Use of Laboratory Animals in Biomedical and Behavioral Research (1988) / Chapter Skim
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2. Patterns of Animal Use
2. Patterns of Animal Use
Pages 18-26
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From page 18... ...
Between 17 million and 22 million animals are estimated to be used annually In the United States in research, education, and testing. About 85 percent of these are rats and mice, and less than 2 percent are cats, dogs, and nonhuman primates (O~ce of Technology Assessment, 1986~.
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From page 19... ...
Institutions are not required to report on their use of rats, mice, birds, and domestic farm animals used for research, but the annual report form has space for voluntary reporting on the use of rats and mice. Table 1 summarizes information from the lI.AR and APHIS surveys and from estunates prepared by Health Designs, Inc., for the Office of Technology Assessment (1986~.
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From page 21... ...
21 en _, ~ a, of JO Go Aid ~ ~ _ £ 88 o CO .O ~ ~ on £ US Go a, C9 It ~ Hi IS _.
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From page 22... ...
environmental effects of energy technologies and programs. Most of this research takes place at the privately managed national laboratories~uch as Brookhaven National Laboratory, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, and the Pacific Northwest I,aboratories and through contracts and grants to scientists employed at universities snot other research facilities.
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From page 23... ...
For example, an estimated 53,000 animals are used annually for teaching in medico and veterinary schools (Office of Technology Assessment, 1986~. However, animal use in high schools and colleges might be most people's only contact with laboratory animals, making it an important determinant of how the public feels about such use.
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From page 24... ...
The most common method used to test eye irritation is the Druze test, in which a test substance is applied to one eye of an adult rabbit, with the untreated eye serving as a control Drape et al., 1944~. Repeated-dose chronic toxicity tests entail repeated exposures to substances for periods of two weeks to more than a year to determine the possible effects of long-term exposure.
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From page 25... ...
It was initially studied by infecting live laboratory animals with the virus, which led to vaccines produced using live animals. Recently, new diagnostic tests have been developed that use monoclonal antibodies produced by cell cultures, and vaccines are being produced with recombinant DNA technology (Ereiherr, 1986~.
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From page 26... ...
Animab are used extensively in testing the safety and efficacy of compounds produced by the chemical, cosmetic, and drug industries. Commonly used tests include those for acute toxicity, eye and skin irritation, repeateddose chronic toxicity, carcinogenicity, developmental and reproductive toxicity, neurotoxicity, mutagenicity, and biological screening.
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