Materials and Man's Needs Materials Science and Engineering -- Volume IV, Aspects of Materials Technology Abroad (1975) / Chapter Skim
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Research and Development Institutes: Institutional Coupling
Research and Development Institutes: Institutional Coupling
Pages 144-169
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From page 144... ...
have been documented recentlyl2 "In Germany the financing and committees of the peripheral institutes (i.e. the Max Planck Institutes)
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From page 145... ...
Specifically, it is the individualistic conception of research which has colored the whole system and governed the trend of university and peripheral research in each of the three countries. The result is that comparable behavior is found in dissimilar contexts." Despite a diversity of approaches in the three European countries "university research centers have rarely succeeded in conducting multidisciplinary research, and even more rarely than the peripheral centers." The materials field, however, should offer potent opportunities and needs for such multidisciplinary approaches and institutes.
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From page 146... ...
In Germany, government-funded research establishments oriented towards industry are mainly diffused and scattered among Federal and Lander Ministries and Departments for support. Some applied research institutes are organized and supported rather like the Max Planck Institutes (the latter tending to be more basic-research oriented)
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From page 147... ...
Number of Personnel . Total Hokkaido Development Agency Civil Engineering Res.
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Inst. of Industrial Health Mini s try o f Cons true Lion 56 60 Public Works Res.
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These institutions are usually quite small and collectively they account for a very small percentage of national expenditures on R&D. "Apart from a few outstanding exceptions, the research associations have not had all the success hoped for: the conservatism of certain sectors of industry has often prevented them from undertaking more fundamental longer-term research than individual firms; they have thus been obliged to confine themselves to relatively short-term applied research which is too frequently of marginal significance because important subjects are ruled out by competition between the member firsm.
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. Motor Vehicles Cast Iron Rubber & Plastics Printing & Packing Scientific Instruments _ Coke Timber Paper Food Manufacturing Tar Boots & Shoes Steel Castings Paint Machine Tools Water .
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Canning and Quick Freezing Lace Gelatine and Glue Lime Drop Forging Whiting kerD~ Cutlery Felt Files Brushes Total l .\ 45 41 33 30 .
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(1963) Key to Staff Categories A - Qualified Scientists or Engineers B - Holders of Higher National Diploma or Higher National Certificate C - Other Technical Workers D - Workshop Employees E - Other Staff Research Association Baking Boots and Shoes Brushes Cast Iron Ceramics Civil Engineering Coal Utilization Coke Cotton Cutlery Drop Forging Electrical Felt Files Flour-Mil~ing Food Manufacturing Fruit & Veg.
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Engines Iron and Steel Jute Lace Laundry Leather Lime Linen Machine Tools Motor Vehicles Nonferrous Metals Paint Paper Printing and Pack. Production Eng.
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8-154 Table 8.43B (Continued) Research Association Springs Steel-Castings Tar Timber Water Welding Whiting Wool Total Numbers Percentage of Total .
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Tin Research Institute Aluminum Federation (Research Department) Dyers' and Cleaners' Research Organization Shipowner's Refrigerated Cargo Research Association Permanent Magnet Association British Flame Research Committee Produce Packaging Development Association Ltd.
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From page 156... ...
have succeeded in creating a climate conducive to innovation based on the spontaneous initiative of individuals and groups ...." "These countries do indeed seem in many respects to have achieved the degree of technological drive which is still being sought by other countries whose structures have often proved a difficult obstacle to innovation".14 It is instructive to quote further from the same source: "For the most part, the scientific and technological systems in the five countries have traditionally tended to respond to economic imperatives ...." "Industrial scientific activity is therefore the essential objective and purpose of traditional research policies ...." "At the service of economic growth, research in the five countries is therefore mainly centered in industries and the universities, the part played by the State being more unobtrusive and less direct than in such countries as France and the U.K. The State's task is not so much to lay down the major options or stimulate large-scale developments, but to guarantee a favorable context for exchanges between the economy and the universities, which has always been a necessary condition for cross-fertilization".
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From page 157... ...
It spends about 15 million on R&D, the major part of which is directed at the nuclear power program. Until the 1950's the main task was to establish the scientific background required for the design and construction of production plants for fissile material; this led to the setting up of production facilities elsewhere.
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From page 158... ...
There is also an independent Program Analysis Unit which analyses the national benefit to be gained from each proposed program. A second general point is that, for each program, only one industrial partner is sought out.
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Research in the institutes is complementary to that in the universities, and the organization can be compared in some ways to the laboratories operated by the Research Councils in Great Britain, the CNRS in France, and the Academy of Sciences in the U.S.S.R. Institutes are built around highly qualified and productive scientists as directors, when a new director has to be appointed, the Max Planck Society reassesses whether continuance of the institute in its current or a different research field is justified.
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From page 160... ...
. The fact that a Solid State Institute Cstuttgart2 was recently formed indicates the importance attached by the Max Planck Society to this field, Together with the large and wells own Metals Institute tints represents a major concentration in materials science at Stuttgart.
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From page 162... ...
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From page 163... ...
Soviet publications stress here the advantages of combining research and teaching activities into a single, interdisciplinary unit -- the Leningrad Polytechnical Institute and the Novosibirsk Science Center and University provide examples of this form of organization; (c) The "research corporation," an enterprise with research and experimental production facilities which works for industry on a self-supporting basis, either providing the know-how for new production processes or else offering a complete new plant.
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From page 164... ...
Paradoxically, therefore, Soviet government leaders and administrators appear prepared to rely to a greater extent on the economic calculus and on the desire of enterprises and individuals to maximize their earnings in their planned economy than many Western Ministers of Science and Technology would be prepared to propose even in their own largely private-enterprise economies. The recent Soviet stress on automatic economic incentives provides a healthy corrective to past emphasis on detailed administrative control from the center; but is is unlikely to provide a complete solution to Soviet problems.
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From page 165... ...
is somewhat limited. Scandinavia Cooperative Research in the Materials Field - Internationally and Nationally: There are many similarities in the materials research interests of the four Scandinavian countries, but national pride works against efforts to pool research or to form one big institute in the interests of greater efficiency.
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From page 166... ...
The technical university plays a role in Denmark and a lesser role in Sweden. Norway: SINTEF, the Engineering Research Foundation at the Technical University in Trondheim, employs 475 full-time people (200 professionals)
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. The Size of Industrial Research and Development Organizations In the mid-sixties, the OECD gathered data ~on R&~ efforts as a function of size of firm in various countries.
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It is certain that the narrow limits of some domestic markets discourage a number of firms, particularly those in the smaller classes." In a recent detailed study* of factors determining success or failure in innovation in the chemical and scientific instrument industries, it was concluded that the most important size factor was the size of the project team at the peak of the R&D effort rather than the size of the firm or the size of the R&D department.
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