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From page 241... ... , 134, 136, 137, 138, 151 Assistant Secretary for Planning and Evaluation (ASPE) , 134, 135, 148, 151-152 eligibility, 129, 130, 131, 136 experimental methods and, 71, 129 families and households, 130, 136 fathers, 136-137 historical perspectives, 131, 147 leavers studies, 29, 30, 129, 133, 135, 174, 188, 189, 191-193 local-level effects, 128, 129, 133, 189, 202 outcome measures, general, 40, 41, 63, 138 program participation, 132, 133 reporting requirements, 11, 132, 135-138, 141-142, 159, 160; see also "standards" infra sampling, 129, 130, 147 social security numbers (SSNs) Read the entire page →
From page 242... ... , 1, 14, 16-18, 20, 22, 24, 37,45,46,47,55,66,95,96, 106, 108, 113, 209-219 see also Temporary Assistance for Needy Families administrative practices and data, 43, 129, 136, 150, 174, 179, 188, 189, 202 program participation, 17, 79, 80, 81, 90, 91, 92, 94, 184 various specific studies, 174, 179, 182, 188, 189, 194,202,229,231 Alcohol and drug abuse, 4, 34, 38, 39, 136, 142, 175, 182 American Community Survey (ACS) , 16, 82, 104, 105, 106-107, 110, 111, 113, 117, 118, 120-122, 222-224 American Indians, 181, 183, 190 American Public Human Services Association, 143, 206 Assessing the New Federalism Initiative, 142 INDEX Assistant Secretary for Planning and Evaluation (ASPE) Read the entire page →
From page 243... ... , 108, 129, 181, 229 Child Support Enforcement Program, 128 Child Welfare Panel, 158 243 Child well-being, 2, 5, 15, 35, 40, 41, 157-158 see also Fathers; Single mothers; Teenage pregnancy data sources, general, 106, 108, 109, 114, 119, 132 state-level studies, general, 35, 50 various studies, 172, 173, 178, 182, 184, 188, 189, 190, 198, 202, 203, 205, 230 waiver programs, 30, 31, 35 welfare leavers, 29 Cohort comparison studies, 29, 32, 65, 70, 72, 73, 158 caseload size, 58-59 leaver studies, 94-95, 99, 173, 174 National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY) , 29-30, 90, 104, 106-107, 113, 114, 115-116, 118, 176, 232233 qualitative data, 145 specification tests, 74 various specific studies, 180, 191, 193, 194, 197, 198 Community service programs, 156 child care services, 13, 37, 43, 136 specific studies, 175, 177, 181, 183, 205 public housing, 106, 113, 197 transportation assistance, 13, 37, 44, 90, 113, 121, 130, 136 Comparative group methods, 7-8, 32, 55, 5760, 64, 66-77 (passim) Read the entire page →
From page 244... ... , 110, 136 child well-being, 106, 108, 109, 114, 119, 132 INDEX committee charge, 15 cross-area studies, 129, 132-133, 134-135, 145-146, 147 Department of Health and Human Services, 8-9, 11, 103, 118, 150-160 disabled persona, 110, 142, 155-156 eligibility, 129, 130, 131, 136, 142 immigrants, 110 local-level effects, 11, 105, 106, 117, 122, 123-128, 133, 141, 143, 144 program-level evaluations, 102, 105, 125, 141-144 program participation, 132, 133 state-level data, various, 1, 3, 8, 9-10, 102, 103, 105, 106, 108, 110, 122, 147 Revolution and, 3, 9-10, 11, 13, 26, 40, 42,43,44,49,50,97, 103-104, 139, 154 statistical power, 54, 78-82, 209-219 Decennial census, 104, 105, 106-107, 221-222, 225, 227-228 Department of Agriculture, 122 see also Food and Nutrition Service; Food stamps Department of Commerce, see Census Bureau; Bureau of Labor Statistics Department of Education, 8-9 National Center for Education Statistics, 157-158 Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS) , 99-100, 122, 123, 128, 205 see also Administration for Children and Families; Assistant Secretary for Planning and Evaluation administrative data, 11, 128, 133-134, 135, 136, 153, 159-160 Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, 158 confidentiality, 139 data collection/analysis, general, 8-9, 11, 103, 118, 150-160 National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS) Read the entire page →
From page 245... ... time-series analysis, 61 various, 26-28, 172-173, 188-191, 195, 197, 198, 200-201 DHHS, see Department of Health and Human Services Diet, see Nutrition Difference-in-difference methods, 59-60, 6667, 68, 70, 72-73, 76, 77, 98 Disabled persons, 4, 34, 38, 39, 142, 179, 190 data sources, 110, 142, 155-156 special education, 203 Disaggregation, see Aggregation and disaggregation of data Diversion programs, 4, 29, 38, 39, 44, 51, 94, 99, 125, 127-128, 142, 151, 173174, 191-193, 199 Domestic violence, 38, 39, 188 Drug abuse, see Alcohol and drug abuse Dynamic Employer-Household Data and Social Data Infrastructure Project, 129, 140 EEarly Childhood Longitudinal Study, 158, 180 Earned Income Tax Credits (EITC) , 21, 22, 37, 40, 65, 176 Econometric modeling, 7, 24, 31-32, 51, 58, 65-66, 67, 97-98, 99 see also Caseload size 245 defined, 25 waiver programs, 31, 67 Educational attainment, 4, 40, 41 language factors, 34, 175 program participation and, 80, 81, 92-93 teenage mothers, 39 waivers, 81, 211, 215-216 welfare sanctions and, 38 Education and training, 37, 42, 175 see also Department of Education children, 37, 189, 203 school lunches, 106, 108, 224, 229 difference-in-difference methods, 59, 66 professional, survey methodology, 128 randomized experiments, 31 single mothers, 59, 66 Work First Program, 19-20 Work Incentive Program, 18 Eligibility, 2, 15, 29 see also Program participation administrative data, general, 129, 130, 131, 136 AFDC trends, 17 difference-in-difference methods, 59 diversion programs, 4, 29, 38, 39, 44, 51, 94, 99, 125, 127-128, 142, 151, 173174, 191-193, 199 immigrants, 38-39 matching, 60, 65 Medicaid coverage, 21, 22 microsimulation models, viii, 83-84 program description data, 142 Employment, 4, 40, 71, 113, 117-118, 128-129, 136, 209-219 (passim) Read the entire page →
From page 246... ... , 77, 97, 175, 182 cost factors, 56, 71-72 defined, 25 generalizability, 54, 56, 57, 61, 64, 69, 70, 71-72, 73, 83-86, 97 implementation and process analysis, 61 microsimulation models, viii, 83-86 job training and placement, 175 waiver programs, 19, 30, 31, 51, 182, 183 F Families and households, 3, 4, 5, 14, 26-27, 34, 35, 40-41, 102, 176, 177, 183, 188, 192 see also Aid to Families with Dependent Children; Children; Child wellbeing; Current Population Survey; Marriage and marital status; National-level studies; Panel Study of Income Dynamics; Qualitative studies; Sampling and sample size; Survey of Income and Program Participation; Temporary Assistance for Needy Families INDEX administrative data, 130, 136 caps, 7, 20, 47, 69-70, 142,211,213 case management, 48 committee study methodology, 1, 2, 15 domestic violence, 38, 39, 188 qualitative analysis, 62 populations of interest, 4, 38, 39 special needs groups, 38, 39 Family Support Act, 18, 31 Fathers, 176, 177, 183 administrative data, 136- 137 child support, 18-19, 31, 34, 40, 128, 132, 133, 142, 151, 185, 196, 200 Federal Parent Locator Service (FPLS) , 128, 132, 133, 185 Food, see Nutrition Food and Nutrition Service, 26 Food stamps, 22, 24, 25, 106, 108, 113, 129, 229 specific studies, 179, 185, 188, 202, 203 Foundations, 6, 26, 30, 50, 104, 185 Rockefeller Institute of Government, 33, 51, 86-87, 192, 199, 200 Fragile Families Study, 35, 145, 176 Front-line Management and Practice Study, 8687 Funding, 10, 25-26, 99-100, 104, 127-128, 143 see also Block grants Assistant Secretary for Planning and Evaluation (ASPE) Read the entire page →
From page 247... ... , 229 Interviews, see In-depth interviews J Job Opportunities and Basic Skills Training program, 18 Job training, see Education and training L Language factors, 34, 175 Leaver studies, 3, 4, 14, 24, 28-30, 32, 37, 38, 39, 51, 67-68, 89-95, 125, 126-127, 149-150, 173-174, 178, 179, 189, 191-193, 206 see also Diversion programs administrative data, 29, 30, 129, 133, 135, 174, 188, 189, 191-193 Assistant Secretary for Planning and Evaluation (ASPE) , 28, 29, 30, 51, 94, 99, 125, 127-128, 135, 151 child well-being, 29 cohort comparisons, 94-95, 99, 173, 174 cross-area studies, 94, 135, 179 committee study, methodology, vii, viii, 23 definition of leaver, 25 state-level data, 28, 149-150, 173-174, 178, 179, 191-193 Legislation, 18- 19 see also Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act Read the entire page →
From page 248... ... , 232 Minimum work requirements, see Work requirements Minorities, see Race/ethnicity Monitoring, 2, 3, 5, 8-11, 24, 26-28, 36, 42, 49, 93, 116, 118-120, 125-126, 143, 146 see also Data needs administrative data, 130, 133, 147 confidentiality, 141 Current Population Survey, 10, 16, 27, 116 defined, 25 econometric evaluations, 32 Devolution and Urban Change Study, 27 National Survey of America's Families, 27, 116 qualitative data, 144, 145 Survey of Income and Program Participation, 10, 116 Survey of Program Dynamics, 10, 26, 27, 116 Three-Cities Study, 27-28, 32, 34, 88, 93, 127, 190 Urban Change Study, 27, 32, 35, 51, 87, 88, 93 various specific studies, 183, 188-191, 197, 205 well-being, general, 5, 42-43, 54 Read the entire page →
From page 249... ... , 27, 29-30, 68, 93, 104, 105, 108-109, 111, 113, 123, 176, 204, 229-230 National Survey of Family Growth, 158, 173, 180 Native Americans, see American Indians 249 Noncash benefits, 13, 22, 44, 47, 113, 122, 136, 137, 142, 178, 222, 224, 226-227 see also Education and training; Medicaid child care services, 13, 37, 43, 136 specific studies, 175, 177, 181, 183, 205 energy assistance, 113, 156 food banks, 132, 172 food stamps, 22, 24, 25, 106, 108, 113, 129, 229 specific studies, 179, 185, 188, 202, 203 housing subsidies, 108 job placement, 13, 48, 136, 175, 182, 189, 190 public housing, 106, 113, 197 school lunches, 106, 108, 224 transportation assistance, 13, 37, 44, 90, 113, 121, 130, 136 Nutrition, 4, 40 see also Food stamps food banks, 132, 172 school lunches, 106, 108, 224, 229 Women, Infants, and Children Program (WIC) , 108, 129, 181, 229 o Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act, 18 Organizational factors, 1, 2, 5-6, 8-11, 52, 100, 103, 149-160 Assistant Secretary for Planning and Evaluation, 52, 125, 127-128, 147148, 150-152 Temporary Assistance for Needy Families, administration, 40, 43-45 Outcome measures, general, 2-7 (passim) Read the entire page →
From page 250... ... , 10, 26, 27, 104, 105, 108-109, 111-112, 114, 115, 118, 119, 122, 127, 129130, 152 Policy evaluation, general, 3, 6, 8, 9, 11, 24, 26, 32, 33, 43-45, 55, 57-60, 102, 178 see also Expert opinion; Implementation studies INDEX family structure, 40-41 historical perspectives, 18-23 randomized experiments, 56-57 state variations, 49, 103 see also Cross-area studies working poor, 37 Post-Employment Services Demonstration, 30 Privacy, see Confidentiality and privacy Private sector, 64, 100 see also Foundations Process analysis, 10, 24, 33-34, 61-63, 67-68, 72, 73, 86-88, 144 defined, 25 various specific studies, 175, 184, 189, 193200 (passim) Program-level evaluations, 8, 11, 15- 16, 47-48, 57-58, 59 see also Descriptive studies; Implementation studies data sources, 102, 105, 125, 141- 144 randomized experiments, 31, 56, 57 Program participation, 2, 43, 79, 81, 89-90, 110, 118, 123, 146, 153, 184 see also Eligibility; Leaver studies administrative data, 132, 133 AFDC, 17, 79, 80, 81, 90, 91, 92, 94, 184 aggregation/disaggregation of data, 93 Current Population Survey (CPS) Read the entire page →
From page 251... ... Johnson Foundation, 179, 185 Rural areas, 32, 35, 87, 125, 183, 190, 198 Rural Welfare Reform Project, 32 S Sampling and sample size, 71, 96, 103, 110 see also Cross-sectional studies administrative data, general, 129, 130, 147 Current Population Survey, 81, 106, 214 cross-area studies, 72, 78-79, 80-82, 105 decennial census, 221, 222 251 national-level studies, 3, 27, 68, 105, 106112 (passim) , 115-116, 119, 146, 178, 214, 221, 222, 226, 228-229, 230-231, 232, 233 response rates, national surveys, 107, 109, 110-112, 114, 119, 146- 147, 222, 223-224, 225, 227, 231-232 state and local surveys, 123, 124 state and local studies, 103, 123, 124 various surveys, 106, 108, 109, 178, 214, 226, 228-229, 230-231, 232, 233 Sanctions, 7, 13, 18, 19, 38, 41, 46, 47, 48, 71, 96, 134, 142, 151, 156, 192, 211, 213 Self-reports, 129, 184, 228, 229 Sensitivity analysis, 60, 75-76 microsimulation models, 84 Short-term welfare users, 89-91 Single mothers, 4, 5, 13, 16, 18, 35, 37, 41 difference-in-difference methods, 59-60, 66-67 econometric evaluations, 32 education of, 59, 66 SIPP, see Survey of Income and Program Participation Social factors, general, 5, 39-40, 46-47, 56, 202 administrative data, 10 ethnographic studies, 27, 34, 62, 63, 86, 8889, 145-146, 147, 191, 198 public opinion, 16, 40 Social Security Acts, 16, 18 Social Security Administration, 26, 179 Social security numbers (SSNs) Read the entire page →
From page 252... ... welfare leavers, 28, 149-150, 173-174, 178, 179, 191-193 State Policy Document Project, 143 Statistical power, 54 cross-state comparisons, 78-82, 209-219 Stayers, 4, 30, 38, 39, 51, 89-92, 149-150, 193 Substance abuse, see Alcohol and drug abuse Supplemental security income, 22, 106, 108, 113, 229 Survey of Economic Opportunity, 231 Survey of Income and Program Participation (SIPP) , 10, 16, 27, 104, 105, 108116 (passim) Read the entire page →
From page 253... ... , 27, 29-30, 68, 93, 104, 105, 108-109, 111, 113, 123, 176, 204, 229-230 W Waiver programs, 13, 19, 36, 48 child well-being, 30, 31, 35 cross-area comparisons, 78, 79-80, 81, 209219 econometric evaluations, 31, 67 educational attainment, 81, 211, 215-216 experimental studies, 19, 30, 31, 51, 182, 183 Welfare Information Network, 33, 134 Welfare leavers, see Leaver studies Welfare Rules Database, 33 Welfare stayers, see Stayers Welfare-to-Work Program, 31, 173, 181, 188 Well-being, general, 4, 5, 6, 42-43, 49, 50, 54, 110, 112, 113-114, 119, 154, 173, 176, 177, 188 see also Child well-being; Income, general; Nutrition econometric evaluations, 31 housing, 4, 40, 106, 108, 111, 113, 132, 172, 197 Women, Infants, and Children Program (WIC) , 108, 129, 181,229 Work First Program, 19-20 Work Incentive Program, 18 Work requirements, 3, 4, 7, 13, 16, 18, 19-20, 31,48,90,96, 142, 151,213 sanctions, 7, 13, 18, 19, 38, 41, 46, 47, 48, 71, 96, 134, 142, 151, 156, 192, 211, 213 various specific programs, 31, 173, 175, 181, 184, 188, 190, 191, 201 Welfare-to-Work Program, 31, 173, 181, 188 World Wide Web, see Internet Read the entire page →

From page 241...

... , 134, 136, 137, 138, 151 Assistant Secretary for Planning and Evaluation (ASPE) , 134, 135, 148, 151-152 eligibility, 129, 130, 131, 136 experimental methods and, 71, 129 families and households, 130, 136 fathers, 136-137 historical perspectives, 131, 147 leavers studies, 29, 30, 129, 133, 135, 174, 188, 189, 191-193 local-level effects, 128, 129, 133, 189, 202 outcome measures, general, 40, 41, 63, 138 program participation, 132, 133 reporting requirements, 11, 132, 135-138, 141-142, 159, 160; see also "standards" infra sampling, 129, 130, 147 social security numbers (SSNs)

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From page 242...

... , 1, 14, 16-18, 20, 22, 24, 37,45,46,47,55,66,95,96, 106, 108, 113, 209-219 see also Temporary Assistance for Needy Families administrative practices and data, 43, 129, 136, 150, 174, 179, 188, 189, 202 program participation, 17, 79, 80, 81, 90, 91, 92, 94, 184 various specific studies, 174, 179, 182, 188, 189, 194,202,229,231 Alcohol and drug abuse, 4, 34, 38, 39, 136, 142, 175, 182 American Community Survey (ACS) , 16, 82, 104, 105, 106-107, 110, 111, 113, 117, 118, 120-122, 222-224 American Indians, 181, 183, 190 American Public Human Services Association, 143, 206 Assessing the New Federalism Initiative, 142 INDEX Assistant Secretary for Planning and Evaluation (ASPE)

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From page 243...

... , 108, 129, 181, 229 Child Support Enforcement Program, 128 Child Welfare Panel, 158 243 Child well-being, 2, 5, 15, 35, 40, 41, 157-158 see also Fathers; Single mothers; Teenage pregnancy data sources, general, 106, 108, 109, 114, 119, 132 state-level studies, general, 35, 50 various studies, 172, 173, 178, 182, 184, 188, 189, 190, 198, 202, 203, 205, 230 waiver programs, 30, 31, 35 welfare leavers, 29 Cohort comparison studies, 29, 32, 65, 70, 72, 73, 158 caseload size, 58-59 leaver studies, 94-95, 99, 173, 174 National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY) , 29-30, 90, 104, 106-107, 113, 114, 115-116, 118, 176, 232233 qualitative data, 145 specification tests, 74 various specific studies, 180, 191, 193, 194, 197, 198 Community service programs, 156 child care services, 13, 37, 43, 136 specific studies, 175, 177, 181, 183, 205 public housing, 106, 113, 197 transportation assistance, 13, 37, 44, 90, 113, 121, 130, 136 Comparative group methods, 7-8, 32, 55, 5760, 64, 66-77 (passim)

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From page 244...

... , 110, 136 child well-being, 106, 108, 109, 114, 119, 132 INDEX committee charge, 15 cross-area studies, 129, 132-133, 134-135, 145-146, 147 Department of Health and Human Services, 8-9, 11, 103, 118, 150-160 disabled persona, 110, 142, 155-156 eligibility, 129, 130, 131, 136, 142 immigrants, 110 local-level effects, 11, 105, 106, 117, 122, 123-128, 133, 141, 143, 144 program-level evaluations, 102, 105, 125, 141-144 program participation, 132, 133 state-level data, various, 1, 3, 8, 9-10, 102, 103, 105, 106, 108, 110, 122, 147 Revolution and, 3, 9-10, 11, 13, 26, 40, 42,43,44,49,50,97, 103-104, 139, 154 statistical power, 54, 78-82, 209-219 Decennial census, 104, 105, 106-107, 221-222, 225, 227-228 Department of Agriculture, 122 see also Food and Nutrition Service; Food stamps Department of Commerce, see Census Bureau; Bureau of Labor Statistics Department of Education, 8-9 National Center for Education Statistics, 157-158 Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS) , 99-100, 122, 123, 128, 205 see also Administration for Children and Families; Assistant Secretary for Planning and Evaluation administrative data, 11, 128, 133-134, 135, 136, 153, 159-160 Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, 158 confidentiality, 139 data collection/analysis, general, 8-9, 11, 103, 118, 150-160 National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS)

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From page 245...

... time-series analysis, 61 various, 26-28, 172-173, 188-191, 195, 197, 198, 200-201 DHHS, see Department of Health and Human Services Diet, see Nutrition Difference-in-difference methods, 59-60, 6667, 68, 70, 72-73, 76, 77, 98 Disabled persons, 4, 34, 38, 39, 142, 179, 190 data sources, 110, 142, 155-156 special education, 203 Disaggregation, see Aggregation and disaggregation of data Diversion programs, 4, 29, 38, 39, 44, 51, 94, 99, 125, 127-128, 142, 151, 173174, 191-193, 199 Domestic violence, 38, 39, 188 Drug abuse, see Alcohol and drug abuse Dynamic Employer-Household Data and Social Data Infrastructure Project, 129, 140 EEarly Childhood Longitudinal Study, 158, 180 Earned Income Tax Credits (EITC) , 21, 22, 37, 40, 65, 176 Econometric modeling, 7, 24, 31-32, 51, 58, 65-66, 67, 97-98, 99 see also Caseload size 245 defined, 25 waiver programs, 31, 67 Educational attainment, 4, 40, 41 language factors, 34, 175 program participation and, 80, 81, 92-93 teenage mothers, 39 waivers, 81, 211, 215-216 welfare sanctions and, 38 Education and training, 37, 42, 175 see also Department of Education children, 37, 189, 203 school lunches, 106, 108, 224, 229 difference-in-difference methods, 59, 66 professional, survey methodology, 128 randomized experiments, 31 single mothers, 59, 66 Work First Program, 19-20 Work Incentive Program, 18 Eligibility, 2, 15, 29 see also Program participation administrative data, general, 129, 130, 131, 136 AFDC trends, 17 difference-in-difference methods, 59 diversion programs, 4, 29, 38, 39, 44, 51, 94, 99, 125, 127-128, 142, 151, 173174, 191-193, 199 immigrants, 38-39 matching, 60, 65 Medicaid coverage, 21, 22 microsimulation models, viii, 83-84 program description data, 142 Employment, 4, 40, 71, 113, 117-118, 128-129, 136, 209-219 (passim)

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From page 246...

... , 77, 97, 175, 182 cost factors, 56, 71-72 defined, 25 generalizability, 54, 56, 57, 61, 64, 69, 70, 71-72, 73, 83-86, 97 implementation and process analysis, 61 microsimulation models, viii, 83-86 job training and placement, 175 waiver programs, 19, 30, 31, 51, 182, 183 F Families and households, 3, 4, 5, 14, 26-27, 34, 35, 40-41, 102, 176, 177, 183, 188, 192 see also Aid to Families with Dependent Children; Children; Child wellbeing; Current Population Survey; Marriage and marital status; National-level studies; Panel Study of Income Dynamics; Qualitative studies; Sampling and sample size; Survey of Income and Program Participation; Temporary Assistance for Needy Families INDEX administrative data, 130, 136 caps, 7, 20, 47, 69-70, 142,211,213 case management, 48 committee study methodology, 1, 2, 15 domestic violence, 38, 39, 188 qualitative analysis, 62 populations of interest, 4, 38, 39 special needs groups, 38, 39 Family Support Act, 18, 31 Fathers, 176, 177, 183 administrative data, 136- 137 child support, 18-19, 31, 34, 40, 128, 132, 133, 142, 151, 185, 196, 200 Federal Parent Locator Service (FPLS) , 128, 132, 133, 185 Food, see Nutrition Food and Nutrition Service, 26 Food stamps, 22, 24, 25, 106, 108, 113, 129, 229 specific studies, 179, 185, 188, 202, 203 Foundations, 6, 26, 30, 50, 104, 185 Rockefeller Institute of Government, 33, 51, 86-87, 192, 199, 200 Fragile Families Study, 35, 145, 176 Front-line Management and Practice Study, 8687 Funding, 10, 25-26, 99-100, 104, 127-128, 143 see also Block grants Assistant Secretary for Planning and Evaluation (ASPE)

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From page 247...

... , 229 Interviews, see In-depth interviews J Job Opportunities and Basic Skills Training program, 18 Job training, see Education and training L Language factors, 34, 175 Leaver studies, 3, 4, 14, 24, 28-30, 32, 37, 38, 39, 51, 67-68, 89-95, 125, 126-127, 149-150, 173-174, 178, 179, 189, 191-193, 206 see also Diversion programs administrative data, 29, 30, 129, 133, 135, 174, 188, 189, 191-193 Assistant Secretary for Planning and Evaluation (ASPE) , 28, 29, 30, 51, 94, 99, 125, 127-128, 135, 151 child well-being, 29 cohort comparisons, 94-95, 99, 173, 174 cross-area studies, 94, 135, 179 committee study, methodology, vii, viii, 23 definition of leaver, 25 state-level data, 28, 149-150, 173-174, 178, 179, 191-193 Legislation, 18- 19 see also Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act

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From page 248...

... , 232 Minimum work requirements, see Work requirements Minorities, see Race/ethnicity Monitoring, 2, 3, 5, 8-11, 24, 26-28, 36, 42, 49, 93, 116, 118-120, 125-126, 143, 146 see also Data needs administrative data, 130, 133, 147 confidentiality, 141 Current Population Survey, 10, 16, 27, 116 defined, 25 econometric evaluations, 32 Devolution and Urban Change Study, 27 National Survey of America's Families, 27, 116 qualitative data, 144, 145 Survey of Income and Program Participation, 10, 116 Survey of Program Dynamics, 10, 26, 27, 116 Three-Cities Study, 27-28, 32, 34, 88, 93, 127, 190 Urban Change Study, 27, 32, 35, 51, 87, 88, 93 various specific studies, 183, 188-191, 197, 205 well-being, general, 5, 42-43, 54

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From page 249...

... , 27, 29-30, 68, 93, 104, 105, 108-109, 111, 113, 123, 176, 204, 229-230 National Survey of Family Growth, 158, 173, 180 Native Americans, see American Indians 249 Noncash benefits, 13, 22, 44, 47, 113, 122, 136, 137, 142, 178, 222, 224, 226-227 see also Education and training; Medicaid child care services, 13, 37, 43, 136 specific studies, 175, 177, 181, 183, 205 energy assistance, 113, 156 food banks, 132, 172 food stamps, 22, 24, 25, 106, 108, 113, 129, 229 specific studies, 179, 185, 188, 202, 203 housing subsidies, 108 job placement, 13, 48, 136, 175, 182, 189, 190 public housing, 106, 113, 197 school lunches, 106, 108, 224 transportation assistance, 13, 37, 44, 90, 113, 121, 130, 136 Nutrition, 4, 40 see also Food stamps food banks, 132, 172 school lunches, 106, 108, 224, 229 Women, Infants, and Children Program (WIC) , 108, 129, 181, 229 o Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act, 18 Organizational factors, 1, 2, 5-6, 8-11, 52, 100, 103, 149-160 Assistant Secretary for Planning and Evaluation, 52, 125, 127-128, 147148, 150-152 Temporary Assistance for Needy Families, administration, 40, 43-45 Outcome measures, general, 2-7 (passim)

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From page 250...

... , 10, 26, 27, 104, 105, 108-109, 111-112, 114, 115, 118, 119, 122, 127, 129130, 152 Policy evaluation, general, 3, 6, 8, 9, 11, 24, 26, 32, 33, 43-45, 55, 57-60, 102, 178 see also Expert opinion; Implementation studies INDEX family structure, 40-41 historical perspectives, 18-23 randomized experiments, 56-57 state variations, 49, 103 see also Cross-area studies working poor, 37 Post-Employment Services Demonstration, 30 Privacy, see Confidentiality and privacy Private sector, 64, 100 see also Foundations Process analysis, 10, 24, 33-34, 61-63, 67-68, 72, 73, 86-88, 144 defined, 25 various specific studies, 175, 184, 189, 193200 (passim) Program-level evaluations, 8, 11, 15- 16, 47-48, 57-58, 59 see also Descriptive studies; Implementation studies data sources, 102, 105, 125, 141- 144 randomized experiments, 31, 56, 57 Program participation, 2, 43, 79, 81, 89-90, 110, 118, 123, 146, 153, 184 see also Eligibility; Leaver studies administrative data, 132, 133 AFDC, 17, 79, 80, 81, 90, 91, 92, 94, 184 aggregation/disaggregation of data, 93 Current Population Survey (CPS)

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From page 251...

... Johnson Foundation, 179, 185 Rural areas, 32, 35, 87, 125, 183, 190, 198 Rural Welfare Reform Project, 32 S Sampling and sample size, 71, 96, 103, 110 see also Cross-sectional studies administrative data, general, 129, 130, 147 Current Population Survey, 81, 106, 214 cross-area studies, 72, 78-79, 80-82, 105 decennial census, 221, 222 251 national-level studies, 3, 27, 68, 105, 106112 (passim) , 115-116, 119, 146, 178, 214, 221, 222, 226, 228-229, 230-231, 232, 233 response rates, national surveys, 107, 109, 110-112, 114, 119, 146- 147, 222, 223-224, 225, 227, 231-232 state and local surveys, 123, 124 state and local studies, 103, 123, 124 various surveys, 106, 108, 109, 178, 214, 226, 228-229, 230-231, 232, 233 Sanctions, 7, 13, 18, 19, 38, 41, 46, 47, 48, 71, 96, 134, 142, 151, 156, 192, 211, 213 Self-reports, 129, 184, 228, 229 Sensitivity analysis, 60, 75-76 microsimulation models, 84 Short-term welfare users, 89-91 Single mothers, 4, 5, 13, 16, 18, 35, 37, 41 difference-in-difference methods, 59-60, 66-67 econometric evaluations, 32 education of, 59, 66 SIPP, see Survey of Income and Program Participation Social factors, general, 5, 39-40, 46-47, 56, 202 administrative data, 10 ethnographic studies, 27, 34, 62, 63, 86, 8889, 145-146, 147, 191, 198 public opinion, 16, 40 Social Security Acts, 16, 18 Social Security Administration, 26, 179 Social security numbers (SSNs)

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From page 252...

... welfare leavers, 28, 149-150, 173-174, 178, 179, 191-193 State Policy Document Project, 143 Statistical power, 54 cross-state comparisons, 78-82, 209-219 Stayers, 4, 30, 38, 39, 51, 89-92, 149-150, 193 Substance abuse, see Alcohol and drug abuse Supplemental security income, 22, 106, 108, 113, 229 Survey of Economic Opportunity, 231 Survey of Income and Program Participation (SIPP) , 10, 16, 27, 104, 105, 108116 (passim)

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From page 253...

... , 27, 29-30, 68, 93, 104, 105, 108-109, 111, 113, 123, 176, 204, 229-230 W Waiver programs, 13, 19, 36, 48 child well-being, 30, 31, 35 cross-area comparisons, 78, 79-80, 81, 209219 econometric evaluations, 31, 67 educational attainment, 81, 211, 215-216 experimental studies, 19, 30, 31, 51, 182, 183 Welfare Information Network, 33, 134 Welfare leavers, see Leaver studies Welfare Rules Database, 33 Welfare stayers, see Stayers Welfare-to-Work Program, 31, 173, 181, 188 Well-being, general, 4, 5, 6, 42-43, 49, 50, 54, 110, 112, 113-114, 119, 154, 173, 176, 177, 188 see also Child well-being; Income, general; Nutrition econometric evaluations, 31 housing, 4, 40, 106, 108, 111, 113, 132, 172, 197 Women, Infants, and Children Program (WIC) , 108, 129, 181,229 Work First Program, 19-20 Work Incentive Program, 18 Work requirements, 3, 4, 7, 13, 16, 18, 19-20, 31,48,90,96, 142, 151,213 sanctions, 7, 13, 18, 19, 38, 41, 46, 47, 48, 71, 96, 134, 142, 151, 156, 192, 211, 213 various specific programs, 31, 173, 175, 181, 184, 188, 190, 191, 201 Welfare-to-Work Program, 31, 173, 181, 188 World Wide Web, see Internet

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Index Pages 241-253

Index
Pages 241-253