Clearing the Smoke Assessing the Science Base for Tobacco Harm Reduction (2001) / Chapter Skim
Currently Skimming:
3 Historical Perspective and Lessons Learned
3 Historical Perspective and Lessons Learned
Pages 60-81
The Chapter Skim interface presents what we've algorithmically identified as the most significant single chunk of text within every page in the chapter.
Select key terms on the right to highlight them within pages of the chapter.
From page 60... ...
TOBACCO MARKETING: EARLY HEALTH CLAIMS Tobacco companies have promoted the manufactured cigarette for more than a century (Kruger, 1996~. The history of cigarette marketing has been discussed in several sources (e.g., Altman et al., 1987; Cohen, 1996; 60
|
From page 61... ...
When claims increased, the FTC filed more suits against companies making claims about tar and nicotine levels. In September 1955, the FTC published "Cigarette Advertising Guides" that prohibited health claims (Cohen, 1996; Kozlowski, 2000b)
|
From page 62... ...
tests proved conclusively that changing to Philip Morris, every case of irritation due to smoking cleared completely or definitely improved." 1937: "They're so mild and never make my throat harsh or rough." (Camel)
|
From page 63... ...
" 1951: "Notice that Philip Morris is definitely less irritating, definitely milder! " "Filtered cigarette smoke is better for your health." (Viceroy)
|
From page 64... ...
New Hi-Fi Filter Parliament." (note: the parenthetical phrase "high filtration" was printed, in small type, "Hi-Fi") 1966: "The truth is out: The wire services recently released a new report that revealed that, new TRUE Filter Cigarettes delivered less tar and nicotine than other brands tested .
|
From page 65... ...
SOURCES: Anonymous, 1946; Arnett, 1999; Caples, 1947; Chickenhead Productions, 2000; Glantz et al., 1996; Harris, 1978; Kluger, 1996; Kozlowski, 2000; Lewine, 1970; Mullen, 1979; Pollay and Dewhirst, 2000; R.J. Reynolds Tobacco Company, 2000; Sobel, 1978; Swedrock et al., 1999.
|
From page 66... ...
There has been a steady increase since the early 1960s in the percentage of magazine advertisements using visual images of bold and lively behaviors in pristine environments (Pollay, 1989; Pollay and Dewhirst, 2000; see Box 3-2~. HEALTH IMPACT OF LOW-YIELD PRODUCTS In a recent review of epidemiologic data on the disease risks associated with the changing cigarette, Samet (1996)
|
From page 67... ...
In related analyses, Thun and colleagues (1997a) compared the relative risks of lung cancer and coronary heart disease in Cancer Prevention Study I (from 1959 to 1965)
|
From page 68... ...
Perceptions by Smokers of the Risk of Cigarette Smoking It is now well established that perceptions of the harmfulness of smoking affect behavior. Much might be learned about the possible consequences of introducing PREPs from analysis of studies of smokers' knowledge of the consequences of various types of tobacco products.
|
From page 69... ...
The various studies described below have assessed perceptions of risks for smoking high- and low-tar cigarettes. These assessments have been conducted for smokers overall and, at various times, by tar level of the smoker's usual brand and by whether the smoker has switched to a low-yield brand.
|
From page 70... ...
In 1987, 44% of smokers reported that they had ever switched to a low-tar brand to reduce their health risks. Among persons 10- to 20-years old in 1993 who smoked light or ultralight cigarettes, 33% said that they smoked these brands because they taste better, 20% because they are less irritating, and 21% because they thought these cigarettes were healthier than other brands.
|
From page 71... ...
Reasons for Switching to Low-Yield Products Smokers of light or ultralight cigarettes were asked if they smoked for each of the following reasons (presented in random order) : "as a step toward quitting smoking completely," "to reduce the risks of smoking without having to give up smoking," "to reduce the tar you get from smoking," "to reduce the nicotine you get from smoking," and "because you prefer the taste compared to Regular cigarettes" (Kozlowski et al., 1998b)
|
From page 72... ...
Furthermore, 39% of adolescents and 20% of adults perceived the advertisements as claiming that Winstons were "less likely than other cigarettes to harm your health." Additionally, 42% of adolescents and 14% of adults stated that the advertisements meant that Winstons are "less likely than other cigarettes to be addictive." Overall, about two-thirds of adolescents and one-quarter of adults believed that the no additives claim meant at least one of the above implied health claims. Evidence also suggests that consumers perceive menthol-containing cigarettes to be less harmful because they seem less harsh on the throat.
|
From page 73... ...
Among 39 white smokers of menthol cigarettes, reasons for their choice of menthols included menthol cigarettes tasted better than nonmenthol cigarettes (74%~; menthol cigarettes were more soothing to the throat (51%~; they had always smoked menthol cigarettes (39%~; and inhalation was easier with menthol cigarettes (21%~. An industry document (Tibor Koeves Associates, 1968)
|
From page 74... ...
The 1980 finding that about 36% of smokers of light cigarettes reported that smoking light did not increase risk compared to not smoking provides indirect evidence that they could have decreased motivation to quit (Cohen, 1992~. Users of low-yield cigarettes are generally more interested in quitting than those who smoke regular cigarettes (Giovino et al., 1996; larvis et al.,
|
From page 75... ...
This finding suggests that even though many people use low-yield cigarettes as a quitting strategy, the efficacy of this strategy is doubtful. In a recent national survey, 32% of smokers of lights and 26% of ultralights reported that they would be likely to quit smoking if they learned that one light or one ultralight cigarette could provide as much tar as one regular cigarette (Kozlowski et al., 1998a)
|
From page 76... ...
conducted a study of smokers who were forced to abstain during Air Force basic training. About 32% of smokers reported upon entering basic military training, that they had switched brands during the previous 12 months to reduce health risks.
|
From page 77... ...
Future research in this area should be conducted to assess factors that influence perceptions of risk in order to ensure that communications about PREPs whether made by manufacturers or by health educators take into account a PREP user's perceptions regarding the risks of conventional tobacco and the potential benefit of using PREPs. The magnitude of misleading optimism bias for each PREP or type of PREP must be known to estimate the use of conventional tobacco and PREPs and, therefore, the possibilities for harm reduction.
|
From page 78... ...
2000. Disease risks from low tar and nicotine yield cigarettes.
|
From page 79... ...
National Cancer Institute. The FTC Cigarette Test Method for Determining Tar, Nicotine, and Carbon Monoxide Yields of U.S.
|
From page 80... ...
National Cancer Institute. The FTC Cigarette Test Method for Determining Tar, Nicotine, and Carbon Monoxide Yields of U.S.
|
From page 81... ...
National Cancer Institute. The FTC Cigarette Test Method for Determining Tar, Nicotine, and Carbon Monoxide Yields of U.S.
|
Key Terms
This material may be derived from roughly machine-read images, and so is provided only to facilitate research.
More
information on Chapter Skim is available.