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From page 337... ... See also Fetal mortality; Maternal morbidity and mortality; Neonatal morbidity and mortality; other specific outcomes access to care and, 29-30 high-risk period, 8, 168 linking mother, fetus, and neonate in, 29 vital registration coverage, 8, 27-28, 192, 333 Africa. See also individual countries abortion, 49, 50 birth rate, 23 childbirth management practices, 76 low birth weight, 206 maternal deaths and causes, 3, 43, 44, 45, 49, 50, 51 neonatal mortality, 64, 91 smoking prevalence, 211 STD prevalence, 143 viral hepatitis, 49 Read the entire page →
From page 338... ... See also individual countries abortion, 50 birth rate, 23 cesarean sections, 76 low birth weight, 206 maternal deaths and causes, 45,50,51 neonatal mortality, 64 smoking prevalence, 211 TB cases, 95 viral hepatitis, 49 Asphyxia, 28,29,92,99-100,109-110, 118-119,139,140,150,153,188, 191,325 Aspirin, 223 Autopsies and death audits, 135,152,175, 188 Azerbaijan, 62-63 Azithromycin, 221 B Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) vaccine, 113-114 Bacterial vaginosis, 21-22,204,211,220,224 Read the entire page →
From page 339... ... See also Parity Birth order, 247 Birth outcomes. See Adverse birth outcomes; specific outcomes Birth rates, 23 Birthing position, 69,70,71 Blood safety, 151 Blood transfusions, 47-48,60,70,73,110, 149,151,172,241 Bolivia, 51,62-63,105,180,182 Bosnia and Herzegovina, 27 Brazil, 62-63,101,136,140,141,144, 169,215,216,321,322 Breastieeding, 93,95,96,101,105,110, 111-112,113,116,204,212,223, 267,268,269,270-271,274-275, 277-278,282-283,284-285 339 Breech/transverse presentation, 51,54,100, 106,107,140,150,180,188 Bronchopulmonary dysplasia, 216 Burkina Faso, 62-63,179,268,270-271 C Calcium, 219,224 Cambodia, 62-63 Cameroon, 62-63 Canada, 147,213 Cannabis, 147 Carbamazepine, 244 CARE, 182 Caribbean HIV/AIDS, 264 maternal deaths and causes, 45,51 neonatal mortality, 64 smoking prevalence, 211 STD prevalence, 143 Cefixime, 221 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 3-4,18,276 Central America, viral hepatitis, 49. Read the entire page →
From page 340... ... See Talipes Cocaine, 147 Cochran Database of Systematic Reviews, 69, 76, 151, 217, 218, 219, 268-269, 274 Cochran Library, 55, 70 Collaborative Study of Maternal Anthropometry and Pregnancy Outcomes, 206, 207, 208, 209 Colombia, 207, 209, 210, 218 Communication capacity for referrals, 170, 177 Community health programs. See also Primary health care birthing homes/centers, 172, 178 capacity building, 167, 172, 298, 325 communication services, 170, 177 financing, 182-183, 321 home care for neonates and sick children, 32, 113, 114 maternity waiting homes, 172, 178, 210 randomized controlled trials, 166 recommendations, 192 support for referral services, 170, 177, 183 training of workers, 170, 171 village health workers, 113, 114-115, 116, 167, 168, 171, 172, 175 Complex birth defects, 238, 239, 246-247. Read the entire page →
From page 341... ... See also individual countries abortion in, 49,50 birth defects, 30-31,237 characteristics shared by, 305-306 classification by per capita income, 307309 defined, 46 expenditures for health care, 10, 178179,182,282 fertility rates, 25 fetal deaths, 3,17,134,135-137 health personnel shortages in, 9-10, 178 health reforms, 183-184 infectious disease burden, 21-22,92 LBW, 30 maternal deaths, 3,17,42,44,50,59 neonatal deaths, 3,17,64,90,91,92 Developmental dysplasia of the hip, 239, 245,247,251,255 Diabetes mellitus, 48,139,142,149,152, 215,216,239,243 Diagnostic tests, 79,104. See also Screening for diseases and disorders Diarrheal disease, 32,92,93,96,111,115, 278 Diazempam, 74 Dinoprostone, 73 Disability-adjusted years of life (DALY) Read the entire page →
From page 342... ... See also Parity Female infanticide, 145 Female literacy, 23 Fertility rates, 25 Fetal alcohol syndrome, 145,146,211, 239,245,255 Fetal interventions antenatal care, 151-152 childbirth management, 138-139,150 detection and management of distress, 76,149,153 family planning, 150-151 infection management, 150 intrapartum care, 149-150,153 recommendations, 153 research needs, 153 Fetal monitoring, 76,149,153 Fetal mortality, 9 antepartum, 9, 28-29,134,141-148, 153-154,324 autopsy and fetal death audit, 135,152, 175,188 birth interval and, 25 causes of death, 188 childbirth complications and, 28,29,51, 66,138-139,149-150,153 classification systems, 153 domestic violence and, 26 female feticide, 145 geographic distribution, 3,17,21,134, 135-137,139,142 hypertensive disease of pregnancy and, 29,100,139,141,142,143,148, 151,188 intrapartum, 8,9,28-29,66,134,138141,148-149,153,328 maternal age and, 24,25,29,144,146 maternal infections and, 49,96,97,139, 142-143,147-148,150,204,211, 221,225 maternal nutrition and, 147,148 Read the entire page →
From page 343... ... See also Skilled birth attendants female literacy and, 6 paramedics, 113, 114, 167 professional development and training, 170, 171, 179, 181, 184, 188 shortages in developing countries, 9-10, 178 village health workers, 113, 114-115, 116, 167, 168, 171, 172, 175 Health services. See also Primary health care; Reproductive health care decision-making process, 184-185 donor contributions, 52, 182, 183-184 evaluation of, 184-185 evidence-based care, 185, 327-328 maternal, 52; see also Antenatal care; Postpartum care; Preconceptional care monitoring health care delivery and outcomes, 194 national policy and leadership, 192 neonatal care, 167-168 Read the entire page →
From page 344... ... See Viral hepatitis Hepatosplenomegaly, 98, 241 Herpes simplex virus, 98 HIV/AIDS. See also Prevention of perinatal HIV transmission blood transfusions and, 47-48 burden globally, 21, 93, 262, 265 child mortality, 262, 264, 266, 267 cultural factors, 264, 266 epidemic, 11, 263-265 and fetal mortality, 143 maternal mortality, 28 nutritional interventions, 220, 267 opportunistic infections, 95, 96 orphans, 283 perinatal transmission, 11, 31, 96, 103, 266-267 prevalence in women of childbearing age, 11, 28, 264-266, 280-281 risk factors and sequelae, 6, 49, 56, 95, 103, 105, 267, 282-283 and stigma and discrimination, 262, 282, 284, 285 testing and counseling, 104, 278, 280-281 HIVNET, 274-275 Home-based care childbirth, 48, 58-59, 61, 94, 96, 97, 100, 101, 108, 110, 168, 169, 170172, 173 neonatal, 32, 113, 114, 116, 119, 120, 213-214, 295, 321-322 transition to facility-based care, 172-174 Honduras, 62-63, 172, 178 Hookworm infections, 47, 56, 106, 107 Hospitals childbirth management in, 58, 60, 6667, 72, 169, 172-174 INDEX nosocomial infections, 96, 118 public vs. Read the entire page →
From page 345... ... , 181 International Conference on Primary Health Care, 166-167 International Nutritional Anemia Consultative Group, 56 345 International Planned Parenthood Federation, 32 Interventions. see Fetal interventions; Maternal interventions; Neonatal care Intrapartum fetal care, 149-150, 153 fetal mortality, 8, 9, 28-29, 66, 134, 138-141, 148-149, 153, 328 hemorrhage, 139, 141, 143, 147, 151 HIV/AIDS therapy, 269, 274, 279, 284 infections, 150 Intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) Read the entire page →
From page 346... ... See also individual countries abortion, 50 birth rate, 23 cesarean sections, 76 fetal mortality and risk factors, 21,139, 142 low birth weight, 206 maternal deaths and causes, 45,50,51 neonatal mortality, 64,91 smoking prevalence, 211 Latin American Center for Perinatalogy and Human Development, 25-26 Latin American Collaborative Study of Congenital Malformations (ECLAMC) , 238 Least developed countries defined, 46 fertility rates, 25 tetanus, 97 Lebanon, 62-63 Leprosy, 244 INDEX Libya, 62-63,137 Low birth weight. Read the entire page →
From page 347... ... See also Maternal nutrition antenatal care, 54-58, 60, 223 behavioral change, 52-53, 79, 90, 102103 childbirth management, 29, 32, 42, 6575, 76, 107-112, 138-139, 149-150, 153, 191, 193 deaths averted by, 43 education, see Health education effectiveness of, 52 essential package of, 71, 294, 295-296 evidence base on, 217 immunization, 90, 96, 97, 105-106, 108-109, 117, 118, 249-250 overused or inappropriate, 48, 76 recommendations, 77-78, 118, 223-224, 254 research needs, 52-53, 56, 78-79, 224 Maternal morbidity and mortality abortion and, 28, 44, 47, 49-51, 75, 191 and birth defects, 238, 242-243, 249250 birth intervals and, 25-26 causes of death, 8, 28, 42, 43, 44-52, 75, 77, 191 and child survival probability, 29 critical period, 3, 28 deaths annually, 45 defined, 43-44, 329 epidemiological trends, 61 epilepsy, 244 geographic distribution of, 3, 17, 42, 43, 44,45,49,50,51,59,60,64 historical trends, 59-60 infections, 29, 31, 44, 47, 48-52, 79, 90, 93, 96, 97, 98-99, 103, 139, 148, 191, 211, 220-221, 223-224, 238, 266-267 Interventions. See Maternal interventions 347 lifetime risk of dying, 3, 17, 42, 44, 45 measurement of, 44, 187, 329 and neonatal health, 29, 48, 90, 99-100, 204, 221 nutrition and, 43, 47, 48, 51, 56 ratios, 44, 45, 52, 62, 321, 329 research needs, 78-79 skilled birth attendants, 42, 58-65, 173 surveillance, 44, 187 women's status and, 6, 22-23, 77, 80, 102-103 Maternal nutrition and anemia, 47, 106, 147 antenatal care, 57, 147, 152, 217-219 and birth defects, 31, 238, 239, 243244, 248-249 calcium, 219, 224 causes of deficiencies, 56, 209 cost-effectiveness of interventions, 57, 79 "eating down," 209 educational campaigns, 52, 111, 152, 218-219 energy/protein, 148, 209-210, 217-218, 224 and fetal mortality, 147, 148 folate, 47, 56, 107, 147, 152, 188, 219, 239, 243, 246, 248-249, 254 fortification of foods, 248-249 guidelines for pregnant women, 56 and HIV/AIDS, 220, 267 interventions, 57, 79, 217-220, 224 iodine, 219, 239, 243-244, 249, 254, 255 iron, 47, 56, 106, 147, 152, 219 and IUGR, 22, 29, 204, 208-211, 217220, 224-225 magnesium, 219 and maternal morbidity and mortality, 43, 47, 48, 51, 56 micronutrients, 56, 106, 148, 218-219 n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, 219 poverty and, 6, 22 preconceptional, 217-218, 248-249 and preterm birth, 217-220 research needs, 56, 79, 148, 219, 224 supplements, 57, 147, 152, 188, 217219, 224, 243, 249 vitamin A, 57, 267, 277 vitamin B12, 56 zinc, 148, 219 Read the entire page →
From page 348... ... See also Breastieeding birth defects, 248, 250-251, 253 during childbirth, 90, 107-112 cord care practices, 108-109, 119 corticosteroids, 110-111 disease recognition and treatment, 112113 essential, 117, 172, 192, 294, 295-296, 327 home-based, 32, 113, 114, 116, 119, 120, 213-214, 295, 321-322 immunization, 34, 113-115 infection control package, 118 integrated approach to, 112-113 Kangaroo care, 110, 116, 119, 204, 223, 328-329 for low-birth-weight infants, 110, 116, 188, 204, 223 nutrition, 110, 111-112 postpartum, 117, 119 preterm birth and, 213-214 providers, 167-168, 311-312 recommendations, 90, 116-117, 321 research needs, 117-119 resuscitation, 99, 109-110, 116, 118119, 153, 172, 180 skilled birth attendant's competencies, 311-312, 321 thermal control, 101, 110, 116, 172 traditional practices, 247 Neonatal interventions. See Neonatal care Neonatal morbidity and mortality antenatal care and, 54, 90, 102-107 birth defects, 28, 92, 238-240 birth injury, 100 birth interval and, 25 breastieeding and, 111-112 burden of mortality, 91 causes of death, 9, 28, 51, 64, 76, 90, 91-102, 188, 191 challenges to health, see Birth defects; Low birth weight Read the entire page →
From page 349... ... See also Health personnel; Skilled birth attendants Placental abruption, 139,141,143,147, 151,324 Placental infarction, 141 Plasmodium falciparum, 55, 152 Plasmodium vivax, 55 Pneumonia, 92,95,98,104,106,108,113, 242 Political conflicts, 26-27 n-3 Polyunsaturated fatty acids, 219 Population Council, 32 Portugal, 62-63 Postpartum care, 33,77-78,80,117,119, 269,274,331 Read the entire page →
From page 350... ... See Antenatal care Preterm birth antibiotic treatment and, 220-221 birth interval and, 25,212 causes and risk factors, 96,97,99,204, 207-208,211-212,213,222-223 cervical incompetence, 222,224,326 consequences, 95,101,102,140,212217 defined, 331 domestic violence and, 26 genetic associations, 212 and infant/neonatal mortality, 28,30, 92,191,213-214 interventions, 55, 110, 204,216,217223 INDEX maternal infections and, 55, 204,208, 211-212,220-221 maternal nutrition and, 217-220 and morbidity, growth, and development, 28,92,216 and neonatal care, 213-214 relative risk, 212-213 research needs, 224 smoking and, 204,211,223 Prevention of perinatal HIV transmission antenatal screening, 31,107,262,266, 279-284 antiretroviral strategies, 11, 31,244, 262,263,266,267-277,279,284 breast milk substitutes, 111, 277-278, 279,284-285 cesarean section, 268,277 comparison of interventions, 278-279 ethical issues, 282,283,284 minimum standard of care, 268 recommendations, 284-285 research needs, 277,285-286 vaginal ravage, 277 vitamin A therapy, 277 Primary health care. See also Reproductive health care; Skilled birth attendants Alma-Ata Declaration, 166-167 childbirth models of care, 10, 168-175, 322 "close-to-client" model, 167,168 defined, 167 home birth models, 170-172 hospital/clinic birth models, 172-174 referral care for labor and delivery, 10, 33,42,52,58,65,149,164,167, 171,175,176-178,295-296,321 Primidone, 244 Private sector, reproductive health care role, 180-182 l'r~vate voluntary organizations, 182 Products of conception, retention, 48,71, 140 Professional organizations, 178 Prolonged labor, 29,51,57,66,75,100, 139-140,150,178,331 Proteinuria, 54,107,151 Psychosocial support for mothers, 222 Public-private partnerships, 106,178,180182 Pyelonephritis, 55, 99 Read the entire page →
From page 351... ... See also Antenatal care; Postpartum care barriers to, 6-7, 24, 26, 29-30, 72-73, 75 basic, 248 cost-effectiveness, 190-191 cost of services, 30, 189-190 donor contributions, 182, 183-184 essential obstetric care, 10, 47, 71-74, 77, 80, 149, 294, 295-296, 324-325 evaluation of interventions, 164, 189191, 193 expenditures, 182 family planning services, 6-7, 23, 24, 33, 75, 78, 80, 167, 171, 181, 248, 249 financing, 179, 182-183, 193, 321 health care reforms, 183-184 priorities, 293-294 private-sector role, 180-182 quality of, 183, 194 351 recommendations, 77-78, 193 referral care for obstetric complications, 10, 33, 42, 52, 58, 65, 149, 164, 175, 176-178, 295-296, 321 rural sources of, 114 staff development and training, 179-180 Research needs autopsy studies, 153 behavioral change strategies, 52-53 birth defects, 254-255 educational strategies, 79 emphasis of recommendations, 20 ethical issues, 59 evaluation of interventions, 59, 78, 79, 119, 164, 168, 193, 254 fetal monitoring, 153 health care systems, 193 HIV/AIDS prevention and control, 277, 285-286 infectious disease control, 79, 118, 224, 277 IUGR, 224 low birth weight, 224 maternal interventions, 52-53, 56, 7879, 224 neonatal, 104, 106, 117-119 nutrition interventions, 56, 79, 148, 219, 224 preterm birth, 224 priority setting, 78 STD treatment, 104, 118 surveillance, 254 Respiratory distress syndrome, 95, 110-111, 216 Resuscitation, 99, 109-110, 116, 118-119, 153, 172, 180 Retinopathy of prematurity, 216 RETROCI trial, 270-273 Rh hemolytic disease, 101-102 Rohrer's ponderal index, 214-215 Rotavirus, 96, 115 Rubella, 6, 105, 142, 239, 242-243, 246, 249, 250, 255 Russian Federation, 62-63 S Safe Motherhood Initiative, 17, 32-33, 34, 52 SAINT trial, 269, 274-275 Sardinia, 252 Read the entire page →
From page 352... ... See also Intrauterine growth restriction Smoking, 52, 103, 139, 143, 146-147, 204 211,221,223,224,225 Socioeconomic status of women, 6, 22-23 South Africa, 62-63, 97, 115, 170, 216, 220-221, 269, 272-273, 281 South Asia, neonatal morbidity and mortality, 91 HIV/AIDS, 264 partograph monitoring trial, 66 Spina bifida, 243, 246, 247, 333 Sri Lanka, 21, 62-63, 136, 141, 169, 170, 172, 175, 182, 207, 209, 222, 321 Staphylococcus aureus, 94 Stillbirths, 21, 25, 138, 333. See also Fetal mortality Streptococcus pneumoniae, 95, 106, 114115, 118 Study purpose and approach, 3-5, 18-20 Read the entire page →
From page 353... ... , 30,32,34,56,58,182,187,278 United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child, 186 United Nations Development Program (UNDP) , 32,182 United Nations Fund for Population Activities, 32,58,182,187 United States, 10,60,62-63,146,169,186, 207,209,213,263,267,268,283, 322 Urinary tract infections, maternal, 54,55, 98-99,104,107,117,142,208,220221 U.S. Read the entire page →
From page 354... ... See Domestic violence; Political conflicts Viral hepatitis, 28, 44, 48, 49, 107, 114, 143 Vitamin A, 57, 267, 277 Vitamin B12, 56 W Wales, 147 War. See Political conflicts INDEX Women's status, 145 childbirth complications and, 51-52 and HIV transmission, 266 and maternal and neonatal health, 6, 2223, 77, 80, 102-103 World Bank, 32, 58, 182, 191, 283, 322 World Health Organization, 30, 32, 33, 56, 58, 93-94, 103, 111, 114, 182, 187, 206, 278, 283-284 partograph, 66-69, 330 y Yemen, 62-63 Young Infants Study, 93-94 Yugoslavia, 62-63 z Zaire, 75, 179, 210 Zambia, 62-63, 97-98, 183 Zidovudine, 267, 268-275, 279, 280-281, 284 Zimbabwe, 62-63, 69-70, 101, 137, 140, 144, 148, 153, 178, 186 Zinc, 148, 219 Read the entire page →

From page 337...

... See also Fetal mortality; Maternal morbidity and mortality; Neonatal morbidity and mortality; other specific outcomes access to care and, 29-30 high-risk period, 8, 168 linking mother, fetus, and neonate in, 29 vital registration coverage, 8, 27-28, 192, 333 Africa. See also individual countries abortion, 49, 50 birth rate, 23 childbirth management practices, 76 low birth weight, 206 maternal deaths and causes, 3, 43, 44, 45, 49, 50, 51 neonatal mortality, 64, 91 smoking prevalence, 211 STD prevalence, 143 viral hepatitis, 49

Index Pages 337-354

Index
Pages 337-354