The Environment Challenges for the Chemical Sciences in the 21st Century (2003) / Chapter Skim
Currently Skimming:
Appendix G: Reports from Breakout Session Groups
Appendix G: Reports from Breakout Session Groups
Pages 158-175
The Chapter Skim interface presents what we've algorithmically identified as the most significant single chunk of text within every page in the chapter.
Select key terms on the right to highlight them within pages of the chapter.
From page 158... ...
The committee has attempted in this report to integrate the information gathered in the breakout sessions and to use it as the basis for the findings contained herein. When the breakout groups reported votes for prioritizing their conclusions, the votes are shown parenthetically in this section.
|
From page 159... ...
Sloane Ray Garant Red Group Report Enabling Capabilities Analytical (examples include single particles in the atmosphere, electroncapture detector, use of synchrotrons for aqueous systems, increased time resolution for atmospheric measurements) Modeling (use of correlated chemical measurements to deduce environmental processes; modeling, from molecular to global; structure-activity relationships for activity and fate Technical Solutions Emission control of lean combustion; catalytic converter; substitutes heavy metals, CFCs, water-based paints
|
From page 160... ...
Synthesis: Chemistry to Produce Systems with Minimal Environmental Impact CFC replacements; PCB replacements; degradable pesticides, polymers; cleaner fuels; designer compounds Process Advances Implementing green chemistry; benign solvents; catalytic converters; engine efficiency via fundamental understanding; energy; energy storage and efficiency, photovoltaics; atom economy Soil and Water Chemistry Advances in interracial chemistry, biogeochemical cycles; remediation technology; trace metals; radiation chemistry, radionuclides; hydrophobic compounds in the environment
|
From page 161... ...
; advances in membrane science; metabolic engineering of microbes and plants for remediation; drinking water disinfection and ozonation technologies; three-way catalysts (1~; emission control technology (3~; use of supercritical CO2 to replace solvents (1) Risk Assessment Development of structure-activity relationships; ability to predict risk and risk-based corrective action (2~; identification of endocrine disrupters and elucidation of risk mechanism Air Problems Recognition of particulate matter (4~; heterogeneous atmospheric chemistry (1~; photochemical modeling; understanding mechanisms of photochemical smog formation (2~; rise and fall of CFCs; global warming; ozone depletion (3)
|
From page 162... ...
Meteorology and Geology Trace component behavior (2~; control of pollutant plumes in groundwater (1~; biogeochemical cycles (10~; aerosol chemistry and clouds (2~; chemical weather (1~; chemistry-climate links (2~; air pollution processes (1)
|
From page 163... ...
Science (microbial community genomics; microbial in situ bioremediation; proteomics and metabolomics; PCR and revolutions in microbiology (61; engineering (bioprocessing, biotechnology, combining unit operations)
|
From page 164... ...
164 TABLE G-2 Matnx of Interfaces APPENDIX G Hydrology Biology Computational and Atmospheric and Other Mathematics Science Geology Science Medicine Engineerir Advanced simulations X X X Multiscale computing X X X Dispersion of chemicals X X Chemical weather forecasting X X Cloud physics and aerosols Air quality and human health X Microbial community genomics Proteomics PCR microbiology Climate questions Analysis of high-throughput datasets X X Instrumentation measurement systems Microbial remediation Bioprocessing Biotechnology Chemical footprint of society Nonfossil energy X X X X X X
|
From page 165... ...
APPENDIX G 165 Biology and Medicine Social Other Sciences and Engineering Physics Ecology Oceanography Toxicology Economics X X X X X X X X X
|
From page 166... ...
Biochemistry and biocatalysis; (green chemistry) ; genetic engineering; genomics and proteomics; epidemiology; effects of contaminants on humans; biomimetic processes Earth Sciences (7)
|
From page 167... ...
; combinational chemistry at the interface with other disciplines; reduction of wastes Grand Challenges Integrated environmental education; exploiting natural remediation process; agricultural as a closed system; development of renewable energy sources; development of renewable chemical feedstocks economically; mimicking natural components Black Group Report Technical Solutions Biochemists, molecular biologists, separation scientists, physicists, material scientists (big-based approaches; physics and material approaches)
|
From page 168... ...
CHALLENGES What are the environment-related grand challenges in the chemical sciences and engineering? Industrial Sustainability (1)
|
From page 169... ...
Photoinduced Processes Macromolecular Science (3) Biological molecules; catalysts; humic Understanding Chemical Reactivity (7)
|
From page 170... ...
Early life-cycle analysis; pollution prevention through alternative chemical processes; technologies for water conservation; controlled oxidation of organic molecules; end-to-end chemical production processes Health effects (1) Molecular basis for dose-response relationsh for particulate matter New Tools (9)
|
From page 171... ...
Energy Global warming mitigation; carbon sequestration (6~; economical solar energy (6~; energy efficiency technologies (2) Chemical-Organism Interactions Molecular toxicology (5~; fundamental understanding of microbes/metabolic pathways "Perry's Handbook for Bugs" (4~; models of exposure effects Air and Water Issues Understanding heterogeneous chemistry (4~; the structure of natural organic matter (2~; air: sources and characterization of toxics (1~; speciation of toxic metals (1~; smokestack emissions beyond SOx and NOx (1~; chemical sources of toxicity of fine particulate matter (PM2.5)
|
From page 172... ...
; multidisciplinary programs What's Not Working Well ? EPA: lack of internal coordination and communication; deterioration of scientific facilities; coordination of environmental research effort intra- and interagency; continuity of funding; user facilities—ease of access; principal investigator reward structure in national laboratories; lack of emphasis on environmental chemistry in NSF; initiatives however valuable have come at the expense of core sciences and engineering; lack of overall strategy we are taking away from core to fund fads; disconnect between graduate research and undergraduate curriculum Needs User facility for geosciences (set of field sites)
|
From page 173... ...
Transitioning-leveraging: need for engineering expertise to develop instruConcepts from researchers; how to implement the design and construction Need environmental science home in NSF for sustained funding of individual investigators (2) Heavy-metal actinide chemistry (expertise is being lost)
|
From page 174... ...
There is a pressing need for one centralized government agency for funding fundamental science with respect to the environment. The NSF Science and Technology Centers and Environmental Molecular Science Institutes and Collaborative Research in Environmental Molecular Science Grants Program are small steps toward improved funding in the environmental science research area.
|
From page 175... ...
APPENDIX G 175 need more sustained funding for instruments and instrumentation; mission alignment—pressure on regulators to declare problems solved; need for continuity for long-term monitoring; need appropriate mixture of individual investigators and centers to meet various challenges Chemistry Chemical Engineering Education Chemistry and chemical engineering subdivisions not coherent with environmental problems; environmental aspects of chemistry and chemical engineering not always treated or sold well; barriers to cross-disciplinary work; need more use of environmental examples at undergraduate level; greater need to align multidisciplinary programs and expectations of graduate students Tools Structure-activity relationship models are too empirical Things ThatAre Working Well Increases in joint agency funding (clarity of purpose) ; utilization of SBIR; funding of large field studies; centers some successes
|
Key Terms
This material may be derived from roughly machine-read images, and so is provided only to facilitate research.
More
information on Chapter Skim is available.