New Horizons in Health An Integrative Approach (2001) / Chapter Skim
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Personal Ties
Personal Ties
Pages 73-90
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From page 73... ...
THE CENTRALITY OF PERSONAL TIES Personal ties are a ubiquitous part of life, serving important social, psychological, and behavioral functions across the life span (see Cacioppo et al., in press a)
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From page 74... ...
, and emotional disclosure improves affect and physical functioning among rheumatoid arthritis patients (Kelley et al., 1997~. Disruptions of personal ties, whether through ridicule, dis.
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Fifteen percent said they had vomited to control their weight, up from 3 percent in 1995, and the proportion who scored high on risk for disordered eating was 29 percent in 1998, in contrast to 13 percent in 1995 (Becker, 1999~. At the population level of analysis, epidemiological studies have shown that social isolation is a major risk factor for morbidity and mortality from widely varying causes (Berkman and Syme, 1979; Berkman and Bresiow, 1983; House et al., 1988; Seeman et al., 1993~.
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The following sections describe areas of particular importance in advancing this broad agenda. Key future directions pertain to studies of how personal ties influence genetic expression as well as brain structure and function and neuroimmunological activity.
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PERSONAL TIES AND BRAIN FUNCTION AND STRUCTURE Personal ties constitute a major influence on the emotions of an individual, which are increasingly recognized to be important for fundamental
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The right inferior region and the right medial orbital region of the prefrontal cortex have been found to be activated more strongly among individuals exhibiting anxiety disorders than among controls not exhibiting psychopathology (Rauch et al., 1997~. Studies of patients with selective bilateral destruction in the amygdala suggest the importance of this brain region for specific tasks involving emotional processing (Davidson et al., 2000~.
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From page 79... ...
is well poised to make major contributions to such integrative initiatives. PERSONAL TIES AND NEUROIMMUNOLOGICAL ACTIVITY Empirical observations of social influences on autonomic activity date back more than 2,000 years (Mesulam and Perry, 1972~.
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From page 80... ...
The chronic stress of caring for a relative with dementia was linked with elevated SAM and HPA activation and diminished immune function, such as reduced proliferative responses of peripheral blood leukocytes (Kiecolt-Glaser et al., 1991) , lower natural killer cell response (Esterling et al., 1994)
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From page 81... ...
The specific nature of the personal ties, particularly their hierarchical features, also plays a major role in the individual response to stress and susceptibility to infectious disease. For example, in the social disruption paradigm described above, dominant male mice, when latently infected in the trigeminal ganglia with herpes simplex virus (HSV, a mode!
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From page 82... ...
Findings showed stress-induced decrements in immune functioning, but the decline was particularly pronounced for those lacking social buffers (i.e., medical students who reported being lonely; Kiecolt-Glaser et al., 1984; Glaser et al., 1992~. Other research examines possible mechanisms through which social support impacts health through behavioral routes, such as the extent to which "significant others" promote and encourage positive health practices (Berkman, 1995; Spiegel and Kimerling, in press; Taylor et al., 1997~.
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From page 83... ...
The most extensive research on how social ties influence health, however, pertains to the underlying physiological routes (e.g., Uchino et al., 1996; Seeman, 1996; Seeman and McEwen, 1996; Cohen and Herbert, 1996; Kang et al., 1998; Kiecolt-Glaser et al., 1994~. Meta-analyses of the experimental literature support the hypothesis that perceived social isolation is associated with physiological adjustments, with the most reliable effects found for blood pressure, catecholamines, and aspects of both cellular and humoral immune function (Uchino et al., 1996; see also Seeman and McEwen, 1996~.
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From page 84... ...
This work should include: · studies that explicate the links between social relationships and gene expression, brain structure and function, and neuroimmunological activity; · investigations that identity pathways through which social ties and interacting biological systems influence health practices and behaviors; · longitudinal studies that link cumulative social relational profiles with cumulative biological profiles (e.g., allostatic load) ; · increased emphasis on the collection of biomarkers in epidemiological studies of social relationships and health; · extensions of traditional laboratory studies to include experience sampling methodologies and corresponding ambulatory neurobiological assessments; · multilevel integrative studies working at the interface of social interaction, emotion and brain activity, and downstream endocrinological and immunological processes.
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1991 "Stress-induced effects on cell-mediated innate and adaptive mammary components of the murine immune response to herpes simplex virus infection" Brain, Behavior, and Immunity 513:274-295. Buysse DJ, Reynolds CF, Monk TH, Berman SR, Kupfer C
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1994 "Chronic stress, social support, and persistent alterations in the natural killer cell response to cytokines in older adults" Health Psychology 13/4:291-298. Ewart CK, Taylor CB, Kraemer HC, Agras WS.
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Kalin NH, Shelton, SE, Davidson RJ. 2000 "Cerebrospinal fluid corticotropin releasing hormone levels are elevated in monkeys with patterns of brain activity associated with fearful temperament" Biological Psychiatry 4717:579-585.
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Malarkey WB, Sheridan J 1996 "Chronic stress alters the immune response to influenza virus vaccine in older adults" Proceedings of tI7e National Academy of Sciences of tI7e United States of America 93/7:3043-3047.
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Seeman TE, McEwen BS. 1996 "Impact of social environment characteristics on neuroendocrine regulation" Psychosomatic Medicine 58/5:459-471.
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Uehara E 1990 "Dual exchange theory, social networks, and informal social support" American Journal of Sociology 9613:521-557.
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