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From page 305... ... ~1) guidelines, for processing Department of the Army permit applications, 253-254 of compliance for 17 mitigation projects with field investigation in Western Washington, 120 scope of, in processing Department of the Army permit applications, 241 242 of soil, plant, and animal communities for mitigation sites compared with reference sites, 211-216 305 Animal communities present in a wetland, 39-40 analyses of, for mitigation sites compared with reference sites, 211Animal dispersal corridors, in watersheds, wetlands as, 51-53 Application, in processing Department of the Army permit, 247 Approaches floristic, 129-130 to the nationwide permit process, 77 third-party compensation, 9, 93,168 watershed, 3-5, 45, 59, 140-149, 273 Area basis compliance, for mitigation that was attempted based on field inspection or monitoring reports, 119 Army Corps of Engineers. Read the entire page →
From page 306... ... , 252, 255-256, 264-265 Code of Federal Regulations, 65 Commanders, memorandum for, 234-238 Commercial mitigation banks, 86 Committee on Mitigating Wetland Losses, 2, 12-13, 20-21 INDEX Community structure, setting goals addressing, 7, 45 Comparative studies, of mitigation and natural wetlands, 189-198 Compensation in-kind, 301 out-of-kind, 302 permittee-responsible, 8, 167 self-sustaining, 53-57 third-party, 9, 93, 168 Compensation wetland planning, 146-147, 300 Compensatory mitigation, 300 in California, parameters measured in, 107 completing before permitting activity, 7, 139, 167 defined, 14 designing and constructing individual sites on watershed scale, 7, 139, 167 establishing long-term stewardship for, 8, 168 guidelines for implementing, 9, 93 initiation of, 150 performance standards from selected Section 404 permits requiring, 222 in processing Department of the Army permit applications, 265-268 Compensatory mitigation mechanisms under Section 404, 82-93 legal responsibility for the mitigation, 86-88 location of the compensatory mitigation action, 83-86 MBRT process, 91 recommendation, 93 relationship of mitigation actions to permitted activities, 88-91 stewardship requirements, 91-92 a taxonomy, 92 Compliance, 94-122 based on area, for mitigation that was attempted based on field inspection or monitoring reports, 119 based on permit number, for when the mitigation plan was fully implemented, 118 improving monitoring of, 8, 168 inspection and enforcement of, 156-157 with mitigation design standards, 97101 Read the entire page →
From page 307... ... See also Constructed wetlands wetland types that are difficult to create, 24-27 wetland types that have been created, 22-24 Creation of wetlands that are ecologically self-sustaining, 123-128 adopting a dynamic landscape perspective, 124-125 attending to subsurface conditions, 127 avoiding overengineered structures in the wetland's design, 126 choosing wetland restoration over creation, 125-126 conducting early monitoring, 128 considering complications in degraded or disturbed sites, 128 considering the hydrogeomorphic and ecological landscape and climate, 123-124 incorporating appropriate planting elevation, depth, soil type, and seasonal timing, 126-127 providing appropriately heterogeneous topography, 127 restoring or developing naturally variable hydrological conditions, 125 Credits, wetland, 67 Cropped wetlands (CW) Read the entire page →
From page 308... ... simulated water-table depths, compared with observed water-table depths, 55 Duration of inundation or saturation, 29 of monitoring, 112-113 of monitoring, at the Coyote Creek mitigation site, 205-207 of permits, in processing Department of the Army permit applications, 268 Dynamic landscape perspective, adopting, 124-125 E EA. See Environmental assessment Early monitoring, conducting, 128 Echinochloa crusgalli, 230 Ecological functionality percentage of permits meeting various tests of, 117 of small, isolated wetlands, 52 Ecological parameters landscape and climate, 123-124 in paired replacement and reference 154-160 wetlands, 116 Ecoregional perspectives in setting wetland project priorities, encouraging states to use, 9, 167 on where a wetland occurs, 38 INDEX Effect on Wetlands review, factors considered in, 293 EIS. Read the entire page →
From page 309... ... See Florida Department of Environmental Regulation Fens, 25-26 Field inspection, area basis compliance for mitigation that was attempted based on, 119 File maintenance, in processing Department of the Army permit applications, 270-271 Financial assurances, ensuring for longterm site sustainability, 7, 139, 167 Findings, 1-10 advantages of third-party compensation approaches, 9, 93, 168 advantages of watershed approach, 3-5, 45, 59 goal of no-net-loss-of-wetlands, 2-3, 122, 168 inadequate support for regulatory decision making, 8-9, 167-168 problems with Section 404 permits, 45, 137, 139, 167-168 Findings of no significant impact (FONSI) , 259, 261 Fish and Wildlife Coordination Act, 63-64, 74, 300 general mitigation requirements of, 61 Fish and Wildlife Service. Read the entire page →
From page 310... ... , 114115, 131-136, 159-160, 301 landscape and climate, 123-124 Hydrological continuum, 29 Hydrological function of wetlands, 28-29, 35-36, 301 restoring or developing naturally variable, 125 Hydrological variability, incorporating into wetland mitigation design and evaluation, 5, 45, 135 Hydrology, effect of wetland function and position in the watershed on, 48-49 Hydroperiods, 301 Hydrophytic vegetation, 301 I Impact sites area permitted, as a result of permits issued by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, 19 evaluating with same tools as mitigation sites, 7, 137 In-kind compensation, 301 In-lieu fees, 87, 301 INDEX Inadequate support, for regulatory decision making, 8-9, 167-168 Indicators of important wetland processes, reliability of, 136 Individual permits, 301 Installation review, at the Coyote Creek mitigation site, 205 Institutional reforms for enhancing compensatory mitigation, 138-168 expectations for the permitter, 149-154 expectations for the regulatory agency, 154-160 guidelines for, 9, 168 improvements in permittee-responsible mitigation, 149-154 introduction, 138-140 recommendations, 166-168 support for increased state responsibilities, 165-166 third-party mitigation, 160-164 watershed-based approach to compensatory mitigation, 140-149 Interagency Wetland Plan, 146 Internal coordination, in processing Department of the Army permit applications, 250 Inundation, duration and timing of, 29 Invasion of Schinus terebinthifolius, conceptual model of factors facilitating the, 200 Invasive species, 301 Iva frutescens, 228 Juncus roemerianus, 228 Jurisdictional issues, 53 in processing Department of the Army permit applications, 242-243 L Legal assurances, ensuring for long-term site sustainability, 7, 139, 167 Legal compliance, defined, 15 Legal responsibility for the mitigation, under Section 404, 86-88 Letter of permissions (LOPs) Read the entire page →
From page 311... ... , 63, 160, 162-163 Metapopulations, 52, 301 Method for Assessment of Wetland Function (MDE method) , 133 Minimization, 301 Minnesota Routine Assessment Method for Evaluating Wetland Functions, 133 Mitigation, 301 approaching on a watershed scale, 4, 59 California Department of Fish and Game, South Coast Region guidelines for, 217-218 design standards for, 97-101 federal actions regarding, 61 incorporating hydrological variability into design and evaluation, 5, 45 initiating, 102 permittee-responsible, 149-154 proposed, 95, 97 in regulatory program priorities, 275 relationship to permitted activities under Section 404, 88-91 required as a result of permits issued by the U.S. Read the entire page →
From page 312... ... See North Carolina Wetland Restoration Program NEPA. See National Environmental Policy Act New England District's Guidelines, 226227 NHPA. Read the entire page →
From page 313... ... , . Orgamzarlons Out-of-kind compensation, 302 Outcomes of wetland restoration and creation, 22-45 factors that contribute to the performance of mitigation sites, 3545 five wetland functions, 27-34 possibility of restoring or creating wetland structure, 22-27 recommendations, 45 replaceability of wetland functions, 27 Overengineered structures, avoiding in the wetland's design, 126 pi Paired replacement and reference wetlands, ecological parameters in, 116 Palustrine nonriverine systems, 28 Paradise Creek, Southern California, functional equivalency for constructed salt marshes in relationship to natural sites in, 115 Parameters, measured in compensatory wetland mitigation projects in California, 107 Parametric scale, creating a continuous, 136 PC. Read the entire page →
From page 314... ... Army Corps of Engineers regulatory program, results of, 19 Permitted activities (timing) , relationship to mitigation actions under Section 404, 88-91 INDEX Permittee compensation, using watershed perspective in establishing, 7, 167 Permittee expectations, 149-154 initiation of compensatory mitigation projects, 150 monitoring for performance, 151-152 permit compliance conditions for permittee-responsible mitigation, 153-154 permit conditions, 150-151 transfer of long-term responsibility, 152-153 Permittee-responsible compensation, enforcing clear compliance requirements for, 8, 167 Permittee-responsible mitigation, improvements in, 149-154 POP. Read the entire page →
From page 315... ... , 279 Prior converted cropland (PC) , 302 Problems with Section 404 permits, 6-8, 45, 137, 139, 167-168 assessing wetland function using scientific procedures, 7, 136-137 broadening wetland function planning and measuring tools, 7, 45 completing compensatory mitigation before permitting activity, 7, 139, 167 designing and constructing individual compensatory mitigation sites on watershed scale, 7, 139, 167 enforce clear compliance requirements for permittee-responsible compensation, 8, 167 ensuring legal and financial assurances for long-term site sustainability, 7, 139, 167 establishing long-term stewardship for compensatory mitigation sites, 8, 168 315 evaluating impact sites with same tools as mitigation sites, 7, 137 improving compliance monitoring, 8, 168 setting goals addressing both community structure and wetland functions, 7, 45 using a watershed perspective in establishing permitter compensation, 7, 167 writing measurable performance standards in permits, 7, 122 Procedures. Read the entire page →
From page 316... ... See also Findings for compensatory mitigation mechanisms under Section 404, 93 for institutional reforms for enhancing compensatory mitigation, 166-168 for mitigation compliance, 122 for outcomes of wetland restoration and creation, 45 for technical approaches toward achieving no-net-loss-of-wetlands goal, 136-137 for watershed setting, 59 Record keeping, 121 Reference models, evaluating biological dynamics in terms of regional, 5, 45 Reference sites. See also Design reference manual compared with mitigation sites, analyses of soil, plant, and animal communities for, 211-216 Reference wetlands, paired, ecological parameters in, 116 Regained wetland area and functions, tracking, 3, 122 Regional general permits (RGP) Read the entire page →
From page 317... ... robustus, 228 SCWRP. See Southern California Wetland Recovery Project Sea-level rise, and wetlands placement, 56 Se a grass es, 23 Seasonal timing, incorporating as appropriate, 126-127 Seattle District's Guidelines for Freshwater Wetlands, 228-229 Section 401 certification, in processing Department of the Army permit applications, 255-257 Section 10 of the Rivers and Harbors Act of 1899, 302 Section 404 permits, 2, 10, 15, 73-79, 303 assessing wetland function using scientific procedures, 7,136-137 broadening wetland function planning and measuring tools, 7, 45 compensatory mitigation mechanisms under, 82-93 completing compensatory mitigation before permitting activity, 7,139,167 designing and constructing individual compensatory mitigation sites on watershed scale, 7,139,167 enforce clear compliance requirements for permittee-responsible compensation, 8, 167 ensuring legal and financial assurances for long-term site sustainability, 7, 139, 167 establishing long-term stewardship for compensatory mitigation sites, 8, 168 Read the entire page →
From page 318... ... for the Army Corps of Engineers regulatory program, 101-103, 148, 151, 156, 239-284 policies and procedures for processing Department of the Army permit applications, 240-271 regulatory program priorities, 272-275 revised Quarterly Permit Data System definitions, 276-284 Standard permits (SP) , 73-74, 244-245 State responsibilities, support for increased, 165-166 Read the entire page →
From page 319... ... INDEX State Revolving Loan Fund, 164 State wetland programs encouraging use of ecoregional perspectives in setting project priorities, 9, 167 expanding to fill gaps in federal wetland program, 9, 168 Statement of findings (SOF) , 245, 258 Stewardship requirements, under Section 404, 91-92 Stream order, 47 Subordinates, commands for, 234-238 Subsurface conditions, attending to, 127 Success criteria at the Coyote Creek mitigation site long-term, 205 short-term, 204-205 Support for increased state responsibilities, 165166 for regulatory decision making, 8-9, 167-168 of vegetation by wetlands, 30-31 Swampbuster program, 17, 303 Symbiotic bacteria, habitat for, 32 T Taxonomy of compensatory mitigation mechanisms, 84 under Section 404, 92 Technical approaches toward achieving nonet-loss-of-wetlands goal, 123-137 floristic approach, 129-130 habitat evaluation procedures and the hydrogeomorphic approach, 131132 HGM as a functional assessment procedure, 132-136 operational guidelines for creating or restoring wetlands that are ecologically self-sustaining, 123-128 recommendations, 136-137 wetland functional assessment, 128-129 Temporal lag, recognizing, 155 Terminology, 13-16 compensatory mitigation projects, 14 constructed wetlands, 13 functional assessment methods, 14 319 legal compliance, 15 mitigation requirements, 15 performance standard, 15 project design standard, 15 treatment wetlands, 13 watersheds, 15 wetland creation, 13 wetland enhancement, 13 wetland functions, 14 wetland preservation, 13-14 wetland restoration, 13 wetland structure, 14-15 wetland types, 14-15 wetlands, 13 Thalassia testudinum, 24 Third-party compensation approaches advantages of, 9, 93, 168 expanding state wetland programs to fill gaps in federal wetland program, 9,168 guidelines for implementing compensatory mitigation, 9, 93 guidelines for modifying institutional systems for, 9, 168 Third-party mitigation, 160-164 33 CM 331, 299 Time factors extensions in processing Department of the Army permit applications, 269 in wetland restoration and creation, 4044 Timing incorporating appropriate seasonal, 126-127 of inundation or saturation, 29 toward equivalency for soil, plant, and animal components in wetland restoration projects compared with that of natural reference wetlands, 42 Topography, providing appropriately heterogeneous, 127 Topography-based flow models, 49 Tracking wetland area and functions lost and regained, 3, 122 Transportation Equity Act, 69 Treatment wetlands, defined, 13 Typha spp. Read the entire page →
From page 320... ... , 255256 Water Science and Technology Board, 20 Water-table depths, comparison between observed and DRAINMOD simulated, 55 Water-table position and duration of root zone saturation for wetland site that satisfies the jurisdictional hydrology criteria, 105 Watershed approach, 15, 46-59, 303 advantages of, 3-5, 45, 59 approaching wetland conservation and mitigation on a watershed scale, 4, 59 avoiding wetlands that are difficult or impossible to restore, 4, 45 basing wetland restoration and creation on broad range of sites, 5, 45 evaluating biological dynamics in terms of regional reference models, 5, 45 giving special attention and protection to riparian wetlands, 5, 59 implications of, 141-144 incorporating hydrological variability into wetland mitigation design and evaluation, 5, 45 making all mitigation wetlands selfsustaining, 4-5, 45 recommendations, 59 in regulatory program priorities, 273 watershed organization and landscape function, 46-47 watershed template for wetland restoration and conservation, 58-59 wetland function and position in the watershed, 47-57 Watershed approach to compensatory mitigation, 140-149 compensation wetland planning, 146-147 Read the entire page →
From page 321... ... Fish and Wildlife Service, 14,133 Wetland conservation, approaching on a watershed scale, 4, 59 Wetland creation, 303 defined, 13 research into long-term effects of, 9,168 Wetland credits, 67 Wetland Delineation Manual, 29, 227 Wetland enhancement, 303 defined, 13 research into long-term effects of, 9,168 Wetland functions, 12, 27-34 assessing using scientific procedures, 7, 136-137 broadening planning and measuring tools, 7, 45 321 considered in Section 404 permit reviews, 292-293 defined, 14 effect on hydrology, 48-49 effect on water quality, 49-51 groundwater recharge, 12, 27-29 habitat support for fauna, 31 hydrological function, 28-29 and position in the watershed, 47-57 provision of a unique environment, 12, 27 replaceability of, 27 setting goals addressing, 7, 45 shoreline stabilization, 12 soil functions, 31-34 support of vegetation, 30-31 water-quality improvement, 12, 27, 2930 water retention, 12 watershed position and self-sustaining compensation projects, 53-57 wetlands as animal dispersal corridors in watersheds, 51-53 Wetland hydrology, NRC definition of, 35 Wetland mitigation. See Mitigation Wetland permits, 60-81 Clean Water Act and the goal of no-netloss-of-wetlands, 70-73 data on implementation, compliance, ecological success, and monitoring frequency, 121 evolution of compensatory mitigation requirements in the Section 404 program, 60 federal actions regarding, 61 general Corps mitigation requirements, 63-64 general mitigation requirements, 61-63 in-lieu fees, 69-70 inspection and enforcement, 80 mitigation banking, 67-69 Section 404 mitigation requirements, 64-67 Section 404 permit process, 73-79 Wetland planning management-oriented, 145-146 protection-oriented, 146 Wetland planting, aiding self-design, 39 Wetland preservation, 304 defined, 13-14 Read the entire page →
From page 322... ... See also Mitigation basing on broad range of sites, 5, 45 choosing over creation, 125-126 defined, 13 factors that contribute to the performance of mitigation sites, 3545 outcomes of, 22-45 possibility of restoring or creating wetland structure, 22-27 recommendations, 45 replaceability of wetland functions, 27 research into long-term effects of, 9,168 site in Craven County, N.C., 55 types that are difficult to restore, 24-27 types that have been restored, 22-24 Wetland Restoration Fund (WRF) , 209, 304 Wetland types bogs, 26-27 defined, 14-15 fens, 25-26 forested wetlands, 23 freshwater emergent marshes, 22-23 herbaceous wetlands, 22-23 salt marshes, 23 seagrasses, 23 sedge meadows, 23 shrub swamps, 23 that are difficult to restore or create, 2427 that have been restored and created, 22-24 used in processing Department of the Army permit applications, 244 vernal pools, 25 wet meadows, 23 wet prairies, 23 Wetlands, 303. Read the entire page →

From page 305...

... ~1) guidelines, for processing Department of the Army permit applications, 253-254 of compliance for 17 mitigation projects with field investigation in Western Washington, 120 scope of, in processing Department of the Army permit applications, 241 242 of soil, plant, and animal communities for mitigation sites compared with reference sites, 211-216 305 Animal communities present in a wetland, 39-40 analyses of, for mitigation sites compared with reference sites, 211Animal dispersal corridors, in watersheds, wetlands as, 51-53 Application, in processing Department of the Army permit, 247 Approaches floristic, 129-130 to the nationwide permit process, 77 third-party compensation, 9, 93,168 watershed, 3-5, 45, 59, 140-149, 273 Area basis compliance, for mitigation that was attempted based on field inspection or monitoring reports, 119 Army Corps of Engineers.

Index Pages 305-322

Index
Pages 305-322