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From page 301... ... See Astrophysical spatialization Age parsec unit, 62 and perceptual imaging, 97 Astrophysical spatialization and spatial skills, 101, 108, 270, 274-275 absolute magnitude, 62-63, 64, 66 Air traffic control and controllers, 54-55, 93, 95 beyond solar system, 60-67, 68 Alexandria Digital Library, 34-35 Copernican model, 59, 60 Algebra, 19, 91, 92, 117, 126, 130 distance scales, 57, 60, 64, 65, 67-68 Alpha Centauri, 62 Earth shape and size, 57-58, 65, 67 American Forests, 180, 190 epicycles, 59, 61 AML, 166 expertise in, 55, 57-58 Andromeda Nebula, 64, 67 frames of reference, 57-58, 59 Animation environments, 46, 80, 105, 108, 149, 156, 157, geocentric theory, 60 158, 159, 171, 182, 219, 224, 286 heliocentric theory, 60, 61 Anthropogeography, 88 Hertzsprung-Russell diagram, 62-64 Application program interface (API) , 156, 157, 173-174 Hubble constant and, 64-65, 68 ArcCatalog, 224 main sequence, 63, 64 ArcEditor, 222 measurements, 56, 58, 60-67 ArcExplorer, 161, 167, 223 parallax concept, 60, 62, 64 ArcGlobe, 224-226 pattern recognition, 56 Architects and architectural design, 12, 28, 40, 43, 54, 55, period-luminosity diagram, 64, 66 95, 97, 100, 104, 141, 155, 156 primitives, 56, 57 ArcIMS, 222 Ptolemaic universe, 59, 60, 61 ArcInfo, 222 role of, 67-68, 94 ArcLessons, 209 solar system, 59, 67 ArcReader, 222 spectroscopic parallaxes, 64 ArcSDE, 222 standard candle, 64 ArcView, 156, 166-167, 173, 174, 177, 180, 185-187, 190- time dimension, 56, 57, 59 192, 194, 196-198, 200, 201, 202, 204, 209, 222- universe structure and evolution, 56-57, 64, 68 226, 290, 291 Atlas GIS, 167 ArcView GIS, 166, 184, 188, 222, 226 Atmospheric physics/physicists, 80, 81 301 Read the entire page →
From page 302... ... See also Spatial skills and abilities Data about space, 30 analysis and probability, 116, 117, 156 in space, 30 attribute, 162, 163 with space, 30 collection, 14, 156 spatial tool kit, 27 combining spatial and nonspatial data, 88 Collaborative Visualization Project (CoVIS) , 290 correction procedures, 55, 171 Color extrapolation and interpolation, 55, 86-87 identifying and classifying objects by, 70 generalization, 55 recognition and evaluation, 41, 42, 43, 53, 56, 138 geometric, 162 representations, 16, 52, 80, 104, 105, 141, 143, 149, GIS characteristics, 159-162, 171, 173, 175, 217 169, 170, 171, 180-181 management, 13, 16, 30, 32, 34-35, 55, 76-77, 111, Columbia University, 83 156, 177, 223, 224 Communication, in mathematics, 116, 117 mining, 34, 111 Community Atlas project, 210, 291 models, 160-161, 173, 175, 183, 223 Community Geography: GIS in Action, 179, 209 nonspatial, 88, 168-169 Community Mapping Program, 291 pixel, 32, 175 Community projects with GIS quality and quantity, 102, 171 crime reduction, 179, 212 raster, 32, 156, 160, 161, 173, 183, 223 pollution hazard mapping, 181, 213 retrieval, 34 Read the entire page →
From page 303... ... conference, 290, DNA structure, 2 291, 292 equal-area projection, 70, 71 Education reform, 12, 111-112 flow, 45, 46 recommendations, 131, 133-134 GIS output, 169, 189 Educational challenges Hertzsprung-Russell, 62-64 committee position statement, 7-8, 233-234 hierarchical, 27, 30, 40 concepts for spatial thinking, 18-19 as instructional device, 47-48, 50, 102, 116, 138, 139, curriculum design, 134 283 resource-related, 103, 110, 190 mattang stick chart, 138 support tools, 7-10, 19-20, 144-145, 233-235 period-luminosity, 64-66 Educational software phase, 27, 36, 133 collaborative model, 215 physiographic, 84, 86, 88 commercial model, 214-215 purpose of, 47 customization, 174, 182, 183, 184, 185, 190-192, 218 reasoning from, 41, 47, 102, 104, 284 219, 293-297 and recall, 47, 96, 282, 283 Earth Science, 215 schematic, 27, 50, 282, 283 geometry, 168, 169, 173, 183 of spatial operations, 30, 45, 47, 56, 70, 102 GIS, 164-165, 166, 167-168, 173, 178-179, 184-185, T-S, 82 214-216, 220, 285; see also individual products types of, 27-28 market, 204-205, 232 Diatoms, 72 open vs. closed architecture, 188-189, 215 Digital Library for Earth System Education (DLESE) Read the entire page →
From page 304... ... See also low-tech learning tools, 205 Coordinate systems material support for, 179, 204-205, 213, 219 abstract, 139-140 media support, 169, 171 astrophysical, 57-58, 59 meeting educational goals, 176-183 dimensionality, 53-54 modeling capabilities, 169-171, 173, 175, 190 replotting, 149 nature and functions, 158-164 rotating, 123, 129 and navigation, 38-39, 158 FreeHand, 157, 285 nongeographic spaces, 168 Function concept, 19 novice users, 184, 185-187, 193-200, 219 Functional magnetic resonance imaging (FMRI) , 19 operational functions, 18, 40, 158, 162-163, 168, 171, 173, 174, 175, 176, 177, 187, 205, 207, 218 Read the entire page →
From page 305... ... , 55 Geology/geologists, 43 data collection, 156 field, 76, 79-80 GIS and, 39, 156, 212 structural, 69, 70, 72 hand-held receiver, 16 GeoMedia, 167, 179 Location Based Services (LBS) , 111 Geometry mobile devices linked to, 110, 111 activities, 118 ocean navigation, 77, 78, 84, 136, 137, 141 computational, 288 personal guidance system, 38-39 coordinate, 118, 120, 121, 122, 123, 130, 132 tracking, 111, 143 curriculum, 18, 118, 131 water quality monitoring, 15, 16, 212-213 education standards, 114, 115, 116-118, 120-122, 123, GLOBE, 193 124-125, 130 Gradmann, Robert, 90 Euclidean, 123 Graphics generators, 157, 159, 179 everyday applications, 142 Graphing calculators, 19 geography integrated with, 58 Gravitational theory, 59 GIS software, 168, 169, 173, 183 Greenbriar High School (Arkansas) Read the entire page →
From page 306... ... See Spatial knowledge High-stakes testing, 200, 212 Hubble constant, 64-65, 68 Hubble, Edwin, 64, 67, 68 L Human Genome Project, 19 Humboldt, Alexander von, 88 Lake Ontario Keeper, 213 Hutton, James, 72 Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory, 84 Learning. See also Expertise in spatial thinking; K-12 curriculum; Transfer of learning I assimilation and accommodation, 270 cognitive development and, 270 Idrisi, 19, 156, 167, 200, 201, 204, 208, 214, 285 collaborative projects, 192-193, 202 IHMC Concept Map, 286 developmental theories and, 270-271 IKONOS satellite, 16 disabilities, 190 Imagine, 156 general principles, 106 Inferences. Read the entire page →
From page 307... ... See also Algebra; Geometry astrophysical, 56, 59, 61, 62, 68 communication in, 116, 117 describing, 129 connections among ideas, 118 directionality, 43, 45, 50 education standards, 114, 115-119 through geospaces, 82 international comparison of student competencies, 113- parallactic, 62 114 representations, 43, 45 representations in, 114, 115, 116, 118-119, 120, 121, rotating frames of reference, 123, 129 122, 123, 125, 130, 132 through 3-D space, 80-81 spatial concepts, 18 in 3-D space-time, 54-55, 56, 59, 80-81 support tools, 19, 104, 118-119, 136, 141, 142, 144, tracking, 38-39 156, 159, 285 and transformations, 102 Matlab, 285 visualization, 47, 69, 80-81 Measurement, mathematics standard, 117 Multidimensional scaling (MDS) , 12, 27, 111 Memory and recall, 11 Multiscalar analysis, 56 chunking information, 97 My Community, Our Earth: Geographic Learning for classic model of, 97-98 Sustainable Development, 210, 212, 292 diagrams as aid to, 47, 96, 282, 283 My World, 167 domain specificity, 100 and expertise, 88, 95, 96-98 learning and encoding new information, 281-282 N long-term, 97, 142 National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Read the entire page →
From page 308... ... See Mental rotation; Spatial orientation National Science Education Standards, 165 Orton Family Foundation, 291 categories, 115 content standards, 115, 119-120 mathematics standards linked to, 120-131 P National Science Foundation (NSF) , 208, 289, 290, 291 Paleontology/paleontologists, 70-71, 72, 76 Navigation, 30, 94 Paper folding test, 26, 81 angular estimations, 78-79 Parallax concept, 60, 62, 64 buffers, 39 Patterns, 5, 19, 32, 33 celestial, 84, 87, 138, 140 description and analysis, 47, 91, 92, 150 computer programs, 38-39, 122 in epidemiology, 13, 14-15, 16 dead reckoning, 78-79, 84, 87, 138, 139 with GIS, 18 GIS technology, 158 noisy background, 76, 78, 86, 92 GPS, 78, 84, 136 operations, 40, 41, 76 homing vector/path integration procedure, 142 perceptual learning of, 100 knowledge of physical environment and, 138 process modeling, 150 landmarks, 38, 52, 53, 94, 142, 143, 213, 272, 277 random vs. Read the entire page →
From page 309... ... See also Astrophysical spatialization; Geoscience spatial thinking and, 115-119 concepts of spatial thinking, 19 Problem solving, 12, 13, 27-28, 48, 53 forms of thinking in, 12 age and sex differences, 52 international comparison of student competencies, 113 Buddhist monk problem, 283 114 car safety seat installation, 49-50 IT applications, 111 in everyday life, 49-52 spatial thinking in, 27, 42, 43, 55-56 knock-out tournament problem, 283-284 Seafloor mathematics standard, 117, 120 mapping, 56, 76-78, 83-88 representations and, 27, 107, 108, 283-284 sediment deposition patterns, 81, 84 in science, 83-88 spreading, 84, 86, 103 Production graphics environments, 156, 157, 159, 285 Secondary Education Project (SEP) , 290 Psychometric testing, 273 Secretary of Labor Commission on Achieving Necessary Ptolemaic universe, 59, 60, 61 Skills (SCANS) Read the entire page →
From page 310... ... See Expertise in spatial thinking; Spatial real-world relative to conceptual coordinate system, skills and abilities 77-79 Spatial agnosia, 94 Spatial perception, 26, 29, 276, 277 Spatial amnesia, 94 Spatial representations, 4, 5, 7, 14, 15, 17, 20, 26, 40, 57. Spatial analysis, 88-93, 158-159 See also Diagrams in spatial thinking; Maps/ Spatial attitude, 27 mapping; Metaphors Spatial cognition, 26, 30, 272 animated, 46, 80, 105, 149 Spatial development classes and forms, 149 age-linked, 271-272 color, 16, 52, 80, 104, 105, 141, 143, 149, 169, 170, theoretical approached, 272-273 171, 180-181 Spatial knowledge, 18-19, 27 of concepts in space, 30 domains, 12 curriculum, 47-48, 102 Spatial location, 40, 45 decomposition of, 41 Spatial literacy digital, 34, 86 components, 16-20 dimensionality, 13, 16, 32, 37, 53, 70, 76-77, 102 fostering, 3-4, 12, 15-20, 89-90, 105 effectiveness, 46, 80, 103 and problem solving, 49 encoding processes, 41-48 student characteristics, 4, 20 in everyday life, 32, 52 Spatial operations, 25 examples, 3, 12, 19, 150 ability to perform, 26 external, 25, 27-28, 46, 102 analytical, 160 GIS support, 118-119 ascribing meaning to shapes, 72-76, 77 imaging technologies, 19 cognitive, 5, 12, 230 interference with problem solving, 283 describing shapes, 69-70 internal (mental) Read the entire page →
From page 311... ... See also Astrophysical spatialization Spatial thinking and acting ability, 26, 31 approaches to, 25-28 in communications, 116 catalog of elements, 41 concept graphing tools, 157 committee position statement, 5-7, 230-232 of data, 6, 31-33, 34, 35, 111, 148-149, 156, 157, 168 concepts, 18-19, 26, 40, 29-31, 32, 33, 40 169, 182 contexts for, 29-31, 32, 33 defined, 30, 168 defined, 33 GIS capacity for, 168-169, 176, 182 developmentally appropriate education, 270-273 high-tech support systems, 148, 156-159 DNA structure as example of, 1-3 and information retrieval, 34 educational challenges, 18-19 of mapping domains, 111 in everyday life, 12, 49-52, 93, 94 multidimensional scaling, 111 functions of, 3, 5-7, 33, 36 of nonspatial data, 168-169 primitives, 36-37, 40 in numbers and operations, 116 as problem solving, 27-28 process, 31-32 processes, 3, 16, 26, 28, 40-48, 82-83, 93; see also software tools, 156, 157 Spatialization support systems for, 8, 148, 156-159, 168-169, 182, in science, 14-15, 16-17, 55-93, 94 233 space as basis for, 3, 36-40 visualization and, 111 value of studying differences in, 209 Spatialized query user interface, 35 at work, 12, 52-55, 93, 94 Speech recognition software, 188 Spatial visualization. See also Concept maps/mapping Standard candle, 64 age and, 97 Standards. Read the entire page →
From page 312... ... , design criteria, 145-147, 218-219 191, 208, 290 discipline-specific, 19 Temperature, 82 educational challenges, 7-10, 19-20, 144-145, 233- Tetris, 100, 105 235 Texture, 36, 41, 42, 43, 70-71, 72, 84, 169 end-means issue, 144 Tharp, Marie, 48, 56, 76-77, 79, 83-88 expert users, 141-142 ThemeRiver, 157 functions of, 140-141, 143 Thinking. See also Spatial thinking and acting high-tech, 19, 135, 136, 141, 142, 155-165, 179 forms of, 12 implementation, 144, 151-152 Thought experiments, 95 instruction process, 144 Time, 40, 55 in K-12 context, 150-152 coordinate, 171 limitations of, 141-145, 146, 157 dimension, 56, 57, 59 low-tech, 19, 84-86, 87, 135, 136, 137-140, 141, 142, distance in space as measure of, 81-82 150-151, 155 geological, 81-82 meeting education goals, 145, 147 leap year, 57 nature of, 135-140 GIS modeling capability, 171 need for, 147-148 Topology, 36, 113, 171, 173, 272, 287 novice users, 144 TouchGraph, 157 opacity-transparency issue, 144 Transfer of learning, 52 operations capabilities, 150 curriculum infusion and, 5, 6, 101, 105-107, 109, 120, power-limitations issue, 145 134, 147, 176, 179-181, 182, 183, 231 representations, 149 direct application theory, 106 requirements of, 148-150, 217-218 domain specificity, 5, 45-46, 99, 100, 105-107, 108, rote learning-comprehension issue, 144-145 109, 145, 231 spatialization of data, 148-149 education standards and, 120 and transfer of learning, 142, 143, 147, 176, 179-181, far, 100, 105, 106 182, 183 instruction and, 106-107, 134 transformation capability, 149 mental rotation skills, 101 visual, 55 near, 100, 105 visualization of results, 149 negative, 143 Surpac Minex, 156, 285 pattern recognition skills, 53, 100 Surveying, 287, 288 practice and, 95, 99, 101, 105, 107 preparation for future learning, 106 representations and, 101, 281-284 T support systems and, 142, 143, 144-145, 147, 176, 179-181, 182, 183 T-S diagrams, 82 testing for, 106 Teachers visualization skills, 100 demands on, 200-201, 212 ways to facilitate, 46, 95, 105-107, 143, 147, 176, 179 GIS skills, 208, 219 181, 182, 183 professional development opportunities, 207-208, 222 Transformations, 3, 5, 12, 27, 230 training issues, 13, 45-46, 189-190, 202, 206-208, age and skill in, 274-275 219-220, 291 in coordinate systems, 149, 173 Teaching spatial thinking, 3-4, 26, 45-46. Read the entire page →
From page 313... ... State Department, 292 international competition, 111-113 User interfaces, 222, 224, 234 IT applications, 111 application program interface, 156, 157, 173-174, 177, Workplace 184, 188 demand for knowledge workers, 110-111 command-line style, 177 spatial thinking, 12, 52-55 customized, 224 Workplace Investment Act of 1998, 17 for English language learners, 189-190 World Health Organization (WHO) , 16 GIS, 9, 171, 173, 177, 178, 182, 183-184, 185, 188 World Resources Institute (WRI) Read the entire page →

From page 301...

... See Astrophysical spatialization Age parsec unit, 62 and perceptual imaging, 97 Astrophysical spatialization and spatial skills, 101, 108, 270, 274-275 absolute magnitude, 62-63, 64, 66 Air traffic control and controllers, 54-55, 93, 95 beyond solar system, 60-67, 68 Alexandria Digital Library, 34-35 Copernican model, 59, 60 Algebra, 19, 91, 92, 117, 126, 130 distance scales, 57, 60, 64, 65, 67-68 Alpha Centauri, 62 Earth shape and size, 57-58, 65, 67 American Forests, 180, 190 epicycles, 59, 61 AML, 166 expertise in, 55, 57-58 Andromeda Nebula, 64, 67 frames of reference, 57-58, 59 Animation environments, 46, 80, 105, 108, 149, 156, 157, geocentric theory, 60 158, 159, 171, 182, 219, 224, 286 heliocentric theory, 60, 61 Anthropogeography, 88 Hertzsprung-Russell diagram, 62-64 Application program interface (API) , 156, 157, 173-174 Hubble constant and, 64-65, 68 ArcCatalog, 224 main sequence, 63, 64 ArcEditor, 222 measurements, 56, 58, 60-67 ArcExplorer, 161, 167, 223 parallax concept, 60, 62, 64 ArcGlobe, 224-226 pattern recognition, 56 Architects and architectural design, 12, 28, 40, 43, 54, 55, period-luminosity diagram, 64, 66 95, 97, 100, 104, 141, 155, 156 primitives, 56, 57 ArcIMS, 222 Ptolemaic universe, 59, 60, 61 ArcInfo, 222 role of, 67-68, 94 ArcLessons, 209 solar system, 59, 67 ArcReader, 222 spectroscopic parallaxes, 64 ArcSDE, 222 standard candle, 64 ArcView, 156, 166-167, 173, 174, 177, 180, 185-187, 190- time dimension, 56, 57, 59 192, 194, 196-198, 200, 201, 202, 204, 209, 222- universe structure and evolution, 56-57, 64, 68 226, 290, 291 Atlas GIS, 167 ArcView GIS, 166, 184, 188, 222, 226 Atmospheric physics/physicists, 80, 81 301

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From page 302...

... See also Spatial skills and abilities Data about space, 30 analysis and probability, 116, 117, 156 in space, 30 attribute, 162, 163 with space, 30 collection, 14, 156 spatial tool kit, 27 combining spatial and nonspatial data, 88 Collaborative Visualization Project (CoVIS) , 290 correction procedures, 55, 171 Color extrapolation and interpolation, 55, 86-87 identifying and classifying objects by, 70 generalization, 55 recognition and evaluation, 41, 42, 43, 53, 56, 138 geometric, 162 representations, 16, 52, 80, 104, 105, 141, 143, 149, GIS characteristics, 159-162, 171, 173, 175, 217 169, 170, 171, 180-181 management, 13, 16, 30, 32, 34-35, 55, 76-77, 111, Columbia University, 83 156, 177, 223, 224 Communication, in mathematics, 116, 117 mining, 34, 111 Community Atlas project, 210, 291 models, 160-161, 173, 175, 183, 223 Community Geography: GIS in Action, 179, 209 nonspatial, 88, 168-169 Community Mapping Program, 291 pixel, 32, 175 Community projects with GIS quality and quantity, 102, 171 crime reduction, 179, 212 raster, 32, 156, 160, 161, 173, 183, 223 pollution hazard mapping, 181, 213 retrieval, 34

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From page 303...

... conference, 290, DNA structure, 2 291, 292 equal-area projection, 70, 71 Education reform, 12, 111-112 flow, 45, 46 recommendations, 131, 133-134 GIS output, 169, 189 Educational challenges Hertzsprung-Russell, 62-64 committee position statement, 7-8, 233-234 hierarchical, 27, 30, 40 concepts for spatial thinking, 18-19 as instructional device, 47-48, 50, 102, 116, 138, 139, curriculum design, 134 283 resource-related, 103, 110, 190 mattang stick chart, 138 support tools, 7-10, 19-20, 144-145, 233-235 period-luminosity, 64-66 Educational software phase, 27, 36, 133 collaborative model, 215 physiographic, 84, 86, 88 commercial model, 214-215 purpose of, 47 customization, 174, 182, 183, 184, 185, 190-192, 218 reasoning from, 41, 47, 102, 104, 284 219, 293-297 and recall, 47, 96, 282, 283 Earth Science, 215 schematic, 27, 50, 282, 283 geometry, 168, 169, 173, 183 of spatial operations, 30, 45, 47, 56, 70, 102 GIS, 164-165, 166, 167-168, 173, 178-179, 184-185, T-S, 82 214-216, 220, 285; see also individual products types of, 27-28 market, 204-205, 232 Diatoms, 72 open vs. closed architecture, 188-189, 215 Digital Library for Earth System Education (DLESE)

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From page 304...

... See also low-tech learning tools, 205 Coordinate systems material support for, 179, 204-205, 213, 219 abstract, 139-140 media support, 169, 171 astrophysical, 57-58, 59 meeting educational goals, 176-183 dimensionality, 53-54 modeling capabilities, 169-171, 173, 175, 190 replotting, 149 nature and functions, 158-164 rotating, 123, 129 and navigation, 38-39, 158 FreeHand, 157, 285 nongeographic spaces, 168 Function concept, 19 novice users, 184, 185-187, 193-200, 219 Functional magnetic resonance imaging (FMRI) , 19 operational functions, 18, 40, 158, 162-163, 168, 171, 173, 174, 175, 176, 177, 187, 205, 207, 218

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From page 305...

... , 55 Geology/geologists, 43 data collection, 156 field, 76, 79-80 GIS and, 39, 156, 212 structural, 69, 70, 72 hand-held receiver, 16 GeoMedia, 167, 179 Location Based Services (LBS) , 111 Geometry mobile devices linked to, 110, 111 activities, 118 ocean navigation, 77, 78, 84, 136, 137, 141 computational, 288 personal guidance system, 38-39 coordinate, 118, 120, 121, 122, 123, 130, 132 tracking, 111, 143 curriculum, 18, 118, 131 water quality monitoring, 15, 16, 212-213 education standards, 114, 115, 116-118, 120-122, 123, GLOBE, 193 124-125, 130 Gradmann, Robert, 90 Euclidean, 123 Graphics generators, 157, 159, 179 everyday applications, 142 Graphing calculators, 19 geography integrated with, 58 Gravitational theory, 59 GIS software, 168, 169, 173, 183 Greenbriar High School (Arkansas)

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From page 306...

... See Spatial knowledge High-stakes testing, 200, 212 Hubble constant, 64-65, 68 Hubble, Edwin, 64, 67, 68 L Human Genome Project, 19 Humboldt, Alexander von, 88 Lake Ontario Keeper, 213 Hutton, James, 72 Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory, 84 Learning. See also Expertise in spatial thinking; K-12 curriculum; Transfer of learning I assimilation and accommodation, 270 cognitive development and, 270 Idrisi, 19, 156, 167, 200, 201, 204, 208, 214, 285 collaborative projects, 192-193, 202 IHMC Concept Map, 286 developmental theories and, 270-271 IKONOS satellite, 16 disabilities, 190 Imagine, 156 general principles, 106 Inferences.

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From page 307...

... See also Algebra; Geometry astrophysical, 56, 59, 61, 62, 68 communication in, 116, 117 describing, 129 connections among ideas, 118 directionality, 43, 45, 50 education standards, 114, 115-119 through geospaces, 82 international comparison of student competencies, 113- parallactic, 62 114 representations, 43, 45 representations in, 114, 115, 116, 118-119, 120, 121, rotating frames of reference, 123, 129 122, 123, 125, 130, 132 through 3-D space, 80-81 spatial concepts, 18 in 3-D space-time, 54-55, 56, 59, 80-81 support tools, 19, 104, 118-119, 136, 141, 142, 144, tracking, 38-39 156, 159, 285 and transformations, 102 Matlab, 285 visualization, 47, 69, 80-81 Measurement, mathematics standard, 117 Multidimensional scaling (MDS) , 12, 27, 111 Memory and recall, 11 Multiscalar analysis, 56 chunking information, 97 My Community, Our Earth: Geographic Learning for classic model of, 97-98 Sustainable Development, 210, 212, 292 diagrams as aid to, 47, 96, 282, 283 My World, 167 domain specificity, 100 and expertise, 88, 95, 96-98 learning and encoding new information, 281-282 N long-term, 97, 142 National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)

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From page 308...

... See Mental rotation; Spatial orientation National Science Education Standards, 165 Orton Family Foundation, 291 categories, 115 content standards, 115, 119-120 mathematics standards linked to, 120-131 P National Science Foundation (NSF) , 208, 289, 290, 291 Paleontology/paleontologists, 70-71, 72, 76 Navigation, 30, 94 Paper folding test, 26, 81 angular estimations, 78-79 Parallax concept, 60, 62, 64 buffers, 39 Patterns, 5, 19, 32, 33 celestial, 84, 87, 138, 140 description and analysis, 47, 91, 92, 150 computer programs, 38-39, 122 in epidemiology, 13, 14-15, 16 dead reckoning, 78-79, 84, 87, 138, 139 with GIS, 18 GIS technology, 158 noisy background, 76, 78, 86, 92 GPS, 78, 84, 136 operations, 40, 41, 76 homing vector/path integration procedure, 142 perceptual learning of, 100 knowledge of physical environment and, 138 process modeling, 150 landmarks, 38, 52, 53, 94, 142, 143, 213, 272, 277 random vs.

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From page 309...

... See also Astrophysical spatialization; Geoscience spatial thinking and, 115-119 concepts of spatial thinking, 19 Problem solving, 12, 13, 27-28, 48, 53 forms of thinking in, 12 age and sex differences, 52 international comparison of student competencies, 113 Buddhist monk problem, 283 114 car safety seat installation, 49-50 IT applications, 111 in everyday life, 49-52 spatial thinking in, 27, 42, 43, 55-56 knock-out tournament problem, 283-284 Seafloor mathematics standard, 117, 120 mapping, 56, 76-78, 83-88 representations and, 27, 107, 108, 283-284 sediment deposition patterns, 81, 84 in science, 83-88 spreading, 84, 86, 103 Production graphics environments, 156, 157, 159, 285 Secondary Education Project (SEP) , 290 Psychometric testing, 273 Secretary of Labor Commission on Achieving Necessary Ptolemaic universe, 59, 60, 61 Skills (SCANS)

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From page 310...

... See Expertise in spatial thinking; Spatial real-world relative to conceptual coordinate system, skills and abilities 77-79 Spatial agnosia, 94 Spatial perception, 26, 29, 276, 277 Spatial amnesia, 94 Spatial representations, 4, 5, 7, 14, 15, 17, 20, 26, 40, 57. Spatial analysis, 88-93, 158-159 See also Diagrams in spatial thinking; Maps/ Spatial attitude, 27 mapping; Metaphors Spatial cognition, 26, 30, 272 animated, 46, 80, 105, 149 Spatial development classes and forms, 149 age-linked, 271-272 color, 16, 52, 80, 104, 105, 141, 143, 149, 169, 170, theoretical approached, 272-273 171, 180-181 Spatial knowledge, 18-19, 27 of concepts in space, 30 domains, 12 curriculum, 47-48, 102 Spatial location, 40, 45 decomposition of, 41 Spatial literacy digital, 34, 86 components, 16-20 dimensionality, 13, 16, 32, 37, 53, 70, 76-77, 102 fostering, 3-4, 12, 15-20, 89-90, 105 effectiveness, 46, 80, 103 and problem solving, 49 encoding processes, 41-48 student characteristics, 4, 20 in everyday life, 32, 52 Spatial operations, 25 examples, 3, 12, 19, 150 ability to perform, 26 external, 25, 27-28, 46, 102 analytical, 160 GIS support, 118-119 ascribing meaning to shapes, 72-76, 77 imaging technologies, 19 cognitive, 5, 12, 230 interference with problem solving, 283 describing shapes, 69-70 internal (mental)

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From page 311...

... See also Astrophysical spatialization Spatial thinking and acting ability, 26, 31 approaches to, 25-28 in communications, 116 catalog of elements, 41 concept graphing tools, 157 committee position statement, 5-7, 230-232 of data, 6, 31-33, 34, 35, 111, 148-149, 156, 157, 168 concepts, 18-19, 26, 40, 29-31, 32, 33, 40 169, 182 contexts for, 29-31, 32, 33 defined, 30, 168 defined, 33 GIS capacity for, 168-169, 176, 182 developmentally appropriate education, 270-273 high-tech support systems, 148, 156-159 DNA structure as example of, 1-3 and information retrieval, 34 educational challenges, 18-19 of mapping domains, 111 in everyday life, 12, 49-52, 93, 94 multidimensional scaling, 111 functions of, 3, 5-7, 33, 36 of nonspatial data, 168-169 primitives, 36-37, 40 in numbers and operations, 116 as problem solving, 27-28 process, 31-32 processes, 3, 16, 26, 28, 40-48, 82-83, 93; see also software tools, 156, 157 Spatialization support systems for, 8, 148, 156-159, 168-169, 182, in science, 14-15, 16-17, 55-93, 94 233 space as basis for, 3, 36-40 visualization and, 111 value of studying differences in, 209 Spatialized query user interface, 35 at work, 12, 52-55, 93, 94 Speech recognition software, 188 Spatial visualization. See also Concept maps/mapping Standard candle, 64 age and, 97 Standards.

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From page 312...

... , design criteria, 145-147, 218-219 191, 208, 290 discipline-specific, 19 Temperature, 82 educational challenges, 7-10, 19-20, 144-145, 233- Tetris, 100, 105 235 Texture, 36, 41, 42, 43, 70-71, 72, 84, 169 end-means issue, 144 Tharp, Marie, 48, 56, 76-77, 79, 83-88 expert users, 141-142 ThemeRiver, 157 functions of, 140-141, 143 Thinking. See also Spatial thinking and acting high-tech, 19, 135, 136, 141, 142, 155-165, 179 forms of, 12 implementation, 144, 151-152 Thought experiments, 95 instruction process, 144 Time, 40, 55 in K-12 context, 150-152 coordinate, 171 limitations of, 141-145, 146, 157 dimension, 56, 57, 59 low-tech, 19, 84-86, 87, 135, 136, 137-140, 141, 142, distance in space as measure of, 81-82 150-151, 155 geological, 81-82 meeting education goals, 145, 147 leap year, 57 nature of, 135-140 GIS modeling capability, 171 need for, 147-148 Topology, 36, 113, 171, 173, 272, 287 novice users, 144 TouchGraph, 157 opacity-transparency issue, 144 Transfer of learning, 52 operations capabilities, 150 curriculum infusion and, 5, 6, 101, 105-107, 109, 120, power-limitations issue, 145 134, 147, 176, 179-181, 182, 183, 231 representations, 149 direct application theory, 106 requirements of, 148-150, 217-218 domain specificity, 5, 45-46, 99, 100, 105-107, 108, rote learning-comprehension issue, 144-145 109, 145, 231 spatialization of data, 148-149 education standards and, 120 and transfer of learning, 142, 143, 147, 176, 179-181, far, 100, 105, 106 182, 183 instruction and, 106-107, 134 transformation capability, 149 mental rotation skills, 101 visual, 55 near, 100, 105 visualization of results, 149 negative, 143 Surpac Minex, 156, 285 pattern recognition skills, 53, 100 Surveying, 287, 288 practice and, 95, 99, 101, 105, 107 preparation for future learning, 106 representations and, 101, 281-284 T support systems and, 142, 143, 144-145, 147, 176, 179-181, 182, 183 T-S diagrams, 82 testing for, 106 Teachers visualization skills, 100 demands on, 200-201, 212 ways to facilitate, 46, 95, 105-107, 143, 147, 176, 179 GIS skills, 208, 219 181, 182, 183 professional development opportunities, 207-208, 222 Transformations, 3, 5, 12, 27, 230 training issues, 13, 45-46, 189-190, 202, 206-208, age and skill in, 274-275 219-220, 291 in coordinate systems, 149, 173 Teaching spatial thinking, 3-4, 26, 45-46.

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... State Department, 292 international competition, 111-113 User interfaces, 222, 224, 234 IT applications, 111 application program interface, 156, 157, 173-174, 177, Workplace 184, 188 demand for knowledge workers, 110-111 command-line style, 177 spatial thinking, 12, 52-55 customized, 224 Workplace Investment Act of 1998, 17 for English language learners, 189-190 World Health Organization (WHO) , 16 GIS, 9, 171, 173, 177, 178, 182, 183-184, 185, 188 World Resources Institute (WRI)

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Index Pages 301-314

Index
Pages 301-314