Capitalizing on New Needs and New Opportunities Government-Industry Partnerships in Biotechnology and Information Technologies (2001) / Chapter Skim
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Panel I: Biotechnology and Information Technologies: The Need for a Diversified Federal Research Portfolio
Panel I: Biotechnology and Information Technologies: The Need for a Diversified Federal Research Portfolio
Pages 84-97
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From page 84... ...
The purpose of Panel I is to compare and contrast technology development in these two areas as it has been affected by government-industry interaction. In computing and semiconductor technology, the government was an early instigator, broadly sponsoring technology development and purchasing much of the early products of the computing and semiconductor industries.
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From page 85... ...
He has a commitment to promoting multidisciplinary research in the biotechnology and computing industries, and, under his leadership, Berkeley's Health Sciences Initiative represents a major initiative to promote such research. THE VIEW FROM THE SEMICONDUCTOR INDUSTRY Gordon Moore Intel Corporation Dr.
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From page 86... ...
This included the early transistor patents. For future patents in semiconductors, Western Electric was required to license them to domestic firms at "reasonable royalty rates." Under these conditions, Bell Labs essentially became a national industrial research facility.
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From page 87... ...
The Minuteman I and Minuteman II missile programs were also very important. Minuteman I had a large demand for silicon semiconductors and the missile required high device reliability; meeting those reliability specifications significantly enhanced the industry's technological capabilities.
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From page 88... ...
in the late 1970s, a collective effort by semiconductor firms to address unmet R&D needs. The industry decided to pool the funds it was currently putting into universities, augment it a bit, and support research relevant to the growing commercial semiconductor industry.
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From page 89... ...
This was very important, Dr. Moore said, because prior to that, the potential antitrust ramifications were simply too great to allow firms to discuss common research challenges.
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From page 90... ...
Moore added, is fairly broad, cuts across a wide swath of the industry, and has aided in directing government R&D investment in semiconductor technology.
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From page 91... ...
EUV technology originated in the Star Wars program of the 1980s, but it is now showing promise to be a commercially viable alternative to optical lithography in the foreseeable future. The EUV research program is moving at a rapid pace, but much work remains to be done in developing appropriate x-ray light sources, specialized lasers, and mirrors whose specifications exceed those of the Hubble Space Telescope.
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From page 92... ...
Much of the technology commercialized by industry was developed in the university setting using NIH grants. That situation is changing dramatically today and that change, Dr.
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From page 93... ...
Structural analysis, in turn, has been aided by tools such as powerful x-ray sources that enable the x-ray crystallography of a protein to be determined very quickly. Improved computational power now allows diffraction patterns generated by the x-ray beam to be reduced to structures in a very short period of time.
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From page 94... ...
Today, due to improved computing power, we are able to determine a protein's structure within days of having the crystal. All of this greatly quickens the pace of drug development and indeed the knowledge base in the field of structural biology is growing at a breathtaking rate.
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From page 95... ...
Gene chips also require huge computational resources, as analyzing data from gene chips requires taking 20,000 gene tags in 20,000 combinations. Conclusion In the future, Dr.
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From page 96... ...
Dr. William Long of Business Performance Associates said that EUV technology received support from the Advanced Technology Program, specifically in the development of the mirrors necessary to successfully deploy EUV technology.
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From page 97... ...
Comparative biological research can now be conducted using databases alone, underscoring the need for improvements in storage capacity and computer technology.
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