Army Science and Technology for Homeland Security Report 2: C4ISR (2004) / Chapter Skim
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3 Capabilities for Emergency Responders
3 Capabilities for Emergency Responders
Pages 42-64
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From page 42... ...
ABILITY TO RESPOND TO MANY THREATS The committee examined the requirements of emergency responders -- that is, the personnel and services constituting the national response capabilities that could be called on to deal with a disaster or a terrorist attack. The committee acknowledges that this evaluation was accomplished at a fairly high level of abstraction.
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From page 43... ...
. As indicated in Chapter 1, the Homeland Security Act of 2002 defines emergency response providers as including "federal, state, and local public safety, law enforcement, emergency response, emergency medical (including hospital emergency facilities)
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From page 44... ...
Such an approach would build capacity and redundancy in the national emergency response system as well as gaining the synergy of providing a common operating picture to all responders and allowing them to share information readily. Network-centric systems could be particularly valuable for responding to largescale attacks or those involving multiple weapons of mass destruction (WMD)
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From page 45... ...
talked about "recovery and consequence management technologies"; emergency preparedness and response terminology is adopted in this second report to conform to the National Strategy for Homeland Security (OHS, 2002) and to highlight the important pre- and post-event requirements of emergency response.
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From page 46... ...
Throughout Event · Gather information; and · Provide continuous public information. Pre-Response · Evaluate lessons learned from previous incidents; · Conduct vulnerability and risk assessments of response activities and response support infrastructure; · Plan a response; · Establish communications protocols; · Train for disaster or terrorist attack response; · Coordinate with other agencies, levels of government, and private sector assets; · Establish procedures, including the use of sensors and other means to monitor critical support infrastructure, as required; · Maintain information on critical infrastructure and geospatial data on areas of interest; · Provide acquisition and logistical support; · Perform maintenance, testing, and diagnostics; and · Provide continuous public information.
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From page 47... ...
; · Restore or replace infrastructure critical to containment; · Restore and maintain C4ISR systems with restored or replaced infra structure; · Perform environmental monitoring; · Conduct a site survey, determine additional needs, and provide reinforce ments; · Provide continuous public information; and · Maintain C4ISR interoperability. Near-Term Recovery · Provide continuous public information; · Eliminate and/or control the ongoing immediate threat (e.g., contain the effects of weapons of mass destruction)
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From page 48... ...
In fact, the emergency responder environment suggests that advanced C4ISR capabilities prized on the battlefield could also be essential to improving national emergency response capabilities. In addition to the direct benefits of C4ISR, these capabilities can have significant indirect benefits for other aspects of operations.
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From page 49... ...
The military expects that maintaining a common operational picture will allow its troops to avoid threats, and emergency responders may likewise rely on early warning to minimize their exposure to risks and decrease requirements for personal protective equipment and other support assets. Additionally, emergency responders could benefit from C4ISR capabilities similar to those needed by high-tech warriors: for example, reduced weight and power-generation requirements, non-line-of-sight systems, hands-free controls, and heads-up displays.
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From page 50... ...
Much as the military envisions using its future command-andcontrol systems as a linchpin for conducting network-centric warfare, the committee believes that emergency responder command-and-control systems could provide the basis for emergency responders to benefit from the effectiveness of network-centric operations. Many of the command-and-control capabilities for emergency responders should be based on published standards in order to facilitate broad cooperation and coordination among state, local, and federal response assets as well as with capabilities from the private sector.
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From page 51... ...
Computer systems for emergency responders are envisioned as providing the incident commanders with an integrated view of information relevant to a disaster scene. Global Information System (GIS)
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From page 52... ...
In major events it will be necessary for local emergency responders to coordinate with neighboring units, utility workers, state agencies, the National Guard, 8John C Cummings, Department of Homeland Security, Science and Technology, "An Overview of the Department of Homeland Security," briefing to the committee, Washington, D.C., August 26, 2003; Guy Beakley, Hicks and Associates, Inc., "C4ISR Requirements for the Nation's First Responders from Project Responder," briefing to the committee, Washington, D.C., July 22, 2003; Donald C
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From page 53... ...
It is easy to foresee the use of unmanned vehicles, both terrestrial and airborne, to provide incident commanders with video images of disaster scenes from vantage points that would be dangerous or difficult for humans to access. In addition, it may be useful for incident commanders to obtain video images of the conditions faced by emergency responders transmitted from helmet-mounted cameras carried by the responders.
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From page 54... ...
In the case of intrusion detection and locating of emergency responders, the detection process may involve radio technology at the sensor. Sensor networks that are established at the time of an incident will most likely be linked using radio technology.10 During emergency conditions, some emergency responders may be fitted with devices to monitor medical conditions, equipment status, and environmental conditions, to provide warning alarms, and to display location information and evacuation routes.11 These capabilities will require hands-free voice recognition, noise cancellation, and so on.
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From page 55... ...
Unmanned robotic vehicles may enhance the common operational picture of natural or terrorist events. The ability to fuse the measurements from overhead imagery and focused sensor reports from embedded sensors can enable emergency responders to rapidly build an understanding of the magnitude of an event.
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From page 56... ...
The benefits of blue force tracking and in-transit visibility, which allow participants to know where personnel are located, have been clearly demonstrated in recent conflicts. These systems can also contribute to the development of a common operational picture for emergency responders.
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From page 57... ...
Based on National Fire Protection Association standards, the training provides emergency responders with comprehensive instruction in the areas of WMD awareness, technical support, operations, and terrorist incident command. All courses are reviewed rigorously by federal, state, and local subject matter experts who examine the course materials to ensure their accuracy and compliance with accepted policies and procedures.
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From page 58... ...
PROJECT RESPONDER In determining the capabilities that emergency responders require, the committee examined in some detail the results of a national effort aimed at improving local, state, and federal emergency responders' capabilities to respond to the effects of terrorism-related weapons of mass destruction. Beginning in April 2001, well before the September 11 attacks, the National Memorial Institute for the Prevention of Terrorism in Oklahoma City, working initially with the Department of Justice and later with the DHS, contracted for a study to identify emergency responders' required capabilities and capability gaps.
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From page 59... ...
. Project Responder depicting some of the capability shortfalls as measured against several of the National Terrorism Response Objectives (see Box 3-1)
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From page 60... ...
Table 3-2 presents the Project Responder capability assessment for unified incident command decision support and interoperable communications. Emergency Management Preparation and Planning In the area of emergency management preparation and planning for WMD scenarios, the following specific C4ISR capabilities needed by emergency responders are identified:
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From page 61... ...
Table 3-3 presents the Project Responder capability assessment for emergency management preparation and planning for WMD scenarios. Crisis Evaluation and Management In the area of crisis evaluation and management for WMD scenarios, the following specific C4ISR capabilities required for emergency responders are identified: · Threat assessment data collection and analysis: The ability to collect specific and potential threat-related information, analyze the data, and validate and assess the threat for purposes of identifying the threat credibility; · Threat-relevant data dissemination: The ability to identify what kinds of threat related information needs to be disseminated, identify who needs to receive what information, and deliver the right information to the right people; and · Tactical threat assessment: The ability to assess threats inside buildings (i.e., "seeing" through walls)
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From page 62... ...
SOURCE: Adapted from Guy Beakley, Hicks and Associates, Inc., "C4ISR Requirements for the Nation's First Responders from Project Responder," briefing to the committee, Washington, D.C., July 22, 2003. TABLE 3-2 Capability Shortfalls for Emergency Responders in Unified Incident Command Decision Support and Interoperable Communications Information Assessment and Information Course-of-Action Decision Capability Acquisition Development Making Direction Point location and Yellow Red Red N/A identification Seamless connectivity and Red Red Red Red integration Information assurance Red Red Red Red Incident command information Yellow Red Red Red management and dissemination Multimedia-supported Yellow Yellow Yellow Yellow telepresence NOTES: Red = High risk; capability not currently available, fundamental science and technology work needed; Yellow = Medium risk; technology exists but needs significant development; Green = Low risk; technology exists and simply needs maturation (none in this category in Table 3-2)
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From page 63... ...
SOURCE: Adapted from Guy Beakley, Hicks and Associates, Inc., "C4ISR Requirements for the Nation's First Responders from Project Responder," briefing to the committee, Washington, D.C., July 22, 2003. TABLE 3-4 Capability Shortfalls for Emergency Responders in Crisis Evaluation and Management for Weapons of Mass Destruction Scenarios High-Explosive/ Capability Chemical Biological Radiological Nuclear Incendiary Threat assessment Red Red Red Red Red data collection and analysis Threat-relevant data Red Red Red Red Red dissemination Tactical threat Yellow Red Yellow Yellow Yellow assessment NOTES: Red = High risk; capability not currently available, fundamental science and technology work needed; Yellow = Medium risk; technology exists but needs significant development; Green = Low risk; technology exists and simply needs maturation (none in this category in Table 3-4)
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From page 64... ...
2002. Protecting Emergency Responders: Lessons Learned from Terrorist Attacks.
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