Technology and Economic Analysis in the Prepublication Version of the Report 'Effectiveness and Impact of Corporate Average Fuel Economy (CAFE) Standards' Letter Report (2002) / Chapter Skim
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Attachment E: Derivation of Fuel Consumption Improvement Values
Attachment E: Derivation of Fuel Consumption Improvement Values
Pages 30-41
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From page 30... ...
Secondary Low friction to reduce driveling parasitic losses and vehicle fuel consumption Benefits FC Improvement Base 2V baseline engine; Reference: 2V baseline engine ~ 1.0 % ~ 1.0 % Example of Application Reference Toyota / Nippon Oil: K Aklyama, T
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From page 31... ...
Technology Improvement from 2 valve engine into a multiintake valve engine (including Description total of 3, 4, and 5 valves per cylinder) Primary Benefits Lower pumping losses: larger gas exchange flow area Less friction: higher mechanic efficienyv due to higher engine IMEP , Secondary Less pumping losses: engine down size with higher power density Benefits Higher thermal efficiency: higher compression ratio due to less knocking tendency and faster combustion process with central spark plug position FC Improvement Base: 2V baseline engine, Reference: 2V baseline engine 2 - 5% 2 ~ 5% Example of Advanced engines from Ford, GM, and DC Application .
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From page 32... ...
. FC Improvement Base: 2V baseline engine; Reference: 4V OHC engine 4 ~ 8 % 2 - 3 % Example of Toyota WT-i; BMW Vanes Application .
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From page 33... ...
. Primary Benefits Less pumping losses: partially use intake valve timing and lift control for intake throttle control Higher thermal efficiency: for better mixture formation with intake valve throttling Secondary Less pumping losses: engine down size with higher power density Benefits FC Improvement Base: 2V baseline engine; Reference: VVT engine 5 ~ 10% 1 - 2 onto Example of Honda i-VTEC; Porsche Variocam Plus; Toyota VVLT-i Application _ .
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From page 34... ...
- reduction in NAS Report- June 4, 2001 fuel economy Conclusions: Between 0.5 and 1% reduction in fuel economy is possible ( l Supercharging and Downsizing I FC~provement From Base From Ref. Technology | Reducethe engine isplacement end superchargeit for the required power | I Description Primary Beneflts Less pumping loss at low load conditions; less friction power loss at the same PREP; less Idle losses Secondary None Benefits ~ FC Improvement Base 2V baseline engine; Reference: 4V OHC engine 7 - 12 SO 5 - 7 onto Example of l l l Application _ _ _ Reference FEV, Peter Walzer, 00ELE028 Future Engines For Cars 25% Conclusions: Engine down size from 3L to 1.5L with supercharging and at part load, VCR, part load specific fuel consumption improves by 25% with VCR PageE- 5
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From page 35... ...
General weight reduction. Primary Benefits Less pumping loss at low load conditions; less friction power loss at the same PREP; lower Idle losses Secondary Improved transmission efficiencies 7 Benefits FC Improvement Baseline: 4-speed; Reference: 4-speed 2 - 3 °/O 2 ~ 3 % Example of Application Reference | SAE- 970689, "ZF 5 Speed Transmissions for Passenger Cars"; Heribert | | 5% Scherer, Georg Gierer on combined Auto 2000, "ZF 5-Speed Automatic Transmission"; Heribert Scherer M-H FTP-75 Conclusions: A 5% reduction can be attributed to the new 5-speed transmission | Continuously Variable Transmission (CVT)
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From page 36... ...
Optimized oil supply with reduced leakage in the hydraulic controls and gearbox. Primary Benefits Less pumping loss at low load conditions; less friction power loss at the same PREP less idle losses Secondary improved transmission efficiencies Benefits FC Improvement Baseline: 4-speed, Reference: 5-speed 3 ~ 5 % 1 ~ 2 % Example of BMW 7-Series Application Reference ATZ 9/ 2000, "6-Speed Automatic Transmission for the New BMW 7- 5% Series;" Wolfgang Hall, Christian Bock on combined Conclusions: A 5% reduction can be attributed to the new 5-speed M-H FTP-75 transmission _ _ Page E - 7
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From page 37... ...
Improvements in tire Description rolling resistances through new tread designs and tire carcass improvements Primary Benefits Reduced engine load required over entire speed range Secondary None Benefits __ _ _ __ FC Improvement Baseline: conventional vehicles; Reference: conventional vehicles 1 ~ 1.5 I/ 1 -1.5 % Example of Application .. , Reference Technology and Cost of Future Fuel Economy Improvements for Light-Duty 1.6 to 2.2% Vehicles - Draft Final Report"; Energy and Environmental Analysis, Inc.
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From page 38... ...
. Secondary Less pumping losses: engine down size with higher power density Benefits FC Improvement Base 2V baseline engine; Reference: VVT engine 8 ~ 16% 3 ~ 6 % .
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From page 39... ...
completely eliminate intake throttling valve for load control Higher thermal efficiency: higher compression ratio with less knocking tendency; better mixture formation with intake valve throttling Less friction: less valve train friction; higher mechanical efficiency due to higher engine IMEP Secondary Less pumping losses: engine down size with higher power density Benefits FC Improvement Base 2V baseline engine Reference VVT en-tine 10 ~ 20% 5 - 10% . , Example of FEV EMV; Siemens EVT Application Reference ~ FEV: M
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From page 40... ...
Brings CVT to higher torque applications. Secondary None Benefits _ FC Improvement Baseline 4-speed; Reference: CVT 6 - 13 % 0 ~ 2 % Example of ADDIication R e ference Mazda's Future - Cars and Technology for Tomorrow 20% Conclusions: A 20% improvement in fuel economy in the Japanese 10-15 Improvement I mode compared wi acurrent4-speed automatic transmission | infuel | economy Page E - 11
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From page 41... ...
Primary Benefits Less electrical power losses with less current flow through wires; higher efficiency of the electrical components Secondary | Enables higher epic 3ncy iSG systems | | Benefits FC Improvement Base: 2V baseline engine; Reference: 4V OHC engine 3 ~ 7 % 1 - 2 % Example of Application Reference Wards Engine and Vehicle Technology Update, June 15, 2001, p. 7 5% FE Conclusions: Potential for electronic thermal management is 5% FE improvement Electric Power Steering | FC Improvement | From Base From Ref.
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