Who Will Keep the Public Healthy? Educating Public Health Professionals for the 21st Century (2003) / Chapter Skim
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5. The Need for Public Health Education in Other Programs and Schools
5. The Need for Public Health Education in Other Programs and Schools
Pages 129-144
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From page 129... ...
accredits not only the schools but also graduate programs in Community Health Education (CHE) and in Community Health/Preventive Medicine (CHPM)
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From page 130... ...
accredits programs in health administration. CHEs offer degrees solely in health education; whereas CHPMs may offer a variety of concentrations, and presently tend to be heavily weighted toward epidemiology, health administration, environmental health, maternal and child health, and general public health.
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From page 131... ...
In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, most public health professionals were physicians (Hager, 1999) who contributed greatly to public health.
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From page 132... ...
· The rise of the tertiary care hospital furthered separation. · Basic views of promoting health widely differed, with medicine focused on individual care and the biomedical paradigm while public health focused on prevention (Brands and Kass, 1999~.
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From page 133... ...
. Numerlc sciences 1ncreasmg 1n prominence, though still a relatively minor part of training Social sciences tend to be an elective part of medical education Clinical sciences an essential part of professional training Primary focus on population Public service ethic, tempered by concerns for the individual Emphasis on prevention, health promotion for the whole patient and for the whole community Public health paradigm employs a spectrum of interventions aimed at the environment, human behavior and lifestyle, and medical care Multiple professional identities with diffuse public image Variable certification of specialists beyond professional public health degree Lines of specialization organized, for example, by: · analytical method (epidemiology)
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From page 134... ...
of the impact of population health upon individual practice. Examples include the threat of bioterrorism, medical care cost constraints that require developing priorities, and the rising interest in health promotion and disease prevention among the population at large.
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From page 135... ...
An ecological understanding of health and a transdisciplinary approach require physicians who are fully prepared to work with others to improve health. Therefore, the committee strongly recommends that: · all medical students receive basic public health training in the population-based prevention approaches to health; · serious efforts be undertaken by academic health centers to provide joint classes and clinical training in public health and medicine; and · a significant proportion of medical school graduates should be~lly trained in the ecological approach to public health at the M.P.H.
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From page 136... ...
These data come primarily from state and local health departments. However, many additional nurses in public health practice are employed elsewhere, including departments of education, as school nurses; workplaces, as occupational health nurses; community clinics, as educators and outreach coordinators; hospitals, as epidemiologists; and in voluntary health organizations in a wide range of population-focused activities.
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From page 137... ...
The two require different education and developmental opportunities, though a well-prepared public health nurse may provide clinical services as a response to community need or as a way of supporting a position that also has a community focus. As is also true for physicians, all nurses are at some level a part of the public health system, given their potential contributions to the control of nosocomial infections, the identification of conditions of public health importance, and the education of patients and families about disease prevention and health promotion.
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From page 138... ...
. The AACN only accredits programs at the baccalaureate or higher level and includes the expected competencies items such as social justice, community health risk assessment, health promotion, risk reduction and disease prevention, human diversity, and global health care, all of which are basic for good public health practice.
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From page 139... ...
Classically, these programs emphasize community assessment, development of programs of health promotion and disease prevention, use of public health analytic skills, and application of nursing knowledge and skill in the community setting. These programs have become smaller, and many have closed, as schools of nursing have concentrated master's level preparation on midwives, nurse anesthetists, nurse practitioners, and other advanced practice nurses.
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From page 140... ...
Another program housed at the University of Colorado is linked with the University of Wyoming and with health departments in both states, providing access to graduate education through distance learning across the region. Nursing Education and the lob Market While the standard for public health nursing practice is the baccalaureate degree, with the master's degree preferred for leadership positions, the realities of the nursing education and job market are such that many agencies will undoubtedly continue to fill positions with under-prepared nurses rather than leave them vacant.
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From page 141... ...
In support of sound baccalaureatelevel preparation in public health nursing, the public health community should be attentive to the need for student clinical experience, should collaborate in making appropriate sites available, and should consider ways to assure that nursing education does not occur in a vacuum apart from the full range of professionals practicing in public health. One approach to collaboration would be development, by schools of public health, of "liftable" public health curricular modules that could be shared with other institutions as they develop courses aimed at providing education in public health.
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From page 142... ...
Programs offering joint degrees in nursing and public health that bring the two schools together formally offer a viable and effective option for advancing public health nursing practice. OTHER SCHOOLS An ecological theory of health suggests that health emerges from the day-to-day interactions between people and their environment.
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From page 143... ...
Likewise, the Supreme Court rejected state regulation of tobacco marketing, failing in a fundamental way to comprehend that public health is not a matter of individual choice (Parmet and Robbins, 2002~. Renewed appreciation of the importance of socio-economic factors in public health points to business as a neglected but crucial actor in public health (Woodward and Kawachi, 2000~.
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From page 144... ...
This chapter has emphasized the importance of public health education in graduate programs of public health and in other schools and institutions of learning. The following chapter examines the role of local, state, and federal agencies in educating public health professionals.
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