Preliminary Considerations Regarding NASA's Bioastronautics Critical Path Roadmap Interim Report (2005) / Chapter Skim
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Committee on Review of NASA's Bioastronautics Critical Path Roadmap Board on Health Sciences Policy
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THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES PRESS 500 Fifth Street, N.W. Washington, DC 20001 NOTICE: The project that is the subject of this report was approved by the Governing Board of the National Research Council, whose members are drawn from the councils of the National Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering, and the Institute of Medicine.
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"Knowing is not enough; we must apply. Willing is not enough; we must do." -- Goethe Adviser to the Nation to Improve Health
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The National Academy of Sciences is a private, nonprofit, self-perpetuating society of distinguished scholars engaged in scientific and engineering research, dedicated to the furtherance of science and technology and to their use for the general welfare. Upon the authority of the charter granted to it by the Congress in 1863, the Academy has a mandate that requires it to advise the federal government on scientific and technical matters.
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COMMITTEE ON REVIEW OF NASA'S BIOASTRONAUTICS CRITICAL PATH ROADMAP DAVID E LONGNECKER (Chair)
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MARGARET RHEA SEDDON, Assistant Chief Medical Officer, Vanderbilt Medical Group JAY R SHAPIRO, Professor of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Uniformed Services University and Director, Osteogenesis Imperfecta Program, Kennedy-Krieger Institute IOM STAFF LISA M
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Reviewers This report has been reviewed in draft form by individuals chosen for their diverse perspectives and technical expertise, in accordance with procedures approved by the NRC's Report Review Committee. The purpose of this independent review is to provide candid and critical comments that will assist the institution in making its published report as sound as possible and to ensure that the report meets institutional standards for objectivity, evidence, and responsiveness to the study charge.
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viii REVIEWERS Although the reviewers listed above have provided many constructive comments and suggestions, they were not asked to endorse the conclusions nor did they see the final draft of the report before its release. The review of this report was overseen by Mary Jane Osborn, University of Connecticut Health Center.
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Contents ix SUMMARY 1 INTRODUCTION 5 The President's Initiative, 6 Overview of the BCPR, 6 STRENGTHS AND WEAKNESSES OF THE BCPR 10 Risk Identification, 12 Inclusion of Operational Priorities, 12 Sample Size Considerations, 12 Understanding the Interactions Among Risks, 14 Risk Assessment and Communication, 15 Risk Areas Meriting More Attention, 17 PRELIMINARY CONCLUSIONS 17 NEXT STEPS 19 WORKS CITED 19 APPENDIXES A Methods 21 B NASA.
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1Preliminary Considerations Regarding NASA's Bioastronautics Critical Path Roadmap: Interim Report of the Committee on Review of NASA's Bioastronautics Critical Path Roadmap SUMMARY Extending the spatial and temporal boundaries of human space flight are important goals for the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) , yet human space flight remains an endeavor with substantial risks.
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2 PRELIMINARY CONSIDERATIONS REGARDING NASA'S BCPR and (2) identify the unique challenges for accomplishing its goals and objectives.
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INTERIM REPORT 3 and associated research questions related to human space flight. The goal of the BCPR is to obtain empirical evidence and systematic data for risk reduction and management.
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4 PRELIMINARY CONSIDERATIONS REGARDING NASA'S BCPR BOX 1 NASA 5 × 5 Matrix Model SOURCE: Connley, Warren. Code 300 All Hands: NASA-wide risk reporting.
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INTERIM REPORT 5 • the potential impact of the President's space initiative on the organizational-level risk that NASA faces; • the importance of time as a dimension of risk analysis, especially in the context of long-term missions; • the problems associated with very small sample size, which characterizes in-flight, health-related studies; • the need for incorporating results of ongoing research into the calibration of risk in the BCPR to help ensure that the roadmap is a dynamic document that is used throughout the agency; • the importance of human factors in space engineering design; and • the relevance of data from analog environments for understanding the risk of human space flight. INTRODUCTION As the boundaries of distance and flight duration are extended, demands on the crew change and increase.
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6 PRELIMINARY CONSIDERATIONS REGARDING NASA'S BCPR The President's Initiative On January 14, 2004, President Bush announced his vision for space exploration. The President's plan for continued human and robotic space exploration is summarized in Box 2.
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INTERIM REPORT 7 • Third, America will return to the Moon as early as 2015 and no later than 2020 and use it as a stepping stone for more ambitious missions. A series of robotic missions to the Moon, similar to the Spirit Rover that is sending remarkable images back to Earth from Mars, will explore the lunar surface beginning no later than 2008 to research and prepare for future human exploration.
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8 PRELIMINARY CONSIDERATIONS REGARDING NASA'S BCPR TABLE 1 BCPR Discipline Teams and Cross-Cutting Areas (Table 4-2 of the BCPR) Discipline Teams Cross-Cutting Areas • Bone Loss Human Health and Countermeasures • Muscle Alterations & Atrophy (HH&C)
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INTERIM REPORT 9 Risk assessment criteria included the determination of the likelihood of occurrence and the severity of consequences of each risk in terms of crew health and safety, and performance of mission objectives. Relative risk priorities were derived from that assessment.
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10 PRELIMINARY CONSIDERATIONS REGARDING NASA'S BCPR dence bands and acceptable levels of risk so that it can communicate such information to the research and operations communities. The committee has observed that the risks identified in the BCPR occur within the context of a larger set of risks to the human space flight program and to NASA as an organization.
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