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Drinking Water and Health, Volume 7 Disinfectants and Disinfectant By-Products (1987) / Chapter Skim
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Pages 201-207

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From page 201...
... , 85-86 201 Breakpoint, defined, 82 Breakpoint chlorination, 82 Bromine comparative efficacy, 12 in drinking water disinfection, 13 efficacy in demand-free system, 11 Bromochloroacetonitrile, see Haloacetonitriles C Cancer, bladder, see Bladder cancer Carbon, total organic (TOC) , 39-41 Carcinogenicity of chlorate, 108 of chlorite, 108 of chlorophenols, 172 of chloropicrin, 167 of haloacetonitriles, 161 of haloacids, 141 of haloaldehydes, 150-151 of monochloramine, 97 of trihalomethanes, 122- 129 Carcinogens, 80-81 Case-control sampling strategy, 198-199
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From page 202...
... ratio, 191- 192 Chlorite, 58, 99-111 carcinogenicity, 108 chronic effects, 107- 108 conclusions and recommendations, 110111 developmental effects, 108-109 health effects in humans, 101-110 health effects in other species, 104-110 metabolism, 100-101 mutagenicity, 108 NOEL, 110 references, 178-179 reproductive toxicity, 109-110 SNARL, 110-111 subchronic effects, 104- 107 1-Chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene (DNCB) , 134-135 Chloroacetaldehyde, see Haloaldehydes Chloroform, 1, 111 carcinogenic risk for, 131 - 132 generation of, 29 precursors of, 37, 38 2-Chlorophenol, see Chlorophenols tumor incidence with, 131-133 See also Trihalomethanes Chlorophenols, 169- 173 acute effects, 170-172 carcinogenicity, 172 conclusions and recommendations, 172173 health effects in other species, 170-172 mutagenicity, 172
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From page 203...
... , 113 Disinfectant by-products, e~ct of, in conjunction with other risk factors for disease, 199-200 Disinfectants approaches to assessment of human health risks, 197- 198 chlorine, inactivation of selected viruses, 23 "life-cycle" studies, 191 selected, chemistry and toxicity, 80- 189 Disinfection chemistry and toxicity, 27-79 conclusions and recommendations, 191-200 methods and efficacy, 4-26 conclusions and recommendations, 190-191 Dowicide 2S, see Chlorophenols Drinking water, see Water entries Dysentery, 4 E Epidemiological observational studies, potential contributions, 200 Epidemiological studies of contaminants, 50-60 case-control studies using personal interview, 55-58 correlational studies, 51-52 groups at increased risk in, 58-60 mortality case-control studies, 52-55 Epidemiology, improvement, 196-200 Erie County, New York, correlational study, 51 Escherichia coli, 16, 21 Ethylnitrosourea (ENU) , 126 F Ferrate in drinking water disinfection, 13 Flocculation, 67
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From page 204...
... , 39-40 Haloketones, 154-156 acute effects, 155 conclusions and recommendations, 156 health effects, 154- 156 mutagenicity, 155-156 references. 185-186 Health effects in humans of chlorate, 101- 104 of chlorine, 82 of chlorine dioxide, 84-87 of chlorite, 101- 104 of chloropicrin, 165 of haloacids, 136- 138 of haloaldehydes, 146 of monochloramine, 93-95 of trihalomethanes, 114- 117 Health effects in other species of chlorate, 104-110 of chlorine, 82-83 of chlorine dioxide, 87-89 of chlorite, 104- 110 of chlorophenols, 170-172 of chloropicrin, 165- 168 of haloacetonitriles, 159- 161 of haloacids, 138- 142 of haloaldehydes, 146- 153 of haloketones, 155- 156 of monochloramine, 95-98 oftrihalomethanes, 117-129 Hepatitis A virus, 14, 15, 22-23 Hepatomegaly, 117 Hexachloroacetone, see Haloketones Humic acid, isolated aquatic, 34-42 Humic molecules, 28-34 Hydrogen peroxide in drinking water disinfection, 13 Hydroxyl type chloroform precursors, 38 Hypochlorite ions, 7-8, 82 comparative efficacy of, 12 Hypochlorous acid, 7-8, 82
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From page 205...
... , 128 Metabolism of chlorate, 100- 101 of chlorine dioxide, 84 of chlorite, 100- 101 of chloropicrin, 164 of haloacetonitriles, 157-158 of haloacids, 134- 136 of haloaldehydes, 144-146 of monochloramine, 91-93 of trihalomethanes, 112- 114 Methemoglobin, 102 Monochloramine, 2, 60-62, 90-99 acute effects in humans, 93-94 acute effects in other species, 95 bactericidal action, 16, 20 carcinogenicity, 97 chronic effects in other species, 96 comparative efficacy, 12 conclusions and recommendations, 9899 health effects in humans, 93-95 health effects in other species, 95-98 metabolism, 91-93 mutagenicity, 96-97 NOEL, 99 references, 175-178 SNARL, 99 subchronic effects in humans, 94-95 subchronic effects in other species, 9596 teratogenicity, 97-98 See also Chloramines Monochlorophenols, see Chlorophenols Mortality case-control studies, 52-55 Mutagenicity, 45-46 of chlorate, 108 of chlorine dioxide, 88 of chlorite, 108 of chlorophenols, 172 of Chloropicrin 167- 168 of haloacetonitriles, 160- 161 of haloacids, 141 of haloaldehydes, 150 of haloketones, 155- 156 of monochloramine, 96-97 of trihalomethanes, 122 N National Bladder Cancer Study, 57-58, 196-197 Neonates, 59-60 Neurotoxic effects of haloacids, 141-142 New York mortality case-control study, 54-55 Nitrite, 43 Nitrochloroform, see Chloropicrin Nitrochloromethane, see Chloropicrin Nitrogen compounds, organic, 42-44, 6266 No-observed-effect level (NOEL) , 81 of chlorate, 110 of chlorine dioxide, 90 of chlorite, 110 of chlorophenols, 173 of haloacetonitriles, 161 of haloacids, 143 of monochloramine, 99 North Carolina case-control study using personal interview, 55-56
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From page 206...
... , 20 Risk quantification, 80 S Salmonella assay, Ames, 47-49 Second International Symposium on Health Effects of Drinking Water Disinfectants and Disinfection By Products, vii-viii Serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (SCOT) , 116, 119 Serum glutamic pyruvate transaminase (SGPT)
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From page 207...
... , 1-2, 111-133 acute effects, 117-118 carcinogenicity, 122- 129 chronic effects, 120- 122 conclusions and recommendations, 129133 health effects in humans, 114- 117 health effects in other species, 117-129 metabolism, 112- 114 mutagenicity, 122 references, 179- 182 subchronic effects, 118- 120 Tritox, see Haloacetonitriles Typhoid fever, 4 U Ultraviolet (UV) radiation, 20 in drinking water disinfection, 13 V Vapor hazard index, 165 Viruses, 22-24 Vitamin E, 113 W Water collection, 5-6 epidemiological studies, 50-60 See also Epidemiological studies of contaminants mutagenicity of, 45-46 See also Mutagenicity toxicity, 46-50 treatment practices, 6 Water distribution system, 6 Water treatment practices, 6 Waterborne diseases, 4-5 conclusions and recommendations, 190191 outbreaks, 14-15 Waterborne pathogens, 14-24 White-blood-cell (WBC)
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Key Terms

  • water disinfection
  • subchronic effects
  • acute effects
  • chlorine dioxide
  • comparative efficacy

  • chronic effects
  • reproductive toxicity
  • correlational study
  • using personal
  • personal interview

  • correlational studies
  • developmental effects
  • studies using
  • chloroform precursors
  • type chloroform

  • serum glutamic
  • neurotoxic effects
  • chloramines monochlorophenols
  • exposure limit
  • ribonucleic acid

  • epidemiological observational
  • chlorophenols mortality
  • total organic
  • hydroxyl type
  • redox process

  • sister chromatic
  • chlorophenols tumor
  • haloketones humic
  • humic molecules
  • hypochlorite ions


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