Regenerative Medicine (2003) / Chapter Skim
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2 Nuclear reprogramming and stem cell creation
2 Nuclear reprogramming and stem cell creation
Pages 3-6
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From page 3... ...
The overall conclusion from these direct nuclear transfer experiments is that a substantial proportion of nuclei from specified or determined embryonic cells expressing differentiation markers undergo major reprogramming when transplanted to enucleated eggs. Serial Nuclear Transfers and Grafts The question arises as to whether the low percentages of nuclear transfer success shown in Table 1 for nonendoderm nuclei mean that only a minority of cells in a tissue have the capacity to be reprogrammed or that this capacity exists but has not been demonstrated for technical or other reasons.
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From page 4... ...
However, it has been found that the normal-appearing cells of partial blastulae can be used as donors for a second, serial set of nuclear transfers to more enucleated eggs, an experimental design first used by King and Briggs in 1956 (164. When this is done with partial blastulae derived from intestinal epithelium cells of Xenopus, it is found that many of the serial nuclear transplant embryos develop remarkably well, sometimes reaching the normal tadpole stage (49.
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From page 5... ...
Although amphibian cloned embryos tend to suffer from chromosomal damage caused by incomplete chromosome replication and mammalian cloned embryos tend not to express imprinted genes correctly, there is also a range of other factors that may affect both amphibian and mammalian nuclear transplants. Quantitatively incomplete/incorrect reprogramming of gene expression has been found in both amphibian (19)
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From page 6... ...
11822 1 www.pnas.org/cgi/doi/10.1073/pnas.1834207100 cell nuclei, respectively. The ability to activate oct4 expression in the nuclei of adult somatic cells may increase the probability of deriving embryonic stem cells from nuclear transplant embryos (38~.
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