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From page 375... ... shootings Bentley, Jermaine, 202 Berger, Robert H., 216 Betts, Ashley, 108 Biopsychosocial research, 199 Blundell, Mae Dean, 41 Bond, Bill, 132, 142 Boraten, Edrye May, 73, 81 Breen, Michael, 157 Brooks, Jenna, 108 Brooks, Natalie, 108 Buckley, Brendan P., 204 Bullying and taunting, 94, 317 definition and characteristics, 316, 317 harmful effects, 317 life-span development and, 317 prevalence, 316-317 preventive interventions, 67, 124, 317-318 research needs, 338 by shooter, 104, 115, 116 shooter as target of, 6, 49, 67, 115, 116, 146-147, 308 Byrne, Thomas, 187, 188-189, 191 Read the entire page →
From page 376... ... shooting Carroll, Patrick, 206, 221, 222 Case study findings contagion mechanisms, 259-260 cultural factors, 253-255 responses to incidents, 260-264 school characteristics, 255-256 shooter characteristics, 256-259 significance of, 15, 311-312, 351, 353354, 360-362 similarities and differences among, 249252, 266-283 socioeconomic factors, 252 see also specific case Case study methodology, 14-15, 17-18, 23, 199 appropriate use, 8, 24, 351, 352-354, 360-362 case selection, 2, 3, 13, 18-20, 351 cross-case analysis, 247-248 data sources, 22-23, 26-27, 71-72, 101, 132-133, 199-202 defining characteristics, 353 generalizability, 353-354 goals, 10-11, 17 naturalistic approach, 354-355 negative case analysis, 360-361 systems approach to behavioral research, 352, 355-360 template design, 20-22 Castillo, Sheila, 185 Causes of school violence, 4, 309, 310, 328329 adult-child relationships, 152-153, 235236, 253-254 bullying and taunting, 67, 116, 146-147 challenges in identifying, 285 classification, 328 community characteristics and, 19, 252, 328 copycat incidents, 39, 41, 97, 259-260, 325, 326 cross-case analysis, 248 cultural factors, 253-255 INDEX dynamic/situational factors, 311-312, 314 exposure to media violence, 117-118, 130, 151-152, 253-255, 315-316, 325 family problems, 114-116, 143-145 gun culture, 116-117, 145-146, 254 Heath High School shooting, 143-153 Heritage High School shooting, 41, 6768 interpersonal conflict, 202, 205, 225 mental health of shooter, 39-41, 114, 150-151 multifactorial, 247-248, 331 research needs, 8, 338 school characteristics, 255-256 shooter characteristics, 256-259, 309 socioeconomic factors, 252 structural, 311, 312 student beliefs, 65 Thomas Jefferson High School shootings, 202, 205, 237 Tilden High School shooting, 163 Westside Middle School shooting, 113120, 129-130 see also Goals of shooter Chicago, Illinois history of school violence, 164 see also Tilden High School (Chicago, Illinois) shooting Christian Institute of Human Relations, 96 Civil law suits, 63, 97, 128, 155-157, 262-263 against gun manufacturers, 117, 128 Clark, Charles, 150 Coleman, James S., 160, 238 Columbine High School (Littleton, Colorado) Read the entire page →
From page 377... ... shooting Copycat incidents, 5 conceptual model, 326 contagiousness of violence, 3 cross-case analysis, 259-260 Heritage High School shooting as, 39, 41, 49-52, 56-57, 67 influence of Columbine High School shooting, 1, 25, 39, 41, 49-52, 56-57, 67,234,260,341 influence of urban youth violence epidemic, 316 mass murders, 319-320 media role in, 325-326 Parker Middle School shooting as, 97 prevalence, 324-325 prevention, 309 proliferation of, 68 research needs, 340 statistical evidence, 296-297 suicide clusters, 326-328 Westside Middle School, 118 workplace violence, 320-321 Read the entire page →
From page 378... ... See Parker Middle School (Edinboro, Pennsylvania) shooting Egitto, Francis X., 217 Read the entire page →
From page 379... ... rural/suburban communities, 5, 7,18-19,249-252,289 379 Fresh, Doug E., 204 Frustration, 319 G Gang activity/affiliation, 33, 118, 226, 253, 313 alliances between gangs, 173 racial conflict and, 173, 174-175, 178 Tilden High School shooting and, 75, 164, 165, 172-174, 176, 177, 178, 183, 184 in youth homicide epidemic of l990s, 313, 315 Gillette, John J., 70, 71, 76, 80, 83, 97 Glover, Dewaun, 178, 179 Goals of shooter, 307 to achieve group acceptance, 148-149 cross-case comparison, 268-269 to get attention, 59, 118 in Heath High School shooting, 146-150 media speculation about, 56 in Parker Middle School shooting, 80 revenge against despised groups, 49, 147-148 revenge for teasing and bullying, 67, 116, 146-147 shooters' statements, 56, 76-77, 143 suicide by cop, 59, 323-324 in Tilden High School shooting, 180 in urban vs. rural/suburban communities, 249-252 in Westside Middle School shooting, 112, 113 Golden, Andrew, 101, 106-108, 115-116, 118 See also Westside Middle School Jonesboro, Arkansas) Read the entire page →
From page 380... ... shooting, 20 causes, 41, 67-68 community characteristics, 25, 27-31, 64-67 consequences, 30, 62-67 course of events, 25, 52-57 data collection, 26-27 gun ownership and, 34-35, 68 influence of Columbine shooting, 49-52, 56-57, 67 overall crime rate of region, 31-33 school characteristics, 38-39 security measures before, 38-39 shooter characteristics, 25, 39-49, 67-68 student characteristics, 35-38 trial and sentencing, 34, 57-62, 68-69 Herring, Paige, 108 Hill, John, 215 Holm, Hollan, 139, 160 INDEX Impellizzeri, Irene, 213 Infoshare, 201 Internet, 47, 50, 136-137, 144 Irushalmi, Bruce, 201 Irving, Whitney, 108 Jackson, Jesse, 184-185, 194 Jacobs, Jane, 222-223 Jacobs, Jennifer, 108, 112 James, Jessica, 138 Jenkins, Melissa, 139, 160 Johnson, Mitchell, 101, 102-106, 108, 114115, 117-118. See also Westside Middle School Jonesboro, Arkansas) Read the entire page →
From page 381... ... shooting Palmisano, Michael M., 70, 97 Parker Middle School (Edinboro, Pennsylvania) shooting, 20 causes, 97-98 community characteristics, 89-92 course of events, 70, 72-74, 76-77, 80-81 data collection, 71-72 responses to, 92-96 school characteristics, 70-71, 88-89 shooter characteristics, 70, 74-80, 83-87 suspicion of conspiracy, 74 trial and sentencing, 70, 97 victims and witnesses, 70, 76-77, 80-83 Peer relations adolescent information processing deficits, 316 association with delinquent peers, 48-49 attitudes toward shooter after incident, 64-65 between shooters, 108,109,113 causes of school violence, 4, 202, 205 conflict between groups, 37 conflict between individuals, 37-38 gaining and protecting reputation, 226 Read the entire page →
From page 382... ... 382 Heath High School shooter, 136, 137, 147-149 Heritage High School, 35-38 individuals aware of shooter's plans, 74, 81-83, 111, 140, 307, 308 interventions to improve, 213 loners, 36, 44, 45, 48, 303 Parker Middle School shooter, 74, 85-87 sexual behavior, 29-30 shooter characteristics, 5, 6, 39, 43, 44, 45,48-49,74,85-87,104,107,116, 150-151, 259 student groups and cliques, 6, 35-37, 49 suspected co-conspirators of shooter, 74, 142-143 threat assessment, 308-309 Westside Middle School shooters, 104, 107 youth-adult relationships and, 235-236 Pillars of Good Character, 94 Police, 66, 67 data sources, 26-27 gang interaction, 173 incident response, 54-55, 110-111,167168, 341-342 in schools, 89, 95-96,124-125, 158, 186187,211,263,334 suicide by cop, 59, 323-324 youth perceptions of, 32-33 Pope, Elijah, 203 Porter, Candice, 108,112 Prevention of violent incidents, 7-8 access to guns and, 7, 93, 335 challenges in designing interventions for, 285, 330 character education programs, 94, 98, 192 community-level interventions, 7 community standards as obstacle to, 227-228 consideration of dynamic/situational factors, 312 costs, 331 cross-case analysis of strategies for, 263-264 fostering student relations for, 213 Heath High School interventions, 89 identification of likely offenders, 332-334 improving youth-adult relationships for, 92-93, 160, 235-236, 237-239, 256, 263-264 intervention with bullying behavior, 67, 124, 317-318 INDEX interventions targeting adolescent development, 336 mental health interventions, 40-41, 68, 93-94 monitoring for problems in students, 93-95, 98, 125, 333 Parker Middle School interventions, 89 primary interventions, 330, 331 public health model, 330-331 research needs, 8 school shooter threat assessment, 308309 secondary/tertiary interventions, 330, 331-332 in smaller schools, 212 Thomas Jefferson High School interventions, 211-214, 236 thwarted events since Columbine High School shooting, 296 United for Safety Project, 213-214 weekend retreats, 213, 236 Westside Middle School interventions, 123-125 See also Security systems and practices R Race/ethnicity in Chicago gang conflict, 173, 174-175, 178 Heath High School demographics, 134 Heritage High School community, 29, 35,36 Tilden High School community, 169170, 171, 172 Rampage violence, 4, 7, 288 existing research, 303-309 international incidents, 295-296 trends, 4-5 Religion / spirituality to foster child-adult relationships, 119 Heath High School community, 135 Heritage High School community, 30 Parker Middle School shooter, 75 violence and, 30 Westside Middle School community, 102 Westside Middle School shooters, 103104 Research needs, 8 contagion mechanisms of school violence, 340 Read the entire page →
From page 383... ... See Suburban and rural schools Russell, John, 215, 216 S Sadoff, Robert L., 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 82, 84,87 Scaletta, Rick, 96 Schaberg, Shelley, 139, 160 Schetky, Diane, 150 Schneider, William, 58, 59-60 School characteristics, 22 as cause of school violence, 255-256 corporal punishment, 107 cross-case comparison, 272-273 culture of bullying, 317-318 gang activity, 178 Heath High School, 134-135 Heritage High School, 38-39, 66-67 immediate actions in response to shootings, 190-192, 203 interventions to prevent violence, 9395, 98, 157-159 parental involvement, 135, 238-239 Parker Middle School, 70-71, 88-89 post-incident trauma counseling, 65-66, 125-127, 154-155, 203 reforms following Tilden High School shooting, 184-190, 192-196 rule setting and enforcement, 123, 125126, 135, 163, 189-190 teacher-student relationships, 119-120 Westside Middle School, 102, 116 See also Security systems and practices School resource officers, 89, 95-96, 124-125, 158, 334 School violence, generally in aggregate patterns of violence, 285286, 289-291, 297, 299-301 Read the entire page →
From page 384... ... 384 classification, 288-291 existing research, 303-309 international incidents, 295-296 operational definition, 11-13, 287-288 research needs, 8, 336-342 trends, 1, 9-10, 11, 291-297, 300-301 Secret Service, 306-308 Security systems and practices effectiveness of, in preventing school violence, 334-335 exclusion of students, 192, 196, 212 Heath High School, 157-159 Heritage High School, 38-39 incident response, 55, 190-191 metal detectors, 66, 163, 164, 167, 184185, 186-189, 190, 191, 193, 194, 195, 210-211, 236, 263-264, 334 Parker Middle School, 89, 95-96 political context, 193-194 reforms of, after violent incidents, 7, 55, 66-67, 95-96, 123-125, 157-159, 184196, 211-212, 263 research needs, 341-342 school resource officers, 124-125, 158 student identification tags, 158 Thomas Jefferson High School, 211-212, 236 Tilden High School, 163, 184-190, 192196 Westside Middle School, 123-125 See also Prevention of violent incidents Self-image, 305, 336 Sex differences, 5 Sexuality/sexual behavior Heritage High School, 29-30, 37 taunting of shooter, 146 Sharpe, Daryl, 198, 202-204 Sherrill, Patrick Henry, 320 Shooter characteristics, 5, 21 academic performance, 5, 38, 45, 75, 88, 103, 104, 107, 136, 148, 177, 202, 204, 257 age, 256-257 as cause of school violence, 256-259, 309, 328, 329 childhood abuse experiences, 103, 115 classroom avengers, 304-306 cross-case analysis, 249, 256-259, 272-276 diversity, 307, 332-333 drug and alcohol use, 48, 75, 84 emotional functioning, 50-51, 85, 116 enthusiasm for guns, 44-45, 49, 106, 305 INDEX family structure and functioning, 5, 25, 41-44, 76, 78, 83-85, 103, 104-105, 106-107, 114-116, 135-136, 171-172 228, 258-259, 305, 307 Heath High School shooting, 135-138 Heritage High School shooting, 25-26, 39-49, 67-68 history of antisocial behavior, 38, 48-49, 104, 105, 107, 136, 138, 177, 256, 257 mental health, 5, 26-27, 39-41, 68, 7780, 97-98, 114, 257-258, 305, 306 Parker Middle School shooting, 70, 7480 peer relations, 5, 6, 39, 43, 44, 45, 48-49, 74, 85-87, 104, 107, 136, 137, 259 preparatory actions, 276-279, 306, 307 recreational and entertainment activities, 47-48, 75, 103-104, 117118, 136-137, 305 relationships with teachers, 119-120 religious beliefs/practices, 75, 103-104 risk factors, 5, 256 romantic experiences, 45, 75, 87, 112, 115, 137-138, 139, 259 social status, 252, 259, 336 as target for preventive intervention, 332-334 Thomas Jefferson High shootings, 204205 threat assessment, 308-309 Tilden High School shooting, 169-170 Westside Middle School shooting, 102108, 114-116 Sinkler, Tyrone, 198, 205 Situation analysis, 199 Small schools, 212 Smith, Marion, 206 Societal violence, 2-3, 9, 249 avoidance strategies, 225-226 contagion effects, 297 Heritage High School community, 30 literature review, 309-312 in marginalized urban communities, 231 media violence, 117-118, 130, 137, 151152, 253-255, 315-316, 325 national trends, 175, 297-300 school violence in context of, 289-291, 297, 299-301 Thomas Jefferson High School community, 203, 204-205, 209, 221222, 229, 230-231, 233-234 Read the entire page →
From page 385... ... shooting Statements and writings of perpetrators after shootings, 45-47, 56, 79, 112, 120121, 140, 146 before shootings, 47, 50-52, 79, 81-83, 85, 111, 143, 305-306, 307, 308 description of incident, 53-54, 76-77 during incident, 73, 142 regarding co-conspirators, 142-143 suicide note, 84 Steger, Kayce, 139 Steward, Hazel, 178, 188, 189, 190-191, 196 Strand, James A., 73, 77, 93 Stuck-Lewis, Denise, 74 Student characteristics group identification, 35-36, 137, 147-148 Heritage High School, 35-38 loners, 36 recreational activities, 32-33, 37, 91-92, 96 relationships with adults, 6, 7-8, 119120, 160, 227-228, 253-254, 256, 263264 Suburban and rural schools, 2-3 attributions of causality for shootings, 261-262 causes of violence in, 4 community characteristics, 5-6, 340 consequences of violence in, 3-4 forms of violence in, 7, 18-19, 289 influence of urban youth violence epidemic, 314-315, 316 motivations of shooters, 250-252 peer relations, 6 research needs, 337-338 responses to shooting incidents, 261, 263 shooter characteristics, 256, 257 Suicidal behavior/ideation, 25, 27, 36, 46, 51-52,54,61,62,82-83 contagion mechanisms, 326-328 early manifestations in shooter, 42, 48, 76, 147 as evidence of mental illness, 58 385 following commission of homicide, 322-324 Heath High School shooter 147, 151 legal considerations, 58-59 research needs, 340 shooter characteristics, 258 suicide by cop, 59, 323-324 Summers, Warren, 45-46 Sumpter, Khalil, 198, 204, 214-217, 234, 235-236. See also Thomas Jefferson High School (East New York, New York) Read the entire page →
From page 386... ... See also Parker Middle School (Edinboro, Pennsylvania) shooting Wurst, Catherine, 74, 83 Wurst, Jerome J., 83 I' y Youngblood, Johnny Ray, 207, 209, 233 Youth violence, generally characteristics of offenders, 313 homicide epidemic of l990s, 313-315 literature review, 313-316 school violence in context of, 289-291, 299-300 social causes, 313-314 trends, 9, 298-299, 313-314 z Zemcik, Robert, 73, 81 Read the entire page →

From page 375...

... shootings Bentley, Jermaine, 202 Berger, Robert H., 216 Betts, Ashley, 108 Biopsychosocial research, 199 Blundell, Mae Dean, 41 Bond, Bill, 132, 142 Boraten, Edrye May, 73, 81 Breen, Michael, 157 Brooks, Jenna, 108 Brooks, Natalie, 108 Buckley, Brendan P., 204 Bullying and taunting, 94, 317 definition and characteristics, 316, 317 harmful effects, 317 life-span development and, 317 prevalence, 316-317 preventive interventions, 67, 124, 317-318 research needs, 338 by shooter, 104, 115, 116 shooter as target of, 6, 49, 67, 115, 116, 146-147, 308 Byrne, Thomas, 187, 188-189, 191

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From page 376...

... shooting Carroll, Patrick, 206, 221, 222 Case study findings contagion mechanisms, 259-260 cultural factors, 253-255 responses to incidents, 260-264 school characteristics, 255-256 shooter characteristics, 256-259 significance of, 15, 311-312, 351, 353354, 360-362 similarities and differences among, 249252, 266-283 socioeconomic factors, 252 see also specific case Case study methodology, 14-15, 17-18, 23, 199 appropriate use, 8, 24, 351, 352-354, 360-362 case selection, 2, 3, 13, 18-20, 351 cross-case analysis, 247-248 data sources, 22-23, 26-27, 71-72, 101, 132-133, 199-202 defining characteristics, 353 generalizability, 353-354 goals, 10-11, 17 naturalistic approach, 354-355 negative case analysis, 360-361 systems approach to behavioral research, 352, 355-360 template design, 20-22 Castillo, Sheila, 185 Causes of school violence, 4, 309, 310, 328329 adult-child relationships, 152-153, 235236, 253-254 bullying and taunting, 67, 116, 146-147 challenges in identifying, 285 classification, 328 community characteristics and, 19, 252, 328 copycat incidents, 39, 41, 97, 259-260, 325, 326 cross-case analysis, 248 cultural factors, 253-255 INDEX dynamic/situational factors, 311-312, 314 exposure to media violence, 117-118, 130, 151-152, 253-255, 315-316, 325 family problems, 114-116, 143-145 gun culture, 116-117, 145-146, 254 Heath High School shooting, 143-153 Heritage High School shooting, 41, 6768 interpersonal conflict, 202, 205, 225 mental health of shooter, 39-41, 114, 150-151 multifactorial, 247-248, 331 research needs, 8, 338 school characteristics, 255-256 shooter characteristics, 256-259, 309 socioeconomic factors, 252 structural, 311, 312 student beliefs, 65 Thomas Jefferson High School shootings, 202, 205, 237 Tilden High School shooting, 163 Westside Middle School shooting, 113120, 129-130 see also Goals of shooter Chicago, Illinois history of school violence, 164 see also Tilden High School (Chicago, Illinois) shooting Christian Institute of Human Relations, 96 Civil law suits, 63, 97, 128, 155-157, 262-263 against gun manufacturers, 117, 128 Clark, Charles, 150 Coleman, James S., 160, 238 Columbine High School (Littleton, Colorado)

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From page 377...

... shooting Copycat incidents, 5 conceptual model, 326 contagiousness of violence, 3 cross-case analysis, 259-260 Heritage High School shooting as, 39, 41, 49-52, 56-57, 67 influence of Columbine High School shooting, 1, 25, 39, 41, 49-52, 56-57, 67,234,260,341 influence of urban youth violence epidemic, 316 mass murders, 319-320 media role in, 325-326 Parker Middle School shooting as, 97 prevalence, 324-325 prevention, 309 proliferation of, 68 research needs, 340 statistical evidence, 296-297 suicide clusters, 326-328 Westside Middle School, 118 workplace violence, 320-321

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From page 378...

... See Parker Middle School (Edinboro, Pennsylvania) shooting Egitto, Francis X., 217

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From page 379...

... rural/suburban communities, 5, 7,18-19,249-252,289 379 Fresh, Doug E., 204 Frustration, 319 G Gang activity/affiliation, 33, 118, 226, 253, 313 alliances between gangs, 173 racial conflict and, 173, 174-175, 178 Tilden High School shooting and, 75, 164, 165, 172-174, 176, 177, 178, 183, 184 in youth homicide epidemic of l990s, 313, 315 Gillette, John J., 70, 71, 76, 80, 83, 97 Glover, Dewaun, 178, 179 Goals of shooter, 307 to achieve group acceptance, 148-149 cross-case comparison, 268-269 to get attention, 59, 118 in Heath High School shooting, 146-150 media speculation about, 56 in Parker Middle School shooting, 80 revenge against despised groups, 49, 147-148 revenge for teasing and bullying, 67, 116, 146-147 shooters' statements, 56, 76-77, 143 suicide by cop, 59, 323-324 in Tilden High School shooting, 180 in urban vs. rural/suburban communities, 249-252 in Westside Middle School shooting, 112, 113 Golden, Andrew, 101, 106-108, 115-116, 118 See also Westside Middle School Jonesboro, Arkansas)

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From page 380...

... shooting, 20 causes, 41, 67-68 community characteristics, 25, 27-31, 64-67 consequences, 30, 62-67 course of events, 25, 52-57 data collection, 26-27 gun ownership and, 34-35, 68 influence of Columbine shooting, 49-52, 56-57, 67 overall crime rate of region, 31-33 school characteristics, 38-39 security measures before, 38-39 shooter characteristics, 25, 39-49, 67-68 student characteristics, 35-38 trial and sentencing, 34, 57-62, 68-69 Herring, Paige, 108 Hill, John, 215 Holm, Hollan, 139, 160 INDEX Impellizzeri, Irene, 213 Infoshare, 201 Internet, 47, 50, 136-137, 144 Irushalmi, Bruce, 201 Irving, Whitney, 108 Jackson, Jesse, 184-185, 194 Jacobs, Jane, 222-223 Jacobs, Jennifer, 108, 112 James, Jessica, 138 Jenkins, Melissa, 139, 160 Johnson, Mitchell, 101, 102-106, 108, 114115, 117-118. See also Westside Middle School Jonesboro, Arkansas)

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From page 381...

... shooting Palmisano, Michael M., 70, 97 Parker Middle School (Edinboro, Pennsylvania) shooting, 20 causes, 97-98 community characteristics, 89-92 course of events, 70, 72-74, 76-77, 80-81 data collection, 71-72 responses to, 92-96 school characteristics, 70-71, 88-89 shooter characteristics, 70, 74-80, 83-87 suspicion of conspiracy, 74 trial and sentencing, 70, 97 victims and witnesses, 70, 76-77, 80-83 Peer relations adolescent information processing deficits, 316 association with delinquent peers, 48-49 attitudes toward shooter after incident, 64-65 between shooters, 108,109,113 causes of school violence, 4, 202, 205 conflict between groups, 37 conflict between individuals, 37-38 gaining and protecting reputation, 226

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From page 382...

... 382 Heath High School shooter, 136, 137, 147-149 Heritage High School, 35-38 individuals aware of shooter's plans, 74, 81-83, 111, 140, 307, 308 interventions to improve, 213 loners, 36, 44, 45, 48, 303 Parker Middle School shooter, 74, 85-87 sexual behavior, 29-30 shooter characteristics, 5, 6, 39, 43, 44, 45,48-49,74,85-87,104,107,116, 150-151, 259 student groups and cliques, 6, 35-37, 49 suspected co-conspirators of shooter, 74, 142-143 threat assessment, 308-309 Westside Middle School shooters, 104, 107 youth-adult relationships and, 235-236 Pillars of Good Character, 94 Police, 66, 67 data sources, 26-27 gang interaction, 173 incident response, 54-55, 110-111,167168, 341-342 in schools, 89, 95-96,124-125, 158, 186187,211,263,334 suicide by cop, 59, 323-324 youth perceptions of, 32-33 Pope, Elijah, 203 Porter, Candice, 108,112 Prevention of violent incidents, 7-8 access to guns and, 7, 93, 335 challenges in designing interventions for, 285, 330 character education programs, 94, 98, 192 community-level interventions, 7 community standards as obstacle to, 227-228 consideration of dynamic/situational factors, 312 costs, 331 cross-case analysis of strategies for, 263-264 fostering student relations for, 213 Heath High School interventions, 89 identification of likely offenders, 332-334 improving youth-adult relationships for, 92-93, 160, 235-236, 237-239, 256, 263-264 intervention with bullying behavior, 67, 124, 317-318 INDEX interventions targeting adolescent development, 336 mental health interventions, 40-41, 68, 93-94 monitoring for problems in students, 93-95, 98, 125, 333 Parker Middle School interventions, 89 primary interventions, 330, 331 public health model, 330-331 research needs, 8 school shooter threat assessment, 308309 secondary/tertiary interventions, 330, 331-332 in smaller schools, 212 Thomas Jefferson High School interventions, 211-214, 236 thwarted events since Columbine High School shooting, 296 United for Safety Project, 213-214 weekend retreats, 213, 236 Westside Middle School interventions, 123-125 See also Security systems and practices R Race/ethnicity in Chicago gang conflict, 173, 174-175, 178 Heath High School demographics, 134 Heritage High School community, 29, 35,36 Tilden High School community, 169170, 171, 172 Rampage violence, 4, 7, 288 existing research, 303-309 international incidents, 295-296 trends, 4-5 Religion / spirituality to foster child-adult relationships, 119 Heath High School community, 135 Heritage High School community, 30 Parker Middle School shooter, 75 violence and, 30 Westside Middle School community, 102 Westside Middle School shooters, 103104 Research needs, 8 contagion mechanisms of school violence, 340

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From page 383...

... See Suburban and rural schools Russell, John, 215, 216 S Sadoff, Robert L., 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 82, 84,87 Scaletta, Rick, 96 Schaberg, Shelley, 139, 160 Schetky, Diane, 150 Schneider, William, 58, 59-60 School characteristics, 22 as cause of school violence, 255-256 corporal punishment, 107 cross-case comparison, 272-273 culture of bullying, 317-318 gang activity, 178 Heath High School, 134-135 Heritage High School, 38-39, 66-67 immediate actions in response to shootings, 190-192, 203 interventions to prevent violence, 9395, 98, 157-159 parental involvement, 135, 238-239 Parker Middle School, 70-71, 88-89 post-incident trauma counseling, 65-66, 125-127, 154-155, 203 reforms following Tilden High School shooting, 184-190, 192-196 rule setting and enforcement, 123, 125126, 135, 163, 189-190 teacher-student relationships, 119-120 Westside Middle School, 102, 116 See also Security systems and practices School resource officers, 89, 95-96, 124-125, 158, 334 School violence, generally in aggregate patterns of violence, 285286, 289-291, 297, 299-301

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From page 384...

... 384 classification, 288-291 existing research, 303-309 international incidents, 295-296 operational definition, 11-13, 287-288 research needs, 8, 336-342 trends, 1, 9-10, 11, 291-297, 300-301 Secret Service, 306-308 Security systems and practices effectiveness of, in preventing school violence, 334-335 exclusion of students, 192, 196, 212 Heath High School, 157-159 Heritage High School, 38-39 incident response, 55, 190-191 metal detectors, 66, 163, 164, 167, 184185, 186-189, 190, 191, 193, 194, 195, 210-211, 236, 263-264, 334 Parker Middle School, 89, 95-96 political context, 193-194 reforms of, after violent incidents, 7, 55, 66-67, 95-96, 123-125, 157-159, 184196, 211-212, 263 research needs, 341-342 school resource officers, 124-125, 158 student identification tags, 158 Thomas Jefferson High School, 211-212, 236 Tilden High School, 163, 184-190, 192196 Westside Middle School, 123-125 See also Prevention of violent incidents Self-image, 305, 336 Sex differences, 5 Sexuality/sexual behavior Heritage High School, 29-30, 37 taunting of shooter, 146 Sharpe, Daryl, 198, 202-204 Sherrill, Patrick Henry, 320 Shooter characteristics, 5, 21 academic performance, 5, 38, 45, 75, 88, 103, 104, 107, 136, 148, 177, 202, 204, 257 age, 256-257 as cause of school violence, 256-259, 309, 328, 329 childhood abuse experiences, 103, 115 classroom avengers, 304-306 cross-case analysis, 249, 256-259, 272-276 diversity, 307, 332-333 drug and alcohol use, 48, 75, 84 emotional functioning, 50-51, 85, 116 enthusiasm for guns, 44-45, 49, 106, 305 INDEX family structure and functioning, 5, 25, 41-44, 76, 78, 83-85, 103, 104-105, 106-107, 114-116, 135-136, 171-172 228, 258-259, 305, 307 Heath High School shooting, 135-138 Heritage High School shooting, 25-26, 39-49, 67-68 history of antisocial behavior, 38, 48-49, 104, 105, 107, 136, 138, 177, 256, 257 mental health, 5, 26-27, 39-41, 68, 7780, 97-98, 114, 257-258, 305, 306 Parker Middle School shooting, 70, 7480 peer relations, 5, 6, 39, 43, 44, 45, 48-49, 74, 85-87, 104, 107, 136, 137, 259 preparatory actions, 276-279, 306, 307 recreational and entertainment activities, 47-48, 75, 103-104, 117118, 136-137, 305 relationships with teachers, 119-120 religious beliefs/practices, 75, 103-104 risk factors, 5, 256 romantic experiences, 45, 75, 87, 112, 115, 137-138, 139, 259 social status, 252, 259, 336 as target for preventive intervention, 332-334 Thomas Jefferson High shootings, 204205 threat assessment, 308-309 Tilden High School shooting, 169-170 Westside Middle School shooting, 102108, 114-116 Sinkler, Tyrone, 198, 205 Situation analysis, 199 Small schools, 212 Smith, Marion, 206 Societal violence, 2-3, 9, 249 avoidance strategies, 225-226 contagion effects, 297 Heritage High School community, 30 literature review, 309-312 in marginalized urban communities, 231 media violence, 117-118, 130, 137, 151152, 253-255, 315-316, 325 national trends, 175, 297-300 school violence in context of, 289-291, 297, 299-301 Thomas Jefferson High School community, 203, 204-205, 209, 221222, 229, 230-231, 233-234

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From page 385...

... shooting Statements and writings of perpetrators after shootings, 45-47, 56, 79, 112, 120121, 140, 146 before shootings, 47, 50-52, 79, 81-83, 85, 111, 143, 305-306, 307, 308 description of incident, 53-54, 76-77 during incident, 73, 142 regarding co-conspirators, 142-143 suicide note, 84 Steger, Kayce, 139 Steward, Hazel, 178, 188, 189, 190-191, 196 Strand, James A., 73, 77, 93 Stuck-Lewis, Denise, 74 Student characteristics group identification, 35-36, 137, 147-148 Heritage High School, 35-38 loners, 36 recreational activities, 32-33, 37, 91-92, 96 relationships with adults, 6, 7-8, 119120, 160, 227-228, 253-254, 256, 263264 Suburban and rural schools, 2-3 attributions of causality for shootings, 261-262 causes of violence in, 4 community characteristics, 5-6, 340 consequences of violence in, 3-4 forms of violence in, 7, 18-19, 289 influence of urban youth violence epidemic, 314-315, 316 motivations of shooters, 250-252 peer relations, 6 research needs, 337-338 responses to shooting incidents, 261, 263 shooter characteristics, 256, 257 Suicidal behavior/ideation, 25, 27, 36, 46, 51-52,54,61,62,82-83 contagion mechanisms, 326-328 early manifestations in shooter, 42, 48, 76, 147 as evidence of mental illness, 58 385 following commission of homicide, 322-324 Heath High School shooter 147, 151 legal considerations, 58-59 research needs, 340 shooter characteristics, 258 suicide by cop, 59, 323-324 Summers, Warren, 45-46 Sumpter, Khalil, 198, 204, 214-217, 234, 235-236. See also Thomas Jefferson High School (East New York, New York)

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From page 386...

... See also Parker Middle School (Edinboro, Pennsylvania) shooting Wurst, Catherine, 74, 83 Wurst, Jerome J., 83 I' y Youngblood, Johnny Ray, 207, 209, 233 Youth violence, generally characteristics of offenders, 313 homicide epidemic of l990s, 313-315 literature review, 313-316 school violence in context of, 289-291, 299-300 social causes, 313-314 trends, 9, 298-299, 313-314 z Zemcik, Robert, 73, 81

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Index Pages 375-386

Index
Pages 375-386