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From page 241... ... See Oculocutaneous albinism Alcohol-related neurodevelopmental disorder, 48-49 Alcohol use during pregnancy defects and risks associated with, 4,36, 48-49,52 interventions, 1, 6,78-79,128 Algeria, infant mortality rates, 16,93 Alpha-fetoprotein blood test, 99, 105,227 Aminopterin, 36,45 Amniocentesis, 101, 105,106-107,227, 230 Amniotic fluid, 227 Androgens and androgenic compounds, 35, 45 Anemia, 41,231. See also Sickle cell disease acute hemolytic, 28,29,32,100,227 Anencephaly, 42,51,227 Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, 45,47 Antenatal. Read the entire page →
From page 242... ... See also specific types of cancer Carbamazepine, 45,48 Cardiovascular anomalies, 12,35,36,37, 42,45,55 CARE (Cooperative for Assistance and Relief Everywhere) , 128 Caribbean infant mortality rates, 15 prevalence of defects, 77 Catholic countries, 26 Caucasians, disorders prevalent among, 33, 34 Central nervous system damage, 35,36,40, 42,45,55 Cerebral palsy, 50 Child mortality, 28,31 Childbirth complications, 15,50,78 Chile folic acid fortification of foods, 73 prevalence of defects, 196-197,208-209 Read the entire page →
From page 243... ... See also specific diseases CMV, 40,229 prevention, 1, 4,76-78 Congenital rubella syndrome, 76-78,229 cause and risk factors, 4,55 prevalence, 38-40 prevention, 1, 38,76-77 signs, symptoms, and sequellae, 37 surveillance, 77-78 survival, 37 Congo, iodine intervention, 74 Consanguineous unions, 4,27,31,32,33, 34,103,128,229 Constriction rings, 45 Convulsions, 229 Costa Rica genetic screening program, 92,109 HSV seroprevalence in pregnant women, 41 infant mortality rate, 92,93 Coumarin derivatives, 36,45,47,48 Counseling genetic, 8,102-103,108,113 preconceptional, 8,79,80,102-103 psychological, for families with defects, 84 recommendations, 79 training for, 102-103 Craniofacial defects, 36,45,48. See also Cleft lip and/or cleft palate Read the entire page →
From page 244... ... , 35,39,40,229 Czech Republic, prevalence of birth defects, 170-171 D Danazol, 45 Dandy-Walker syndrome, 45 Deafness, 35,36,37,40,41,43,50 Developed countries maternal age-adjusted risk, 24 prevalence of defects, 140-143,148-149, 152-153,160-163,168-169,180183,188-191,198-201,210-211 Developing countries. See also individual countries burden of disease, 18 defined, 230 genetic screening programs, 15-17,92, 95,97-98,104,109 infant mortality rates, 14-15,18,93-95 limiting factors for health services, 17-18 partnerships with developed countries, 84,85 physicians and nurses, 123,124 prevalence of defects, 26 prevention and care programs for birth defects, 2,82,85,87,88,90 public health ministries' role, 6 INDEX statistical and registry data, 22 traditional health focus, 9 Developmental dysplasia of the hip cause and risk factors, 12,54,230 diagnosis, 54,84,108 prevalence, 54,206-211 screening for, 108 signs, symptoms, and sequellae, 230 treatment or correction of, 54,84-86,108 Dhaka University, 90 Diabetes. Read the entire page →
From page 245... ... See also Complex birth defects; Screening for genetic disorders; individual disorders carriers, 28, 31, 32, 228, 231 chromosomal disorders, 4, 13, 23-26, 52, 103, 107, 227, 228 counseling about risk 102-103 F Failure to thrive, 29 Family planning, 5, 55, 69, 71, 79, 104, 123, 128 Fertility rates, 18 Fetal alcohol syndrome cause and risk factors, 48-49, 55, 78 prevalence, 49 prevention, 78-79 signs, symptoms, and sequellae, 49, 78, 231 Fetal karyotyping, 84, 106, 107 Fetal ultrasonography, 46, 47, 99, 105-106, 231 Finland, prevalence of defects, 188-189 Fogarty International Center Training and Research Programs, 133 245 dominant traits, 11, 230 examples of, 13 maternal age and, 4, 6, 24, 26, 230 percentage of all birth defects, 11 single-gene disorders, 4, 11-12, 13, 2734, 105, 107 Genetic histories, 103 Genital anomalies, 35, 36, 45 Genital herpes, 41, 78 Germany, prevalence of defects, 23-24 Global Burden of Disease Study, 127-128 Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency cause and risk factors, 28, 32 geographic distribution, 32 interventions, 99-100 malaria resistance in carriers, 32 prevalence, by country, 158-163 screening for, 95, 99-100, 107-108 signs, symptoms, and sequellae, 99, 100, 231 Goiter, 43, 45, 231 Goitrogens, 74 Greece genetic screening and control program, 97, 104, 109 prevalence of defects, 97, 162-163 Growth retardation, 26, 34, 41, 45, 48 Read the entire page →
From page 246... ... see Congenital hypothyroidism Immunization programs, 6,76-78,127. see also Vaccines consanguineous marriages, 27 folic acid trials for NTDs, 72 HSV seroprevalence in pregnant women, 41 intervention programs, 82,102 prevalence of defects, 27,29,31,39,99, 138-139,146-147,150-151,154161,178-181,184-187,194-195, 204-205,206-207 privatization of health services, 126 rubella susceptibility in pregnant women, 39 Indonesia prevalence of defects, 136-137,146-147, 164-165,176-177,184-185,194195,204-205 toxoplasmosis seroprevalence in pregnant women, 40 Infant mortality rates, 5,14-15,26,27,37, 92 by country, 93-95 defined, 232 Infectious agents. Read the entire page →
From page 247... ... INDEX Intervention strategies, 112-113. See also Basic reproductive care; Rehabilitation; Treatment of birth defects alcohol avoidance during pregnancy, 78Ireland, prevalence of defects, 26 Isotretinoin, 46 Israel 79 cost-effectiveness analysis, 81, 106, 132, 229 determinants of success, 6, 69 identification of risk factors, 70 incorporation into existing services, 129- Italy 130 low-cost preventive strategies, 1, 5-6, 42, 71-80 national coordination of, 5, 76, 79, 110 112 recommendations, 5-7, 7-9, 71, 73, 76, 78, 79, 80 regulatory, 79 rehabilitation-related, 87-92 staging process, 68, 92, 112-113 surveillance and monitoring, 5, 110-112 Intracranial calcification, 41, 233 Jamaica Intrauterine growth retardation, 50 Iodine assessment of nutritional status, 73-74 distribution of households by iodized salt use, 75 goitrogen interference with, 74 intramuscular injection of fortified oil, Japan 74 population with inadequate intakes, 74 recommendation, 76 salt fortification, 1, 6, 74-76 Iodine deficiency disorders cause and risk factors, 36, 43, 55, 73, 233 prevalence, 43 prevention, 1, 6, 73-76 signs, symptoms, and sequellae, 1, 43 44, 229, 233 Ionizing radiation, 36, 50-51 Iran Iraq 247 prevalence of defects, 39, 148-149, 168169, 182-183, 190-191, 198-199, 210-211 rubella susceptibility in pregnant women, 39 Save a Child's Heart Foundation, 84, 85 Wolison Medical Center, 85 HSV seroprevalence in pregnant women, 41 prevalence of defects, 26, 140-141, 182183, 188-189, 198-199 Ivory Coast cytomegalovirus immunity in women, 40 prevalence of defects, 40 J HSV seroprevalence in pregnant women, 41 prevalence of defects, 39 rubella susceptibility in pregnant women, 39 3D Projects, 87, 88 HSV seroprevalence in pregnant women, 41 methylmercury poisoning, 50 prevalence of defects, 33, 54, 140-141, 198-199 traditional infant care practices, 54 Jaundice, 41, 107, 233 Jordan infant mortality rates, 16-17, 94 prevalence of defects, 33, 150-151, 156157, 168-169, 180-181 genetic screening program, 15, 97, 104, 109, 129, 130 infant mortality rates, 16-17, 94 prevalence of defects, 170-171, 196-197 infant mortality rates, 16-17, 94 methylmercury poisoning, 50 prevalence of defects, 160-161 hemolytic, 32, 231-232 K Kernicterus, 32, 107, 233 Kuwait infant mortality rates, 16-17 prevalence of defects, 148-149 Read the entire page →
From page 248... ... , 23,24 Latvia, prevalence of birth defects, 101, 172-173 Lebanon infant mortality rates, 16-17,94 prevalence of defects, 140-141, 208-209 Leprosy, 44 Lethal traits, 11, 28,111 Libya infant mortality rates, 16-17, 94 prevalence of defects, 144-145,158-159 Limb reduction deformities, 36,42,44,45, 48,234 Literacy, 18,69 Lithium, 36,45,46,47 Low birth weight, 15,101,233 M Macrosomia, 233 Malaria resistance in carriers, 28,231 Malaysia prevalence of defects, 39,136-137,144145,158-159,202-203,206-207 rubella susceptibility in pregnant women, 39 March of Dimes, 128 Maternal risk factors age over 35 years, 4,6,24,26,71,95, 99,103,230 alcohol abuse, 4,36,48-49,52,55 educational status, 69 epilepsy polytherapy, 48,79 IDDM, 35,42,52,55 infectious agents, 37,38-39,40,41,52 medications, 44-48 nutritional deficiencies, 4,6,42-44 INDEX occupational exposures to pollutants, 50,79 phenylketonuria, 35,42 public education campaigns, 128 screening for, 95,99,105 Medical Group Mission Christian Medical and Dental Society, 83 Medications defects and risks associated with, 35-36, 44-45,48 oxidant drugs, 32,100 public education campaigns, 128 safe for pregnant women, 44,46-47 teratogenic, 4,6,35-36,44-45,48,7980,128 Meningoencephalitis, 233 Mental retardation, 1, 2,11,23,26,34,37, 40,41,43-44,48,49,50,101, 108,230,231 Methimazole, 45 Methotrexate, 36,45 Methylmercury, 6,36,50,79 Microcephaly, 34,35,36,41,48,78 Microthalmia, 78 Microtia-anotia, 36 Middle East. See also individual countries consanguineous marriages, 27 genetic screening, 5 infant mortality rates, 5,15,16-17 prevalence of defects, 29,138-141,146147,150-151,156-157,160-161, 168-171,180-181,186-187,194197,206-209 Misoprostol (RU-486) Read the entire page →
From page 249... ... , 123, 126, 127, 128 Nystagmus, 33 o Oculocutaneous albinism cause and risk factors, 32-33, 234 geographic distribution, 28, 33 249 myths and superstitions, 86 prevalence, 164-167 screening for, 111 signs, symptoms, and sequellae, 33, 86, 234 treatment, 86-87 infant mortality rates, 16-17 prevalence of defects, 39, 186-187 rubella susceptibility in pregnant women, 39 Operation Smile, 83 Oral contraceptives, 44 Ortolani-Barlow test, 84 p Pacific Islands, prevalence of birth defects, 29 Pakistan infant mortality rates, 16-17, 94 prevalence of defects, 146-147, 154-155, 158-159, 176-177, 184-185, 206207 Palestine National Authority CHD treatment, 85 consanguineous marriages, 27 infant mortality rates, 16-17, 27 prevalence of defects, 39 rubella susceptibility in pregnant women, 39 Papua New Guinea, prevalence of birth defects, 29 Paramethadione, 45 Patent ductus arteriosus, 39, 45 PATH (Program for Appropriate Technology in Health) , 128 Peru, prevalence of defects, 196-197, 208209 Phenobarbital, 48 Phenylalanine hydroxylase, 34 Phenylketonuria cause and risk factors, 34, 35, 42, 234 prevalence in neonates, 28, 34, 101, 170-173 screening for, 2, 96, 99, 100-101, 108 signs, symptoms, and sequellae, 34, 101, 234 treatment, 42, 101, 108 Phenylpyruvale, 34 Read the entire page →
From page 250... ... 39 Rwanda, HSV seroprevalence in pregnant women, 41 . S Salicylates, 44 Sardinia genetic screening and control program, 97,104,109 prevalence of defects, 97,152-153 Saudi Arabia consanguineous marriages, 27 infant mortality rates, 16-17,95 prevalence of birth defects, 27,31,54, 146-147,156-157,180-181,194197,206-207 traditional infant care practices, 54 Save a Child's Heart Foundation, 84,85 Save the Children, 127,128,133 Read the entire page →
From page 251... ... See also individual countries Spain HSV seroprevalence in pregnant women, 41 prevalence of defects, 196-197 Spermicides, 44 Spina bifida, 35, 42, 51, 53, 227, 235 Splenomegaly, 28, 29, 41, 235 Squamous cell carcinoma, 32-33, 235 Sri Lanka prevalence of defects, 39 rubella susceptibility in pregnant women, 39 Stem cell transplant, 96-97 Stillbirths, 26, 27, 103, 111, 235 Streptococcus pneumoniae, 31 Streptokinase, 47 Sub-Saharan Africa. See also individual countries genetic birth defects, 31 infant mortality rates, 14 Sudan, infant mortality rates, 16-17, 95 Sulfonamide antibiotics and sulfones, 32 Support services for families, 7 Surveillance and monitoring defined, 235 of delivery of health services and treatment outcomes, 81, 131 large-scale programs, 23, 24 national coordination of, 5, 110-112 of rubella and CRS, 77-78 Sweden, prevalence of defects, 198-199 Syria, infant mortality rates, 16-17, 95 T Taiwan HSV seroprevalence in pregnant women, 41 prevalence of defects, 158-159 Talipes or clubfoot cause and risk factors, 53, 107 Read the entire page →
From page 252... ... . un~s~a infant mortality rates, 16-17, 95 prevalence of birth defects, 33, 136-137, 174-175, 184-185, 192-193, 202203, 206-207 cytomegalovirus immunity in women, 40 prevalence of defects, 34, 54, 142-143, 150-151, 160-161, 168-169, 172173 screening and control programs, 97-98, 102 traditional infant care practices, 54 Tyrosinase, 32, 34 U Uganda, prevalence of birth defects, 136137, 192-193, 202-203 Ultrasonography, 46, 47, 84-85, 99, 105106, 107, 231, 236 Unconjugated estriol, 105 United Arab Emirates consanguineous marriages, 27 infant mortality rates, 16-17 prevalence of birth defects, 27, 138-139 United Kingdom folic acid fortification of foods, 73 prevalence of defects, 26, 180-181 United Nations Children's Fund, 127 United Nations Development Programme, 127 United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization Declaration of Education for All 89 United States folic acid fortification of foods, 73 prevalence of defects, 23-24, 140-141, 180-181, 188-189, 198-199 Urinary tract defects, 36, 45 U.S. Read the entire page →
From page 253... ... , 76, 77 Vaginal carcinoma, 45 Valproic acid, 45, 47, 48 Venezuela, prevalence of birth defects, 196197, 208-209 Vision and eye disorders, 33, 35, 37, 39, 40, 41, 43, 48, 50, 78, 234 Vitamin A deficiency, 74 W Warfarin, 45, 47, 48 World Atlas of Birth Defects, 23 World Bank, 127 World Health Organization, 87-88, 127 Special Programme for Research and Training on Tropical Diseases, 133 World Summit for Children, 74 253 X X-linked disorders, 27, 32, 34, 237 y Yemen, infant mortality rates, 16-17, 95 z Z alre HSV seroprevalence in pregnant women, 41 prevalence of defects, 192-193 Zambia, "clubfoot clinic," 82 Zimbabwe prevalence of defects, 33, 136-137, 164165, 174-175, 192-193 rehabilitation approaches, 86, 89, 91 Read the entire page →

From page 241...

... See Oculocutaneous albinism Alcohol-related neurodevelopmental disorder, 48-49 Alcohol use during pregnancy defects and risks associated with, 4,36, 48-49,52 interventions, 1, 6,78-79,128 Algeria, infant mortality rates, 16,93 Alpha-fetoprotein blood test, 99, 105,227 Aminopterin, 36,45 Amniocentesis, 101, 105,106-107,227, 230 Amniotic fluid, 227 Androgens and androgenic compounds, 35, 45 Anemia, 41,231. See also Sickle cell disease acute hemolytic, 28,29,32,100,227 Anencephaly, 42,51,227 Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, 45,47 Antenatal.

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From page 242...

... See also specific types of cancer Carbamazepine, 45,48 Cardiovascular anomalies, 12,35,36,37, 42,45,55 CARE (Cooperative for Assistance and Relief Everywhere) , 128 Caribbean infant mortality rates, 15 prevalence of defects, 77 Catholic countries, 26 Caucasians, disorders prevalent among, 33, 34 Central nervous system damage, 35,36,40, 42,45,55 Cerebral palsy, 50 Child mortality, 28,31 Childbirth complications, 15,50,78 Chile folic acid fortification of foods, 73 prevalence of defects, 196-197,208-209

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From page 243...

... See also specific diseases CMV, 40,229 prevention, 1, 4,76-78 Congenital rubella syndrome, 76-78,229 cause and risk factors, 4,55 prevalence, 38-40 prevention, 1, 38,76-77 signs, symptoms, and sequellae, 37 surveillance, 77-78 survival, 37 Congo, iodine intervention, 74 Consanguineous unions, 4,27,31,32,33, 34,103,128,229 Constriction rings, 45 Convulsions, 229 Costa Rica genetic screening program, 92,109 HSV seroprevalence in pregnant women, 41 infant mortality rate, 92,93 Coumarin derivatives, 36,45,47,48 Counseling genetic, 8,102-103,108,113 preconceptional, 8,79,80,102-103 psychological, for families with defects, 84 recommendations, 79 training for, 102-103 Craniofacial defects, 36,45,48. See also Cleft lip and/or cleft palate

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From page 244...

... , 35,39,40,229 Czech Republic, prevalence of birth defects, 170-171 D Danazol, 45 Dandy-Walker syndrome, 45 Deafness, 35,36,37,40,41,43,50 Developed countries maternal age-adjusted risk, 24 prevalence of defects, 140-143,148-149, 152-153,160-163,168-169,180183,188-191,198-201,210-211 Developing countries. See also individual countries burden of disease, 18 defined, 230 genetic screening programs, 15-17,92, 95,97-98,104,109 infant mortality rates, 14-15,18,93-95 limiting factors for health services, 17-18 partnerships with developed countries, 84,85 physicians and nurses, 123,124 prevalence of defects, 26 prevention and care programs for birth defects, 2,82,85,87,88,90 public health ministries' role, 6 INDEX statistical and registry data, 22 traditional health focus, 9 Developmental dysplasia of the hip cause and risk factors, 12,54,230 diagnosis, 54,84,108 prevalence, 54,206-211 screening for, 108 signs, symptoms, and sequellae, 230 treatment or correction of, 54,84-86,108 Dhaka University, 90 Diabetes.

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From page 245...

... See also Complex birth defects; Screening for genetic disorders; individual disorders carriers, 28, 31, 32, 228, 231 chromosomal disorders, 4, 13, 23-26, 52, 103, 107, 227, 228 counseling about risk 102-103 F Failure to thrive, 29 Family planning, 5, 55, 69, 71, 79, 104, 123, 128 Fertility rates, 18 Fetal alcohol syndrome cause and risk factors, 48-49, 55, 78 prevalence, 49 prevention, 78-79 signs, symptoms, and sequellae, 49, 78, 231 Fetal karyotyping, 84, 106, 107 Fetal ultrasonography, 46, 47, 99, 105-106, 231 Finland, prevalence of defects, 188-189 Fogarty International Center Training and Research Programs, 133 245 dominant traits, 11, 230 examples of, 13 maternal age and, 4, 6, 24, 26, 230 percentage of all birth defects, 11 single-gene disorders, 4, 11-12, 13, 2734, 105, 107 Genetic histories, 103 Genital anomalies, 35, 36, 45 Genital herpes, 41, 78 Germany, prevalence of defects, 23-24 Global Burden of Disease Study, 127-128 Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency cause and risk factors, 28, 32 geographic distribution, 32 interventions, 99-100 malaria resistance in carriers, 32 prevalence, by country, 158-163 screening for, 95, 99-100, 107-108 signs, symptoms, and sequellae, 99, 100, 231 Goiter, 43, 45, 231 Goitrogens, 74 Greece genetic screening and control program, 97, 104, 109 prevalence of defects, 97, 162-163 Growth retardation, 26, 34, 41, 45, 48

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From page 246...

... see Congenital hypothyroidism Immunization programs, 6,76-78,127. see also Vaccines consanguineous marriages, 27 folic acid trials for NTDs, 72 HSV seroprevalence in pregnant women, 41 intervention programs, 82,102 prevalence of defects, 27,29,31,39,99, 138-139,146-147,150-151,154161,178-181,184-187,194-195, 204-205,206-207 privatization of health services, 126 rubella susceptibility in pregnant women, 39 Indonesia prevalence of defects, 136-137,146-147, 164-165,176-177,184-185,194195,204-205 toxoplasmosis seroprevalence in pregnant women, 40 Infant mortality rates, 5,14-15,26,27,37, 92 by country, 93-95 defined, 232 Infectious agents.

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From page 247...

... INDEX Intervention strategies, 112-113. See also Basic reproductive care; Rehabilitation; Treatment of birth defects alcohol avoidance during pregnancy, 78Ireland, prevalence of defects, 26 Isotretinoin, 46 Israel 79 cost-effectiveness analysis, 81, 106, 132, 229 determinants of success, 6, 69 identification of risk factors, 70 incorporation into existing services, 129- Italy 130 low-cost preventive strategies, 1, 5-6, 42, 71-80 national coordination of, 5, 76, 79, 110 112 recommendations, 5-7, 7-9, 71, 73, 76, 78, 79, 80 regulatory, 79 rehabilitation-related, 87-92 staging process, 68, 92, 112-113 surveillance and monitoring, 5, 110-112 Intracranial calcification, 41, 233 Jamaica Intrauterine growth retardation, 50 Iodine assessment of nutritional status, 73-74 distribution of households by iodized salt use, 75 goitrogen interference with, 74 intramuscular injection of fortified oil, Japan 74 population with inadequate intakes, 74 recommendation, 76 salt fortification, 1, 6, 74-76 Iodine deficiency disorders cause and risk factors, 36, 43, 55, 73, 233 prevalence, 43 prevention, 1, 6, 73-76 signs, symptoms, and sequellae, 1, 43 44, 229, 233 Ionizing radiation, 36, 50-51 Iran Iraq 247 prevalence of defects, 39, 148-149, 168169, 182-183, 190-191, 198-199, 210-211 rubella susceptibility in pregnant women, 39 Save a Child's Heart Foundation, 84, 85 Wolison Medical Center, 85 HSV seroprevalence in pregnant women, 41 prevalence of defects, 26, 140-141, 182183, 188-189, 198-199 Ivory Coast cytomegalovirus immunity in women, 40 prevalence of defects, 40 J HSV seroprevalence in pregnant women, 41 prevalence of defects, 39 rubella susceptibility in pregnant women, 39 3D Projects, 87, 88 HSV seroprevalence in pregnant women, 41 methylmercury poisoning, 50 prevalence of defects, 33, 54, 140-141, 198-199 traditional infant care practices, 54 Jaundice, 41, 107, 233 Jordan infant mortality rates, 16-17, 94 prevalence of defects, 33, 150-151, 156157, 168-169, 180-181 genetic screening program, 15, 97, 104, 109, 129, 130 infant mortality rates, 16-17, 94 prevalence of defects, 170-171, 196-197 infant mortality rates, 16-17, 94 methylmercury poisoning, 50 prevalence of defects, 160-161 hemolytic, 32, 231-232 K Kernicterus, 32, 107, 233 Kuwait infant mortality rates, 16-17 prevalence of defects, 148-149

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From page 248...

... , 23,24 Latvia, prevalence of birth defects, 101, 172-173 Lebanon infant mortality rates, 16-17,94 prevalence of defects, 140-141, 208-209 Leprosy, 44 Lethal traits, 11, 28,111 Libya infant mortality rates, 16-17, 94 prevalence of defects, 144-145,158-159 Limb reduction deformities, 36,42,44,45, 48,234 Literacy, 18,69 Lithium, 36,45,46,47 Low birth weight, 15,101,233 M Macrosomia, 233 Malaria resistance in carriers, 28,231 Malaysia prevalence of defects, 39,136-137,144145,158-159,202-203,206-207 rubella susceptibility in pregnant women, 39 March of Dimes, 128 Maternal risk factors age over 35 years, 4,6,24,26,71,95, 99,103,230 alcohol abuse, 4,36,48-49,52,55 educational status, 69 epilepsy polytherapy, 48,79 IDDM, 35,42,52,55 infectious agents, 37,38-39,40,41,52 medications, 44-48 nutritional deficiencies, 4,6,42-44 INDEX occupational exposures to pollutants, 50,79 phenylketonuria, 35,42 public education campaigns, 128 screening for, 95,99,105 Medical Group Mission Christian Medical and Dental Society, 83 Medications defects and risks associated with, 35-36, 44-45,48 oxidant drugs, 32,100 public education campaigns, 128 safe for pregnant women, 44,46-47 teratogenic, 4,6,35-36,44-45,48,7980,128 Meningoencephalitis, 233 Mental retardation, 1, 2,11,23,26,34,37, 40,41,43-44,48,49,50,101, 108,230,231 Methimazole, 45 Methotrexate, 36,45 Methylmercury, 6,36,50,79 Microcephaly, 34,35,36,41,48,78 Microthalmia, 78 Microtia-anotia, 36 Middle East. See also individual countries consanguineous marriages, 27 genetic screening, 5 infant mortality rates, 5,15,16-17 prevalence of defects, 29,138-141,146147,150-151,156-157,160-161, 168-171,180-181,186-187,194197,206-209 Misoprostol (RU-486)

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From page 249...

... , 123, 126, 127, 128 Nystagmus, 33 o Oculocutaneous albinism cause and risk factors, 32-33, 234 geographic distribution, 28, 33 249 myths and superstitions, 86 prevalence, 164-167 screening for, 111 signs, symptoms, and sequellae, 33, 86, 234 treatment, 86-87 infant mortality rates, 16-17 prevalence of defects, 39, 186-187 rubella susceptibility in pregnant women, 39 Operation Smile, 83 Oral contraceptives, 44 Ortolani-Barlow test, 84 p Pacific Islands, prevalence of birth defects, 29 Pakistan infant mortality rates, 16-17, 94 prevalence of defects, 146-147, 154-155, 158-159, 176-177, 184-185, 206207 Palestine National Authority CHD treatment, 85 consanguineous marriages, 27 infant mortality rates, 16-17, 27 prevalence of defects, 39 rubella susceptibility in pregnant women, 39 Papua New Guinea, prevalence of birth defects, 29 Paramethadione, 45 Patent ductus arteriosus, 39, 45 PATH (Program for Appropriate Technology in Health) , 128 Peru, prevalence of defects, 196-197, 208209 Phenobarbital, 48 Phenylalanine hydroxylase, 34 Phenylketonuria cause and risk factors, 34, 35, 42, 234 prevalence in neonates, 28, 34, 101, 170-173 screening for, 2, 96, 99, 100-101, 108 signs, symptoms, and sequellae, 34, 101, 234 treatment, 42, 101, 108 Phenylpyruvale, 34

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From page 250...

... 39 Rwanda, HSV seroprevalence in pregnant women, 41 . S Salicylates, 44 Sardinia genetic screening and control program, 97,104,109 prevalence of defects, 97,152-153 Saudi Arabia consanguineous marriages, 27 infant mortality rates, 16-17,95 prevalence of birth defects, 27,31,54, 146-147,156-157,180-181,194197,206-207 traditional infant care practices, 54 Save a Child's Heart Foundation, 84,85 Save the Children, 127,128,133

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From page 251...

... See also individual countries Spain HSV seroprevalence in pregnant women, 41 prevalence of defects, 196-197 Spermicides, 44 Spina bifida, 35, 42, 51, 53, 227, 235 Splenomegaly, 28, 29, 41, 235 Squamous cell carcinoma, 32-33, 235 Sri Lanka prevalence of defects, 39 rubella susceptibility in pregnant women, 39 Stem cell transplant, 96-97 Stillbirths, 26, 27, 103, 111, 235 Streptococcus pneumoniae, 31 Streptokinase, 47 Sub-Saharan Africa. See also individual countries genetic birth defects, 31 infant mortality rates, 14 Sudan, infant mortality rates, 16-17, 95 Sulfonamide antibiotics and sulfones, 32 Support services for families, 7 Surveillance and monitoring defined, 235 of delivery of health services and treatment outcomes, 81, 131 large-scale programs, 23, 24 national coordination of, 5, 110-112 of rubella and CRS, 77-78 Sweden, prevalence of defects, 198-199 Syria, infant mortality rates, 16-17, 95 T Taiwan HSV seroprevalence in pregnant women, 41 prevalence of defects, 158-159 Talipes or clubfoot cause and risk factors, 53, 107

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From page 252...

... . un~s~a infant mortality rates, 16-17, 95 prevalence of birth defects, 33, 136-137, 174-175, 184-185, 192-193, 202203, 206-207 cytomegalovirus immunity in women, 40 prevalence of defects, 34, 54, 142-143, 150-151, 160-161, 168-169, 172173 screening and control programs, 97-98, 102 traditional infant care practices, 54 Tyrosinase, 32, 34 U Uganda, prevalence of birth defects, 136137, 192-193, 202-203 Ultrasonography, 46, 47, 84-85, 99, 105106, 107, 231, 236 Unconjugated estriol, 105 United Arab Emirates consanguineous marriages, 27 infant mortality rates, 16-17 prevalence of birth defects, 27, 138-139 United Kingdom folic acid fortification of foods, 73 prevalence of defects, 26, 180-181 United Nations Children's Fund, 127 United Nations Development Programme, 127 United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization Declaration of Education for All 89 United States folic acid fortification of foods, 73 prevalence of defects, 23-24, 140-141, 180-181, 188-189, 198-199 Urinary tract defects, 36, 45 U.S.

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From page 253...

... , 76, 77 Vaginal carcinoma, 45 Valproic acid, 45, 47, 48 Venezuela, prevalence of birth defects, 196197, 208-209 Vision and eye disorders, 33, 35, 37, 39, 40, 41, 43, 48, 50, 78, 234 Vitamin A deficiency, 74 W Warfarin, 45, 47, 48 World Atlas of Birth Defects, 23 World Bank, 127 World Health Organization, 87-88, 127 Special Programme for Research and Training on Tropical Diseases, 133 World Summit for Children, 74 253 X X-linked disorders, 27, 32, 34, 237 y Yemen, infant mortality rates, 16-17, 95 z Z alre HSV seroprevalence in pregnant women, 41 prevalence of defects, 192-193 Zambia, "clubfoot clinic," 82 Zimbabwe prevalence of defects, 33, 136-137, 164165, 174-175, 192-193 rehabilitation approaches, 86, 89, 91

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Index Pages 241-253

Index
Pages 241-253