Table 13.1 Technology Tools for Use by Non-End Users
	Tool Function One Illustrative Advantage One Illustrative Disadvantage Voluntary versus Involuntary Exposure .xxx domain (mandatory) Requires that Web sites with adult-oriented sexually explicit content must have a .xxx suffix Provides a way of identifying adultoriented sexually explicit material from these sites with minimal effort Requires difficult-to-obtain clearly specified and international standard for what constitutes material that must be placed in .xxx domains Similar to filtering; prevents both kinds of exposure to .xxx domains, but is not useful against materials not found in .xxx domains .xxx domain (voluntary) Gives any content provider the option of selecting a domain name with a .xxx suffix Enables sites that wish to be known for providing sexually explicit material to selfidentify, thus making inadvertent access to such sites less likely May lead to stronger political pressures for mandatory inclusion in .xxx domain; also likely to leave many Web pages containing objectionable materials unidentified as such, thus facilitating inadvertent access Similar to filtering; prevents both kinds of exposure to .xxx domains, but is not useful against materials not found in .xxx domains .kids domain .kids domain names reserved for site with content appropriate for children Provides high assurance that material from .kids Web sites is appropriate for children Requires difficult-to-obtain clearly specified and international standard for what material is appropriate for children; does not allow for agebased differentiation among children See discussion in text of contentlimited Internet service providers Age verification technologies Seeks to ensure that someone seeking to access adult-oriented Places a major obstacle in the path of minors seeking adult- Little applicability to non-commercial sources of When implemented, can prevent both deliberate and sexually explicit content is actually an adult oriented sexually explicit content from commercial sites sexually explicit material inadvertent access for minors, although if user is willing to lie about age, may not be able to protect against deliberate access. Tools for protecting intellectual property Provides tools for content owners to help control dissemination of images they own Reduces dissemination of illegally copied sexually explicit images, which constitute a significant amount of the adult-oriented material available online Hard to use against noncommercial sources of sexually explicit material that do not depend on Web distribution (e.g., Usenet, peer-to-peer networking) Not applicable