Does the Built Environment Influence Physical Activity? Examining the Evidence -- Special Report 282 (2005) / Chapter Skim
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2 Physical Activity and Health
2 Physical Activity and Health
Pages 33-58
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From page 33... ...
Methods and data for monitoring phys ical activity levels are then discussed, and current results for the U.S. population are compared with the recommended levels.
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The research was focused primarily on endurance-type physical activity, that is, on activity that involves repetitive use of large muscle groups, such as those used in walking and cycling. Observational or epidemiologic studies have been conducted to determine health effects by comparing the activity levels of indi
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Cohort studies follow a population to observe how physical activity levels or habits affect the incidence of disease or mortality. In contrast, case-control studies start with a group of individuals (the case group)
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The strength of the asso ciation is similar in magnitude to that of the relationship between coronary heart disease and smoking, hypertension, or elevated cho lesterol. Moreover, the report found that regular physical activity prevents or delays the development of high blood pressure -- a risk factor for coronary heart disease -- and reduces blood pressure in those who already exhibit hypertension.
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SOURCES: DHHS 1996; DHHS 2002. The benefits of regular physical activity to both the individual and society are compelling.
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. Regular participation in physical activity during childhood and adolescence helps build and maintain healthy bones, muscles, and joints; helps control weight, build muscle, and reduce fat; prevents or delays the development of high blood pressure and helps reduce blood pressure in adoles cents with hypertension; and reduces feelings of depression and anxiety (DHHS 1996; Report to the President 2000)
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. Over the next decade, epidemiologic evidence not only contin ued to provide strong evidence of the relationship between physi cal activity and health but also revealed that substantial benefits 2 The DHHS recommendations were based on an earlier position paper by the American College of Sports Medicine recommending both the quantity and quality of exercise needed to develop and maintain fitness in healthy adults (ACSM 1978)
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. These studies provided the basis for the finding that a minimum increase in daily energy expenditure of approximately 150 kilocalories per day is associated with substantial health benefits, which can be achieved by moderate levels of physical activity, such as walking briskly for 30 minutes per day (DHHS 1996)
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From page 41... ...
In addition to setting these goals, Healthy People 2010 established physical activity as one of 10 leading health indicators (Box 2-3) 6 The Institute of Medicine has reported that physical activity closer to 60 minutes per day provides additional health benefits and helps maintain a healthy body weight (IOM 2002)
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From page 42... ...
· Increase the proportion of adolescents who engage in moderate physical activity for at least 30 minutes on 5 or more days a week. · Increase the proportion of adolescents who engage in vigorous physical activity that promotes cardiovascular fitness on 3 or more days a week for 20 or more minutes per occasion.
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.7 MEASURING PHYSICAL ACTIVITY The ability to demonstrate a relationship between physical activity and health benefits is dependent on measures of physical activity and specific health outcomes that are accurate, precise, and repro ducible (NCHS 1989; Wilson et al.
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Studies on cardiorespiratory fitness -- an objective laboratory measure -- generally show a stronger association than self-reported physical activity measures for numerous health outcomes (Lee et al.
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Self-reported telephone interviews are used to derive estimates of how many adult Americans meet recommended physical activity levels (either the vigorous-intensity or moderate-intensity activity level recommendations put forward by DHHS, CDC, and ACSM) , how many are insufficiently active, and how many are inactive or sedentary.
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, (adults) ; moderate moderate, Activity PE, Survey; watching of activity Levels non-leisure-time)
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Self-reported survey data relevant to physical activity levels among youth include estimates of participation in daily physical educa tion classes and the percentage meeting recommended standards for physical activity. The strength of the survey is its focus on youth as an important population group and oversampling in some cities to allow comparisons by geographic setting.
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-- of chil dren aged 9 to 13 and their parents. The purpose is to obtain data on physical activity levels among children of this age group.
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Approximately 55 percent of students indicated that 12The 2000 BRFSS, which, as noted, used a less complete measure of physical activity than the 2001 survey, found that only 26 percent of U.S. adults met the recommended physical activity levels, and 27 percent were completely inactive (CDC 2003d)
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. Summary data on physical activity levels for younger children are not available.13 Results from the 2001 NHTS, the primary source of data on physical activity for travel,14 showed, not surprisingly, that the vast majority of daily trips (87 percent)
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2004. The Built Environment and Physical Activity: Empirical Methods and Data Resources.
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2003c. Physical Activity Levels Among Children Aged 913 Years -- United States, 2002.
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1987. Leisure-Time Physi cal Activity Levels and Risk of Coronary Heart Disease and Death: The Multiple Risk Factor Intervention Trial.
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In Assessing Physical Fitness and Physical Activity in Population-Based Surveys, Depart ment of Health and Human Services, Hyattsville, Md., pp.
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1986. Assessment Methods of Physical Activity and Physical Fitness in Population Studies: A Report of an NHLBI Workshop.
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64436_TRB_051_076 4/25/05 10:17 AM Page 56
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Where trend data are directly available, more analysis is needed to determine whether observed changes are indeed significantly dif ferent in a statistical sense. Finally, with the possible exception of time-use data, available trend data do not provide an integrated perspective on the environmental factors affecting physical activity levels or on the trade-offs among them.
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From page 58... ...
Time-use data may best help frame the opportunities and limi tations of various strategies for increasing total physical activity to meet the 30-minute daily minimum. For example, doubling the use of nonmotorized transportation would increase daily physical activity levels associated with travel to an average of only 6 min utes at the population level.
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