Risk Factors for Suicide Summary of a Workshop (2001) / Chapter Skim
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Risk Factors for Suicide
Risk Factors for Suicide
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Participants for Workshop T Risk Factors for Suicide were selected to represent the following areas: epidemiology and measurement, socio-cultural factors, biologic factors, developmental factors and trauma, and psychologic factors. For the different topic areas, the committee hoped to summarize current knowledge on the role of the risk factors in suicide and attempted suicide.
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The primary risk factor for suicide is psychopatho/ogy. Eve Moscicki The co-occurrence of distal and proximal risk factors leads to the necessary and sufficient conditions for attempted or completed suicide.
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She stated that "...the presence of firearms in the home is a primary proximal risk factor for completed suicides." Additionally, availability of prescription medications can be a risk factor in elderly populations. Stressful life events can also precipitate suicidal behavior, though an individual's perception of stress is highly subjective and determines the extent to which the stress increases suicide risk.
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ISSUES IN MEASUREMENT OF SUICIDE RISK FACTORS IN ADULTS Dr. Gregory Brown discussed overall needs in the field of measurement and assessment of suicidal risk.
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ISSUES IN MEASUREMENT OF SUICIDE RISK FACTORS IN YOUTH Dr. David Goldston reviewed assessment instruments for suicidal behaviors and risks in youth, including recommendations for further needed work.
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The base rate of risk factors may vary significantly across different populations, so that the same level of a risk factor may have significant predictive utility in some groups, but not others. In addition to base rate differences, risk factors may vary in meaning, salience, and/or presence across groups.
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Dr. Jan Fawcett reported that he and colleagues found overlap on the hopelessness variable between suicide attempters and completers, whereas all the other risk factors studied for suicide did not overlap.
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Maris discussed the effect of social isolation on suicide rates. He reported suicide outcome is enhanced by the loss of necessary social supports, increases in hostility and aggression, the corresponding reduction of targets for the aggression other than oneself as occurs in jail, greater impuisivity resulting from fewer social constraints, and isolation-enhanced depression, sleep disorder, and hopelessness.
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in the United States government documents such as the census and death certificates are required by law to omit religious information, making systematic study of the role of religion in suicide risk difficult. There is a general assumption that involvement in many world religions reduces suicide risk, especially for religions that teach eternal damnation for those who commit suicide.
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Adolescents differ from adults in the cluster of psychiatric disorders associated with suicidal risk. Whereas affective disorders, bipolar disorder, and drug and alcohol abuse are major risk factors for adult suicide, conduct and adjustment disorders are more frequent in adolescents with suicidal behaviors.
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Significant increases in receptor binding, protein levels, and mRNA were observed in the prefrontal cortex (area 9) and hippocampus in suicide victims compared to controls.
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Dr. ByerIey spoke about promising data from a number of laboratories using linkage analyses to examine complex psychiatric disorders such as schizophrenia and bipolar disorder.
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(2) Data sets exist for bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, and other disorders that are risk factors for suicide.
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Teicher remarked that the risk of suicide may be as much as 25 times as great in those with temporal lobe epilepsy. Using LEG coherence to measure shared activity across brain sites, Dr.
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The research Dr. Teicher reviewed indicates that early stress may produce limbic irritability and BEG abnormalities that are associated with self-destructive behavior, aggression, impuIsivity, and suicidal ideation.
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Furthermore, not all of those with bipolar disorder who were abused as children attempt suicide, underscoring the need to identify factors leading to vulnerability. Other clinical characteristics were also associated with increased suicide risk.
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He also suggested that there be study on survivors of lethally intended suicide attempts. These survivors can provided valuable insight into why people commit suicide and "they are the closest to the 'inside' that we'll get." Similarly, research should be done on family members who survive someone committing suicide to see whether they are at higher risk for suicide.
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