Census
DAVID PIERCE,
Federal Reserve Board
ROLF SCHMITT,
Bureau of Transportation Statistics
MONROE SIRKEN,
National Center for Health Statistics
ALAN TUPEK,
National Science Foundation
DENTON VAUGHAN,
Social Security Administration
ROBERT WARREN,
Immigration and Naturalization Service
G.DAVID WILLLAMSON,
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
LAURA ZAYATZ,
Bureau of the Census
Expert Consultants
ROBERT GROVES,
Joint Program in Survey Methodology
GRAHAM KALTON,
Joint Program in Survey Methodology
Program Committee
FRITZ SCHEUREN (Co-chair),
Ernst and Young, LLP
WILLIAM WINKLER (Co-chair),
Bureau of the Census
MAXINE ANDERSON-BROWN (Workshop Coordinator),
Bureau of the Census
WENDY ALVEY,
Internal Revenue Service
JOHN ARMSTRONG,
Statistics Canada
CHARLES DAY,
National Agricultural Statistics Service
JOHN TUCKER,
National Research Council
LAURA ZAYATZ,
Bureau of the Census
Workshop Support
SHELBY FOLGER,
Bureau of the Census
ANNA HOLAUS,
Bureau of the Census
MICHAEL L.LUCAS,
Bureau of the Census
CAROL McDANIEL,
Bureau of the Census
RUTH O'BRIEN,
National Research Council
BARBARA WRIGHT,
National Research Council