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From page 197... ... Index A Accidents and injuries, 29, 50, 92, 93, 95, 97, 106, 129 Adolescents, 29 alcohol and drug use, 129 contraceptive use, 138 delinquent behavior, 35 depression, 137 diabetes, 37 personal ties, 36, 54, 74-75 positive health, 52, 54 predisease pathways, 29, 34-35, 36, 37 pregnancy, 138-139 sexually transmitted diseases, 122, 138139 smoking, 34-35, 128 socioeconomic status, 104 Adrenal gland, 33, 45, 80, 168 epinephrine, 27, 37, 39, 80, 172, 174 norepinephrine, 27, 37, 66, 74, 172, 174 see also Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis African Americans, see Black persons Age factors, 4, 45 alcohol abuse, 129 cumulative risk and aging, 27 diet, 139 disability/disease onset, 2, 5, 10, 46, 47, 48, 64, 81, 131, 134, 136, 149, 165 gene expression in midlife, 65-66 fertility, 135 midlife, 65-66, 105 personal ties, 74 smoking, 128 temperament, 34 see also Adolescents; Children; Elderly persons; Infants; Life expectancy; Pregnancy and prenatal development AIDS, see HIV/AIDS Alameda County Study, 105, 185 Alcohol and drug use, 34, 35, 129 adolescents, 129 community-level factors, 92 interventions, 35, 151 mother-child relations, 30 positive health, 52 pregnancy and prenatal development, 35 racial/ethnic factors, 106 social factors, 36 time horizons, 4, 22, 40 Allostasis and allostatic load, 4, 5, 6, 7, 12, 18, 46, 70, 126, 172-175, 186, 187 gender factors, 174-175 personal ties, 83-84 197 Read the entire page →
From page 198... ... . a~scr~m~nat~on B Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging, 185 Behavior, individual, 1-2, 17-18, 20, 40, 188 community-level factors, 91 cumulative risk, 26 gene expression, 64, 129-130, 149 intergenerational transfer, 30, 31, 34, 67-68 interventions, general, 11, 12, 149-152, 156, 160; see also Health promotion INDEX personal ties, 74-75, 82 population surveys, 10, 11, 118, 143 positive health, 5, 47, 52-53, 56, 57 predisease pathways, 3-4, 25, 32, 34-36, 176-177 primary prevention, 52-53 research methodology, 176-177, 179, 180 socioeconomic hierarchies, 9, 102-103 see also Alcohol and drug use; Exercise; Mental illness; Nutrition; Personal ties; Primary prevention; Psychological factors; Sexually transmitted diseases; Smoking; Social factors Benzodiazapine system, 32 Birth cohorts, see Cohort studies Birth weight, 36, 65, 91, 92, 93, 96, 119, 125, 134, 138 Black persons. Read the entire page →
From page 199... ... INDEX psychological factors, 151,155 race/ethnicity and, 106,107,108 recovery, 33,75 Cardiovascular disease, 25,130-131,148, 149,173 community-level factors, 95 cost of interventions, 139-140, 152 cumulative risk, 26,27 diet, 129,130-131,139 emotional regulation and, 33 interventions, 139-140, 148,149,152 parenting and, 29 personal ties, 76,83 positive health, 50,52 psychological factors, 1, 33,34,38,50, 76,152 raciaPethnic factors, 106,108-109 recovery from, 50 smoking, 22,140 social factors, 22; see also "personal ties" above socioeconomic status, 101, 106 see also Hypertension; National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute Catecholamines, 32,74,77 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) , 122,134 Child-mother interactions, 28-31,68-69, 76,77,143 alcohol abuse, 30 animal models, 28-30,31,32,66-69, 77,78-79 brain development, 29 environmentally induced gene expression, 29-30,32,66-68 immune response, 77 socioeconomic status and, 103 Children, 45,167-168,174 asthma, 10,126,134-135,143,148 cancer, 29 chronic diseases and disabilities, 10, 29, 126,127 developing countries, 135,136 disabled, parents of, 126 divorce, effects on, 52,74 early life experiences, 4-5,6,22,28-32, 39-40,103,104,133,167-168 genetic factors, 29-30 genomics, 134-135 interventions, 153 longitudinal studies, 133 mental illness, 51 199 obesity, 153 personal ties, 73-75; see also Parents and parenting population-level health, 10, 118-119, 125-126,133,134-135,136,168 resilience, 48 school-based interventions, 11, 54 socioeconomic status, 48,103,104,134 see also Adolescents; Birth weight; Infants; Pregnancy and prenatal development Cholesterol, 25,27,33,51,139-140,149, 153,165,173 Chronic disease and disability, 45,168-169 alternative medicine therapies, 142 childhood, 10, 29,126,127 elderly persons, 120,130,131,132, 136-137 interventions, general, 11, 151 onset of, 2,5,10,46,47,48,64,81, 131,134,136,149,165 pain and pain management, 50,127, 142,148,151,152 population-level health, 119-121, 126, 127,130-133 psychological factors, 34 quality of life, 51 socioeconomic status, 101, 131-132 see also specific diseases and body systems Cities, see Urban areas Clinical practice guidelines, 36 Cognitive factors, 169 cumulative risk, 26 mind/body centers, 2,19,55,142,188 personal ties, 74 positive health, 50,52 predisease pathways, 26,32 recovery from disease, 50 social relationships, 22,74 socioeconomic status, 104 see also Educational attainment Cohort studies, 13,104-106,110,130, 165-167,172,185,186 Communicable disease, see Immune system and infectious diseases Community-level factors, 3,8,18,23,9199,143 alcohol and drug use, 92 children, 48 interventions, general, 11, 13,91,153154,156,158,187 Read the entire page →
From page 200... ... , 14-15, 53, 56 committee study methodology, xii, 14 Crime and criminal behavior, 8, 92, 108, 129 adolescent delinquence, 35 homicide, 91, 92, 95, 106 INDEX smoking laws, 154 suicide, 29, 92, 106, 110, 111 see also Alcohol and drug abuse Cultural factors, 10, 17, 52, 75, 92, 93-94, 97, 111 language, 73-74 religion, 111 violence, 8, 94 see also Social factors D Dementia, 39, 65, 77, 80, 165, 173 Demographic and Health Surveys, 119 Demographic factors migration, 110 see also Age factors; Community-level factors; Educational attainment; Elderly persons; Gender factors; Population health; Race/ethnicity; Rural areas; Socioeconomic status; Urban areas Depression, 29, 32, 33, 34, 40, 45, 105, 137, 142, 171 Developing countries, 101, 135, 136 Diabetes, 26, 36, 37, 48, 106, 130-131, 148 Diet, see Nutrition Differential survival processes, 5, 8, 49, 50, 82, 101 Disabilities and disabled persons, see Chronic disease and disability Discrimination, see Racism and discrimination Dopamine regulation, 32, 34, 35 Drug use, see Alcohol and drug use E Eating disorders, 9, 75, 148, 152, 156, 157 Economic factors population health and macroeconomy, 10, 106, 118, 131-132, 135-137, 143-144 see also Cost and cost-benefit factors; Employment and unemployment; Funding; Socioeconomic status; Taxation, tobacco Education, see Health promotion; Professional education; Public education Read the entire page →
From page 201... ... , 122, 134 health insurance, 138; see also Medicare tobacco tax, 150, 154, 157 toxic waste regulations, 132 see also Funding; Legislation; terms with "National Institute" Females, see Gender factors Fertility, 135 Foreign countries, see International perspectives Framingham Study, 105, 143, 185 Funding, 179, 188 historical perspectives, 1, 19 interventions, general, 158 social factors, 186-187 socioeconomic status research, 104-105 see also Research infrastructure G Gender factors adolescent sexual activity, 138-139 allostatic load, 174-175 cancer risk, 47-48 chronic disease, 130 Read the entire page →
From page 202... ... axis Hypertension, 25, 131, 165 cost-effectiveness of preventive interventions, 139-140 cumulative risk, 26 genetic factors, 47-48, 67-68 intergenerational transfer of behavior, 67-68 occupational stress and, 38, 39 parents and children, 33 personal ties, 75, 76 psychological factors, 1, 33, 38 social isolation, 75 Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, 26,27,31,46,70,76,77,80,168 Read the entire page →
From page 203... ... .. 1ntectlous diseases Injuries, see Accidents and injuries Insurance, see Health insurance; Managed care Inter-American Development Bank, 135-136 Interdisciplinary approaches committee study at hand, 19, 20 see also Multidisciplinary approaches international perspectives chronic disease and disability, 120-121 cultural factors, 75, 102 life expectancy, 119, 120, 131, 135, 136 macroeconomic effects, 135 medical interventions, 137, 138 mortality, 135, 136 population health, 119, 120-121, 123, 131, 135-136, 153-154, 165-166, 185-186 quality of life, 119 racism, 108 sexually transmitted disease, 122 socioeconomic status, 101-102, 104105, 119, 130, 131, 135-136 tuberculosis, 123 203 Interventions, general, 2, 3, 11-12, 24, 148163, 178-179, 187-188 alcohol and substance abuse, 35, 151 cancer, 151, 157 cardiovascular disease, 139-140, 148, 149, 152 children, 153 chronic diseases and disabilities, 11, 151 community-level factors, 11, 13, 91, 153-154, 156, 158, 187 immigration and immigrants, 110 individual behavior, 11, 12, 149-152, 156, 160 longitudinal studies, 159, 166-167 multidisciplinary, 11, 12, 178-179, 187 nutrition, 53, 149, 151 pain and pain management, 50, 127, 142, 148, 151, 152 population health, 149, 153-154, 158 psychological factors, 11, 12, 148-149, 151-152, 156, 160 school-based, 11, 54 smoking, 35, 128, 148, 150-151,154,157 social, 36-37 weight control, 35 worksite, 11, 154, 158 see also Exercise; Health promotion; Medical interventions; Primary prevention; Public education K Kaiser Family Foundation, 121(n.2) Read the entire page →
From page 204... ... . interactions Medical interventions, 11, 132-133, 137142, 143, 144, 148, 160, 186-187 alternative medicine therapies, 141-142, 144 behavioral interventions integrated with, 156 cost factors, 138, 139-140, 142, 144, 152; see also Health insurance disabled children, parents of, 126 historical perspectives, 17, 130, 138 international perspectives, 137, 138 population studies, 11, 118, 120-121 racial segregation, 108 Medicare, 133, 137, 140 Medulla, 29, 31, 33, 168 epinephrine, 27, 37, 39, 80, 172, 174 norepinephrine, 27, 37, 66, 74, 172, 174 Men, see Gender factors Mental illness, 45, 51-52, 148, 165,169, 173 children, 51 community-level factors, 92 cumulative risk, 26 dementia, 39, 65, 77, 80, 165, 173 INDEX eating disorders, 9, 75,148,152,156,157 occupational stress and, 38-39 parenting and, 29 personal ties, 74 predisease pathways, 26, 29, 32 primary prevention, 51 socioeconomic status, 103, 105 suicide, 29, 92, 106, 110, 111 see also Alcohol and drug use; Crime and criminal behavior Methodology, see Research methodology Mexican Americans, 111 Mexico, 136 Microarray chip technologies, 6, 64, 70, 166 Migration, 110 Mind/body centers, 2, 19, 55, 142, 188 Minorities, see Race/ethnicity; specific groups Mother-child interactions, see Child-mother interactions; Pregnancy and prenatal development Mortality, 17, 168-169 communicable diseases, 123-125 differential survival processes, 5, 8, 49, 50, 82, 101 environmental exposures, 17 homicide, 91, 92, 95, 106 infant, 91, 92, 93, 119, 125, 130, 134, 135 international perspectives, 135, 136 personal ties and, 75, 76, 82, 153 race/ethnicity and, 9, 106, 107, 108, 110 socioeconomic status, 91, 92, 95, 100103 (passim) Read the entire page →
From page 205... ... , xi, 2 Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, 120 Ovarian cancer, 155 p Pain and pain management, 50,127,142, 148,151,152 Pan American Health Organization, 135136 Panel Study of Income Dynamics, 105,185 Parents and parenting, 7,28-31,73,74-75 cardiovascular disease and, 29 community-level factors, 93 disabled children and, 126,143 emotional factors and hypertension, 33 intergenerational transfer of behaviors, 30,31,34,67-68 nutrition, 31,68-69 see also Child-mother interactions Pathways, see Predisease pathways Personal ties, 3,6-7,23,73-90,168 adolescents, 36,54,74-75 allostatic load, 83-84 animal models, 7,76,77,84 brain development, 7,73,77-79,84 cancer and, 75,151-153 cardiovascular disease and, 76,83 children, 73-75; see also Child-mother interactions; Parents and parenting chronic disease and quality of life, 51 epidemiology, 7,75,76,82 gender factors, 74,75,83; see also Marriage and marital status genetic factors, 7,29,65-66,76,77,84 genomics, 74 hypertension, 75,76 Read the entire page →
From page 206... ... 206 immune system and infectious diseases, 65-66,77,79-82,84 individual behavior, 74-75,82 informational resources, 75-76 interventions, 152-153 language, 73-74 longitudinal studies, 7,8,27,84 mortality and, 75,76,82,153 neurological factors, 7,76,77-80,84 positive health, 82-84 predisease pathways, 4,7,25-26,36-37 see also Familial factors; Marriage and marital status; Parents and parenting Physical activity, see Exercise Pituitary gland, see Hypothalamic-pituitaryadrenal (HPA) axis Population health, 3,5,10-11,24,37,118147 cancer, 129,131 children, 10,118-119,125-126,133, 134-135,136,168 chronic diseases and disabilities, 119121,126,127,130-133 communicable diseases, 118,121-125, 133-134 cost factors, 126,136-137,139-140, 142,143,144,153-154 elderly persons, 10, 55, 120 environmental factors, general, 10, 118 fertility, 135 individual behavior and, 10, 11, 118,143 international perspectives, 119, 120-121, 123,131,135-136,153-154, 165-166,185-186 interventions, general, 149,153-154, 158; see also "medical interventions" below macroeconomy, 10, 106,118,131-132, 135-137,143-144 medical interventions, 11, 118,120-121 personal ties, 75 psychological factors, 10, 11, 118 research infrastructure, 13,184-186, 188 research methodology, 143-144,168, 178 social factors, 10, 11, 75,118,143 see also Community-level factors; Epidemiology; Genomics; Longitudinal studies INDEX Positive health, xii, 3,5,6,10,12,45-62 adolescents, 52,54 alcohol abuse and, 52 animal models, 46-47,169-170 brain development, 46-47,171 cardiovascular, 50,52 cancer, 52 cognitive factors, 50,52 community-level factors, 5,8,57 defined, 23 emotional factors, 50-51,52, 54-55 employment, 11, 52 environmental factors, general, 5,54,56 genetic factors, 5,53,57 individual behavior and, 5,47, 52-53, 56,57 longitudinal studies, 12,13,49, 51-52, 56 neurological factors, 5,46-47, 55, 57, 171 personal ties, 82-84 population surveys, 143 research infrastructure, 13,45,47,53, 56-57 research methodology, 12,13, 56-57, 169-170 social factors, 5, 13,36,46,47, 51, 5457,187 see also Health promotion; Quality of life; Resilience and resistance Post-traumatic stress disorder, 37-38 Poverty, see Socioeconomic status Predisease pathways, 3-5,25-44,56 adolescents, 29,34-35,36,37 allostatic load, 20,26-27,35-40 cognitive factors, 26,32 committee study methodology, 2,23 community-level factors, 2,39,97 defined, 3-4,25 emotional regulation, 29,30,32,33 environmental factors, general, 4,36-39, 25-26,32,36-39,97 familial factors, 4,25-26 genetic factors, 4-5,26,28,32, 155 genomics, 69-70 individual behavior and, 3-4,25,32,3436,176-177 intergenerational transfer of behavior, 30,31,34,67-68 longitudinal studies, 4,40,56,165-167, 185 Read the entire page →
From page 207... ... 156, 160 mind/body centers, 2, 19, 55, 142, 188 occupational stress, 38 population-level health and, 10, 11, 118 positive health, 5, 13, 46, 47, 50-51, 56 predisease pathways, 3-5, 25, 32-34, 38, 176, 185 primary prevention, 51 recovery from disease, 50-51 research infrastructure, 13, 185, 186187, 188 research methodology, 12, 13, 176, 180 self-efficacy, 32-33, 52, 53, 179 socioeconomic hierarchies, 9, 101, 102, 104, 105, 106 see also Attitudes; Emotional factors; Mental illness; Personal ties; Social factors Public education, 52-54 adolescents, 54 committee study methodology, 21 cost of, 138-139 disabled children, 126 school-based interventions, 11, 54 smoking, 35, 52 see also Educational attainment; Health promotion Q Quality of life, 51, 119, 139, 148 pain and pain management, 50, 127, 142, 148, 151, 152 R Race/ethnicity, 2, 37, 106- 111 alcohol and drug use, 106 allostatic loads, 97 cancer, 106, 107, 108 cardiovascular disease, 106, 108-109 employment, 108 mortality rates, 9, 106, 107, 108, 110 prenatal development, 111 resilience and resistance, 110, 111 sexually transmitted disease, 122 Read the entire page →
From page 208... ... Rural areas, 98, 108, 129 S School-based interventions, 11, 54 Serotonergic dysfunction, 29, 30, 32, 168 substance abuse, 35 Read the entire page →
From page 209... ... . al s crlmlnatl on Socioeconomic status, 2, 3, 7, 9-10, 19, 2324, 48-49, 91, 92-95, 97-98, 110117, 143 adolescent health, 104 allostatic load, 48-49, 103, 104 animal studies of social hierarchies, 9, 103 cardiovascular disease, 101, 106 children, 48, 103, 104, 134 chronic diseases and disabilities, 101, 131-132 community-level factors, 92-95, 97-98, 102-103, 106, 108 209 educational attainment, 9, 100, 101, 102, 107, 108, 111, 128, 132 historical perspectives, 100-101 immigrants, 110 individual behavior, 9, 102-103 international perspectives, 101-102, 104105, 119, 130, 131, 135-136 interventions and, 149, 155 life expectancy, 135, 136 longitudinal studies, 9-10, 102, 104-106, 109-110, 111 macroeconomy, 10, 106, 118, 131-132, 135-137, 143-144 mental illness, 103, 105 mortality rates, 91, 92, 95, 100-103 (passim) Read the entire page →
From page 210... ... 210 historical perspectives, 17 managed care, 141 microarray chips, 6,64,70,166 Television, 75,102 Time horizons, 4,22,118 alcohol and drug use, 4,22,40 genetic factors, 22 predisease pathways, 23,25 see also Longitudinal studies; Population health Tobacco use, see Smoking Training, see Health promotion; Professional education; Public education Triglycerides, 33 Tuberculosis, 108,121,123-125,134 U United Kingdom, 104-105,120,131,165166,186 United Nations, 135-136 Urban areas, 8,92,97-98 childhood asthma, 135 race/ethnicity, 9, 108 INDEX V Venereal diseases, see Sexually transmitted diseases W Weight factors adults, 35,36,52,53,75,129,156 birth weight, 36,65,91,92,93,96, 119,125,134,138 childhood obesity, 153 eating disorders, 9, 75,148,152,156, 157 Whewell, William, 22 Whitehall II Study of the British Social Service, 105,165 Wisconsin Longitudinal Study (WLS) , 105, 110,165,172,185 Women, see Gender factors World Health Organization, 123 Read the entire page →

From page 197...

... Index A Accidents and injuries, 29, 50, 92, 93, 95, 97, 106, 129 Adolescents, 29 alcohol and drug use, 129 contraceptive use, 138 delinquent behavior, 35 depression, 137 diabetes, 37 personal ties, 36, 54, 74-75 positive health, 52, 54 predisease pathways, 29, 34-35, 36, 37 pregnancy, 138-139 sexually transmitted diseases, 122, 138139 smoking, 34-35, 128 socioeconomic status, 104 Adrenal gland, 33, 45, 80, 168 epinephrine, 27, 37, 39, 80, 172, 174 norepinephrine, 27, 37, 66, 74, 172, 174 see also Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis African Americans, see Black persons Age factors, 4, 45 alcohol abuse, 129 cumulative risk and aging, 27 diet, 139 disability/disease onset, 2, 5, 10, 46, 47, 48, 64, 81, 131, 134, 136, 149, 165 gene expression in midlife, 65-66 fertility, 135 midlife, 65-66, 105 personal ties, 74 smoking, 128 temperament, 34 see also Adolescents; Children; Elderly persons; Infants; Life expectancy; Pregnancy and prenatal development AIDS, see HIV/AIDS Alameda County Study, 105, 185 Alcohol and drug use, 34, 35, 129 adolescents, 129 community-level factors, 92 interventions, 35, 151 mother-child relations, 30 positive health, 52 pregnancy and prenatal development, 35 racial/ethnic factors, 106 social factors, 36 time horizons, 4, 22, 40 Allostasis and allostatic load, 4, 5, 6, 7, 12, 18, 46, 70, 126, 172-175, 186, 187 gender factors, 174-175 personal ties, 83-84 197

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From page 198...

... . a~scr~m~nat~on B Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging, 185 Behavior, individual, 1-2, 17-18, 20, 40, 188 community-level factors, 91 cumulative risk, 26 gene expression, 64, 129-130, 149 intergenerational transfer, 30, 31, 34, 67-68 interventions, general, 11, 12, 149-152, 156, 160; see also Health promotion INDEX personal ties, 74-75, 82 population surveys, 10, 11, 118, 143 positive health, 5, 47, 52-53, 56, 57 predisease pathways, 3-4, 25, 32, 34-36, 176-177 primary prevention, 52-53 research methodology, 176-177, 179, 180 socioeconomic hierarchies, 9, 102-103 see also Alcohol and drug use; Exercise; Mental illness; Nutrition; Personal ties; Primary prevention; Psychological factors; Sexually transmitted diseases; Smoking; Social factors Benzodiazapine system, 32 Birth cohorts, see Cohort studies Birth weight, 36, 65, 91, 92, 93, 96, 119, 125, 134, 138 Black persons.

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From page 199...

... INDEX psychological factors, 151,155 race/ethnicity and, 106,107,108 recovery, 33,75 Cardiovascular disease, 25,130-131,148, 149,173 community-level factors, 95 cost of interventions, 139-140, 152 cumulative risk, 26,27 diet, 129,130-131,139 emotional regulation and, 33 interventions, 139-140, 148,149,152 parenting and, 29 personal ties, 76,83 positive health, 50,52 psychological factors, 1, 33,34,38,50, 76,152 raciaPethnic factors, 106,108-109 recovery from, 50 smoking, 22,140 social factors, 22; see also "personal ties" above socioeconomic status, 101, 106 see also Hypertension; National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute Catecholamines, 32,74,77 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) , 122,134 Child-mother interactions, 28-31,68-69, 76,77,143 alcohol abuse, 30 animal models, 28-30,31,32,66-69, 77,78-79 brain development, 29 environmentally induced gene expression, 29-30,32,66-68 immune response, 77 socioeconomic status and, 103 Children, 45,167-168,174 asthma, 10,126,134-135,143,148 cancer, 29 chronic diseases and disabilities, 10, 29, 126,127 developing countries, 135,136 disabled, parents of, 126 divorce, effects on, 52,74 early life experiences, 4-5,6,22,28-32, 39-40,103,104,133,167-168 genetic factors, 29-30 genomics, 134-135 interventions, 153 longitudinal studies, 133 mental illness, 51 199 obesity, 153 personal ties, 73-75; see also Parents and parenting population-level health, 10, 118-119, 125-126,133,134-135,136,168 resilience, 48 school-based interventions, 11, 54 socioeconomic status, 48,103,104,134 see also Adolescents; Birth weight; Infants; Pregnancy and prenatal development Cholesterol, 25,27,33,51,139-140,149, 153,165,173 Chronic disease and disability, 45,168-169 alternative medicine therapies, 142 childhood, 10, 29,126,127 elderly persons, 120,130,131,132, 136-137 interventions, general, 11, 151 onset of, 2,5,10,46,47,48,64,81, 131,134,136,149,165 pain and pain management, 50,127, 142,148,151,152 population-level health, 119-121, 126, 127,130-133 psychological factors, 34 quality of life, 51 socioeconomic status, 101, 131-132 see also specific diseases and body systems Cities, see Urban areas Clinical practice guidelines, 36 Cognitive factors, 169 cumulative risk, 26 mind/body centers, 2,19,55,142,188 personal ties, 74 positive health, 50,52 predisease pathways, 26,32 recovery from disease, 50 social relationships, 22,74 socioeconomic status, 104 see also Educational attainment Cohort studies, 13,104-106,110,130, 165-167,172,185,186 Communicable disease, see Immune system and infectious diseases Community-level factors, 3,8,18,23,9199,143 alcohol and drug use, 92 children, 48 interventions, general, 11, 13,91,153154,156,158,187

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From page 200...

... , 14-15, 53, 56 committee study methodology, xii, 14 Crime and criminal behavior, 8, 92, 108, 129 adolescent delinquence, 35 homicide, 91, 92, 95, 106 INDEX smoking laws, 154 suicide, 29, 92, 106, 110, 111 see also Alcohol and drug abuse Cultural factors, 10, 17, 52, 75, 92, 93-94, 97, 111 language, 73-74 religion, 111 violence, 8, 94 see also Social factors D Dementia, 39, 65, 77, 80, 165, 173 Demographic and Health Surveys, 119 Demographic factors migration, 110 see also Age factors; Community-level factors; Educational attainment; Elderly persons; Gender factors; Population health; Race/ethnicity; Rural areas; Socioeconomic status; Urban areas Depression, 29, 32, 33, 34, 40, 45, 105, 137, 142, 171 Developing countries, 101, 135, 136 Diabetes, 26, 36, 37, 48, 106, 130-131, 148 Diet, see Nutrition Differential survival processes, 5, 8, 49, 50, 82, 101 Disabilities and disabled persons, see Chronic disease and disability Discrimination, see Racism and discrimination Dopamine regulation, 32, 34, 35 Drug use, see Alcohol and drug use E Eating disorders, 9, 75, 148, 152, 156, 157 Economic factors population health and macroeconomy, 10, 106, 118, 131-132, 135-137, 143-144 see also Cost and cost-benefit factors; Employment and unemployment; Funding; Socioeconomic status; Taxation, tobacco Education, see Health promotion; Professional education; Public education

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From page 201...

... , 122, 134 health insurance, 138; see also Medicare tobacco tax, 150, 154, 157 toxic waste regulations, 132 see also Funding; Legislation; terms with "National Institute" Females, see Gender factors Fertility, 135 Foreign countries, see International perspectives Framingham Study, 105, 143, 185 Funding, 179, 188 historical perspectives, 1, 19 interventions, general, 158 social factors, 186-187 socioeconomic status research, 104-105 see also Research infrastructure G Gender factors adolescent sexual activity, 138-139 allostatic load, 174-175 cancer risk, 47-48 chronic disease, 130

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From page 202...

... axis Hypertension, 25, 131, 165 cost-effectiveness of preventive interventions, 139-140 cumulative risk, 26 genetic factors, 47-48, 67-68 intergenerational transfer of behavior, 67-68 occupational stress and, 38, 39 parents and children, 33 personal ties, 75, 76 psychological factors, 1, 33, 38 social isolation, 75 Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, 26,27,31,46,70,76,77,80,168

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From page 203...

... .. 1ntectlous diseases Injuries, see Accidents and injuries Insurance, see Health insurance; Managed care Inter-American Development Bank, 135-136 Interdisciplinary approaches committee study at hand, 19, 20 see also Multidisciplinary approaches international perspectives chronic disease and disability, 120-121 cultural factors, 75, 102 life expectancy, 119, 120, 131, 135, 136 macroeconomic effects, 135 medical interventions, 137, 138 mortality, 135, 136 population health, 119, 120-121, 123, 131, 135-136, 153-154, 165-166, 185-186 quality of life, 119 racism, 108 sexually transmitted disease, 122 socioeconomic status, 101-102, 104105, 119, 130, 131, 135-136 tuberculosis, 123 203 Interventions, general, 2, 3, 11-12, 24, 148163, 178-179, 187-188 alcohol and substance abuse, 35, 151 cancer, 151, 157 cardiovascular disease, 139-140, 148, 149, 152 children, 153 chronic diseases and disabilities, 11, 151 community-level factors, 11, 13, 91, 153-154, 156, 158, 187 immigration and immigrants, 110 individual behavior, 11, 12, 149-152, 156, 160 longitudinal studies, 159, 166-167 multidisciplinary, 11, 12, 178-179, 187 nutrition, 53, 149, 151 pain and pain management, 50, 127, 142, 148, 151, 152 population health, 149, 153-154, 158 psychological factors, 11, 12, 148-149, 151-152, 156, 160 school-based, 11, 54 smoking, 35, 128, 148, 150-151,154,157 social, 36-37 weight control, 35 worksite, 11, 154, 158 see also Exercise; Health promotion; Medical interventions; Primary prevention; Public education K Kaiser Family Foundation, 121(n.2)

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From page 204...

... . interactions Medical interventions, 11, 132-133, 137142, 143, 144, 148, 160, 186-187 alternative medicine therapies, 141-142, 144 behavioral interventions integrated with, 156 cost factors, 138, 139-140, 142, 144, 152; see also Health insurance disabled children, parents of, 126 historical perspectives, 17, 130, 138 international perspectives, 137, 138 population studies, 11, 118, 120-121 racial segregation, 108 Medicare, 133, 137, 140 Medulla, 29, 31, 33, 168 epinephrine, 27, 37, 39, 80, 172, 174 norepinephrine, 27, 37, 66, 74, 172, 174 Men, see Gender factors Mental illness, 45, 51-52, 148, 165,169, 173 children, 51 community-level factors, 92 cumulative risk, 26 dementia, 39, 65, 77, 80, 165, 173 INDEX eating disorders, 9, 75,148,152,156,157 occupational stress and, 38-39 parenting and, 29 personal ties, 74 predisease pathways, 26, 29, 32 primary prevention, 51 socioeconomic status, 103, 105 suicide, 29, 92, 106, 110, 111 see also Alcohol and drug use; Crime and criminal behavior Methodology, see Research methodology Mexican Americans, 111 Mexico, 136 Microarray chip technologies, 6, 64, 70, 166 Migration, 110 Mind/body centers, 2, 19, 55, 142, 188 Minorities, see Race/ethnicity; specific groups Mother-child interactions, see Child-mother interactions; Pregnancy and prenatal development Mortality, 17, 168-169 communicable diseases, 123-125 differential survival processes, 5, 8, 49, 50, 82, 101 environmental exposures, 17 homicide, 91, 92, 95, 106 infant, 91, 92, 93, 119, 125, 130, 134, 135 international perspectives, 135, 136 personal ties and, 75, 76, 82, 153 race/ethnicity and, 9, 106, 107, 108, 110 socioeconomic status, 91, 92, 95, 100103 (passim)

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From page 205...

... , xi, 2 Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, 120 Ovarian cancer, 155 p Pain and pain management, 50,127,142, 148,151,152 Pan American Health Organization, 135136 Panel Study of Income Dynamics, 105,185 Parents and parenting, 7,28-31,73,74-75 cardiovascular disease and, 29 community-level factors, 93 disabled children and, 126,143 emotional factors and hypertension, 33 intergenerational transfer of behaviors, 30,31,34,67-68 nutrition, 31,68-69 see also Child-mother interactions Pathways, see Predisease pathways Personal ties, 3,6-7,23,73-90,168 adolescents, 36,54,74-75 allostatic load, 83-84 animal models, 7,76,77,84 brain development, 7,73,77-79,84 cancer and, 75,151-153 cardiovascular disease and, 76,83 children, 73-75; see also Child-mother interactions; Parents and parenting chronic disease and quality of life, 51 epidemiology, 7,75,76,82 gender factors, 74,75,83; see also Marriage and marital status genetic factors, 7,29,65-66,76,77,84 genomics, 74 hypertension, 75,76

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From page 206...

... 206 immune system and infectious diseases, 65-66,77,79-82,84 individual behavior, 74-75,82 informational resources, 75-76 interventions, 152-153 language, 73-74 longitudinal studies, 7,8,27,84 mortality and, 75,76,82,153 neurological factors, 7,76,77-80,84 positive health, 82-84 predisease pathways, 4,7,25-26,36-37 see also Familial factors; Marriage and marital status; Parents and parenting Physical activity, see Exercise Pituitary gland, see Hypothalamic-pituitaryadrenal (HPA) axis Population health, 3,5,10-11,24,37,118147 cancer, 129,131 children, 10,118-119,125-126,133, 134-135,136,168 chronic diseases and disabilities, 119121,126,127,130-133 communicable diseases, 118,121-125, 133-134 cost factors, 126,136-137,139-140, 142,143,144,153-154 elderly persons, 10, 55, 120 environmental factors, general, 10, 118 fertility, 135 individual behavior and, 10, 11, 118,143 international perspectives, 119, 120-121, 123,131,135-136,153-154, 165-166,185-186 interventions, general, 149,153-154, 158; see also "medical interventions" below macroeconomy, 10, 106,118,131-132, 135-137,143-144 medical interventions, 11, 118,120-121 personal ties, 75 psychological factors, 10, 11, 118 research infrastructure, 13,184-186, 188 research methodology, 143-144,168, 178 social factors, 10, 11, 75,118,143 see also Community-level factors; Epidemiology; Genomics; Longitudinal studies INDEX Positive health, xii, 3,5,6,10,12,45-62 adolescents, 52,54 alcohol abuse and, 52 animal models, 46-47,169-170 brain development, 46-47,171 cardiovascular, 50,52 cancer, 52 cognitive factors, 50,52 community-level factors, 5,8,57 defined, 23 emotional factors, 50-51,52, 54-55 employment, 11, 52 environmental factors, general, 5,54,56 genetic factors, 5,53,57 individual behavior and, 5,47, 52-53, 56,57 longitudinal studies, 12,13,49, 51-52, 56 neurological factors, 5,46-47, 55, 57, 171 personal ties, 82-84 population surveys, 143 research infrastructure, 13,45,47,53, 56-57 research methodology, 12,13, 56-57, 169-170 social factors, 5, 13,36,46,47, 51, 5457,187 see also Health promotion; Quality of life; Resilience and resistance Post-traumatic stress disorder, 37-38 Poverty, see Socioeconomic status Predisease pathways, 3-5,25-44,56 adolescents, 29,34-35,36,37 allostatic load, 20,26-27,35-40 cognitive factors, 26,32 committee study methodology, 2,23 community-level factors, 2,39,97 defined, 3-4,25 emotional regulation, 29,30,32,33 environmental factors, general, 4,36-39, 25-26,32,36-39,97 familial factors, 4,25-26 genetic factors, 4-5,26,28,32, 155 genomics, 69-70 individual behavior and, 3-4,25,32,3436,176-177 intergenerational transfer of behavior, 30,31,34,67-68 longitudinal studies, 4,40,56,165-167, 185

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From page 207...

... 156, 160 mind/body centers, 2, 19, 55, 142, 188 occupational stress, 38 population-level health and, 10, 11, 118 positive health, 5, 13, 46, 47, 50-51, 56 predisease pathways, 3-5, 25, 32-34, 38, 176, 185 primary prevention, 51 recovery from disease, 50-51 research infrastructure, 13, 185, 186187, 188 research methodology, 12, 13, 176, 180 self-efficacy, 32-33, 52, 53, 179 socioeconomic hierarchies, 9, 101, 102, 104, 105, 106 see also Attitudes; Emotional factors; Mental illness; Personal ties; Social factors Public education, 52-54 adolescents, 54 committee study methodology, 21 cost of, 138-139 disabled children, 126 school-based interventions, 11, 54 smoking, 35, 52 see also Educational attainment; Health promotion Q Quality of life, 51, 119, 139, 148 pain and pain management, 50, 127, 142, 148, 151, 152 R Race/ethnicity, 2, 37, 106- 111 alcohol and drug use, 106 allostatic loads, 97 cancer, 106, 107, 108 cardiovascular disease, 106, 108-109 employment, 108 mortality rates, 9, 106, 107, 108, 110 prenatal development, 111 resilience and resistance, 110, 111 sexually transmitted disease, 122

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From page 208...

... Rural areas, 98, 108, 129 S School-based interventions, 11, 54 Serotonergic dysfunction, 29, 30, 32, 168 substance abuse, 35

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From page 209...

... . al s crlmlnatl on Socioeconomic status, 2, 3, 7, 9-10, 19, 2324, 48-49, 91, 92-95, 97-98, 110117, 143 adolescent health, 104 allostatic load, 48-49, 103, 104 animal studies of social hierarchies, 9, 103 cardiovascular disease, 101, 106 children, 48, 103, 104, 134 chronic diseases and disabilities, 101, 131-132 community-level factors, 92-95, 97-98, 102-103, 106, 108 209 educational attainment, 9, 100, 101, 102, 107, 108, 111, 128, 132 historical perspectives, 100-101 immigrants, 110 individual behavior, 9, 102-103 international perspectives, 101-102, 104105, 119, 130, 131, 135-136 interventions and, 149, 155 life expectancy, 135, 136 longitudinal studies, 9-10, 102, 104-106, 109-110, 111 macroeconomy, 10, 106, 118, 131-132, 135-137, 143-144 mental illness, 103, 105 mortality rates, 91, 92, 95, 100-103 (passim)

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From page 210...

... 210 historical perspectives, 17 managed care, 141 microarray chips, 6,64,70,166 Television, 75,102 Time horizons, 4,22,118 alcohol and drug use, 4,22,40 genetic factors, 22 predisease pathways, 23,25 see also Longitudinal studies; Population health Tobacco use, see Smoking Training, see Health promotion; Professional education; Public education Triglycerides, 33 Tuberculosis, 108,121,123-125,134 U United Kingdom, 104-105,120,131,165166,186 United Nations, 135-136 Urban areas, 8,92,97-98 childhood asthma, 135 race/ethnicity, 9, 108 INDEX V Venereal diseases, see Sexually transmitted diseases W Weight factors adults, 35,36,52,53,75,129,156 birth weight, 36,65,91,92,93,96, 119,125,134,138 childhood obesity, 153 eating disorders, 9, 75,148,152,156, 157 Whewell, William, 22 Whitehall II Study of the British Social Service, 105,165 Wisconsin Longitudinal Study (WLS) , 105, 110,165,172,185 Women, see Gender factors World Health Organization, 123

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Index Pages 197-210

Index
Pages 197-210