Catalytic Process Technology (2000) / Chapter Skim
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Areas for Applied Research
Areas for Applied Research
Pages 13-36
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From page 13... ...
The final list was then categorized into six areas: · alkane activation and selective oxidation synthesis of fine chemicals alternative and renewable resources olefin polymerization alkylation technology environmental applications 13
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From page 14... ...
methane to higher molecular-weight molecules · alkane alkylation with carbon monoxide Characterization of the types of oxygen present on oxicle surfaces ant! their role in alkane activation and subsequent oxidation Identification of factors controlling selectivity in selective oxidation and oxidative dehydrogenation of alkanes and selective oxidation of olef~ns and aromatics Identification of novel methods of activating oxygen Development of novel catalysts for the selective oxidation of alkalies, olefins, and aromatics: .
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From page 15... ...
catalysts for control of volatile organic compounds and combustion of methane Development of catalysts for the efficient hydrogenolysis of chlorinated hydrocarbons to hydrochloric acid Development of catalysts for the selective creep removal of sulfur from feed streams and the conversion of sulfur oxide to products of value Discovery and development of catalysts for the production of commercially significant products at lower temperatures and pressures than those required for current processes Development of catalysts for depolymerizing polymers Stereoselective synthesis to conserve source materials and use more complex materials effectively Enantioselective synthesis to meet the growing needs of the life sciences, including medicine, nutrition, animal health, and plant control Development of more active catalysts for hydrogen production for fuel cells Development of catalysts for the conversion of biological feedstocks to chemicals Improvements in existing processes by reductions in the levels of carbon dioxide produced as a by-product Identification of methods of controlling polymer architecture and composition Development of catalysts for the incorporation of a variety of functional groups during olefin polymerization Development of catalysts for the synthesis of chiral polymers Because of the breadth anal diversity of the field of catalysis, the committee was not able to prioritize these six areas. The committee strongly believes that all of them are important ant!
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From page 16... ...
Other reactions (e.g., methane to ethylene, methanol, or formaldehyde; ethane to ethylene, ethylene glycol, acetic acid, or acetaldehycle; propane to propylene, acrolein, acrylic aci(l, or I,3-propane diol; butane to butene, I,4butane cliol, or maleic anhydride; isobutane to methacrylic acid, linear longchain alkanes to the alpha olefins or linear alcohols, and benzene to phenol) could be used if they were highly selective and high yielcl and required low investment and low operational costs.
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From page 17... ...
sts containing vanadium have demonstrated selective partial alkane actix stir '~ at unusually low temperatures. Tridium complexes with "pincer'' Wands Ins also been reported for low-temperature alkane dehydrogenation (Gu},ta ct al., 1997)
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From page 18... ...
Or the oxidation of isobutane to methacrylic acid. Anything that accelerates the discovery and testing of catalysts, especially ingenious ways of testin`, new catalyst compositions or processes, will decrease the time for, and increase the probability of, discovering a new, useful catalyst for alkane activation.
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From page 19... ...
or I,4-butane diol, and other transformations of alkanes to primary alcohols and diols could have major benefits for the chemical industry. Precedents in biological systems have demonstrated that it is possible for transition metals to selectively oxidize an alkane to a primary alcohol under mild conditions (Iow temperatures and pressures)
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From page 20... ...
~ ,, ~ 7 ,, Catalysis, which has always been an important step in the synthesis of fine chemicals, has become even more important with the advent of rational catalyst/ligand design, the use of high-throughput catalyst screening tools, and the discovery of novel catalytic reactions that provide synthetic versatility and atom economy (i.e., the simplification of substrate structure and minimization of protecting-group techniques)
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From page 21... ...
For heterogeneous catalysts, computational chemistry and the analysis of surface-bound intermediates will improve our understanding of catalytic mechanisms and lead to improved catalysts. And finally, the use of in-situ analytical probes to uncover catalytic reaction mechanisms will lead to better optimization of their yield and selectivity.
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From page 22... ...
Selectivity in heterogeneously catalyzed, fine-chemical reactions is also important, and the development by the commercial pharmaceutical industry of novel catalysts, chiral surface mollifiers, and fundamental knowledge of reaction mechanisms will lead to improvements in selectivities. Reaction Conditions Successful processing of a catalytic reaction step often involves optimizing of reaction conditions to increase yield and selectivity, as well as careful control of catalyst deactivation and recovery to allow for the recycling and reuse of expensive catalysts.
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From page 23... ...
support the development of enzymes with substrate specificity and stereoselectivity for chiral synthesis in fine chemicals. Enzyme Stability Currently, R&D on improving stability is focused on immobilization through covalent coupling of an enzyme to a polymer, noncovalent gel entrapment, and cross-linked enzyme crystals.
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From page 24... ...
The United States still has plentiful reserves of coal and natural gas. Indeecl, natural gas, which is plentiful woriclwicle, is increasingly being user
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From page 25... ...
in the terns of this discussion, alternative resources refers to noncrude-oil-based resources. Renewable resources refers to carbon resources available from biological, especially agricultural, sources.
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From page 26... ...
The Office of Industrial Technologies should support a study of alternative, lower cost means of producing synthesis gas from alternative resources. Available Chemicals The chemical industry would greatly benefit from new technologies for the conversion of synthesis gas to chemicals.
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From page 27... ...
. The problems facing the developn~ent ~ ttechnologies for the generation of raw materials from renewable resources and their downstream conversion to chemical products on a large scale are similar to those associated with the use of biocatalysis for the generations ~~t fine chemicals.
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From page 28... ...
The Office of Industrial Technologies should support the development of catalysts that can copolymerize olefins with a diverse class of polar unsaturated monomers.
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From page 29... ...
The Office of Industrial Technologies should support the clevelopment of catalysts that are tolerant of common impurities, such as water ant! amines.
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From page 30... ...
catalyst with performance equal to hydrogen fluoride and sulfuric acid, would be beneficial to the petroleum industry. Ultrahigh Selectivity Highly selective alkylation processes would increase carbon efficiency ant!
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From page 31... ...
These technologies can improve energy efficiency by 20 to 30 percent. In the long teen, catalytic technology could speed up the commercialization of fuel cells with substantial improvements in fuel efficiency and markedly lower pollutant emissions.
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From page 32... ...
enhanced fuel processing in fuel cells and other processes wouict have widespread benefits. Pollution Control for Mobile Applications Modern three-way catalysts simultaneously reduce emissions of carbon monoxide, hydrocarbon, and NOx from gasoline-fueled internalcombustion engines operating at the stoichiometric air-fuel composition.
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From page 33... ...
(Several TOF industries identified a need for sensors in fuel cells and fuel-processing systems for fuel celIs.) Measuring Combustion Exhaust Streams R&D should focus on the development of sensors capable of measuring NOX' carbon monoxide, and unburr~ec!
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From page 34... ...
Solid-oxide fuel cells can use hydrocarbon fuels, especially methane, but PEM systems require hydrogen fuel that is free of sulfur and has low concentrations of carbon monoxide. Ideally, hydrocarbon fuels could be used with systems on boars!
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From page 35... ...
Metal-Sintering Processes of Supported Metal Catalysts Supported metal-catalyst systems are used in numerous industrial processes important to a clean environment and to industry in general, such as fuel cell electrode catalysis, automotive emissions control, fuel processing to produce hydrogen for fuel cells, and a variety of other petroleum ant! chemical processes.
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From page 36... ...
A model system, such as a planar polycrystalline-oxide surface with deposited metal particles, could provide a convenient system for obtaining sintering data via transmission electron microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, or tunneling microscopy. An interdisciplinary team could provicle both the catalysis and the instrumentation (e.g., electron microscopy or tunneling microscopy)
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