The Hydrogen Economy Opportunities, Costs, Barriers, and R&D Needs (2004) / Chapter Skim
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4. Transportation, Distribution, and Storage of Hydrogen
4. Transportation, Distribution, and Storage of Hydrogen
Pages 37-44
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From page 37... ...
alloy matrix or adsorbed on or in a substrate or transported in The kind of manufacture, transportation, and distribution a chemical precursor form such as lithium, sodium metal, or infrastructure required to support a hydrogen-based fuel cell chemical hydrides. Carbon-bound forms of hydrogen such vehicle will be tied directly to the form of hydrogen used on as today's gasoline, natural gas, methanol, ethanol, and oth board the vehicle.
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From page 38... ...
These various requirements could necessitate the use of energy supply. The literature and the many presentations interim storage facilities at plant sites for inventory or to comthat the committee heard indicate that the manufacture of pensate for demand swings and plant interruptions; the posmolecular hydrogen is the consensus approach favored by sible use of storage along pipelines and at distribution hubs; the majority of leadership within the government, at univer- storage at the fuel cell vehicle loading stations; and, most critisities, and in industry.
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From page 39... ...
Natural tal-intensive than pipeline transmission of natural gas be- gas and coal are the raw materials, and costs are given with cause of the need for pipes at least 50 percent greater in and without CO2 by-product capture and storage.6 diameter to achieve the equivalent energy transmission rate, · Distributed onsite production by natural gas reforming and because of the likelihood that more costly steel and or electrolysis of water. valve metal seal connections will be required for pipelines · Over-the-road shipment costs of cryogenic liquid hyfor hydrogen in order to avoid long-term embrittlement and drogen.
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From page 40... ...
If and when extensive new hydrogen transmission pipe- Whether the hydrogen was stored as pressurized gas or lines are needed in the decades ahead, research in such areas liquid hydrogen, there would also be a need for local storas lower-cost pipeline materials, technology for dual-use natu- age at the filling facilities and possibly secondary regional ral gas-and-hydrogen pipeline connection techniques, layout distribution sites. For local storage of liquid hydrogen, optimization, and even pipeline emplacement technologies there would be the need for insulated tanks with tall evapmay be of significant value.
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From page 41... ...
. For Solid-State Transport of Hydrogen and Off-Board example, for more than a 200-mile driving range, today's Hydrogen Storage natural gas vehicles usually require two tanks, which use up Means other than pressurized gas or cryogenic liquid much of the trunk.
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From page 42... ...
This also means that the fuel cell ment of Energy, "Hydrogen Storage," presentation to the TABLE 4-2 Goals for Hydrogen On-Board Storage to Achieve Minimum Practical Vehicle Driving Ranges General Motors Compressed/Liquid Energy Density Minimum Goals Hydrogen (Currently) DOE Goal Megajoules per kilogram 6 4/10 10.8 Megajoules per liter 6 3/4 9.72 NOTES: Energy densities are based on total storage system volume or mass.
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From page 43... ...
. terials would be shipped from centralized manufacturing sites The following are the committee's comments on this docuby conventional truck, rail, or ship and distributed to consumer ment regarding the areas of off-board storage, transportafuel cell vehicle filling facilities.
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From page 44... ...
It is clear that the vast majority of current supply evolution should be started immediately, with the private and governmental investments in the manufacture of objective of helping guide research investments and priorihydrogen for fuel cell vehicles are aimed at the direct use of ties for the transportation, distribution, and storage of momolecular hydrogen. Because of the inherent difficulties in lecular hydrogen.
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