Re-Engineering Water Storage in the Everglades Risks and Opportunities (2005) / Chapter Skim
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22 2 Major Storage Components Storage is at the heart of any attempt to restore the Everglades. A brief examination of the Restoration Plan components (Figure 2-1)
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Major Storage Components 23 FIGURE 2-1. Restoration Plan components.
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24 Re-Engineering Water Storage in the Everglades: Risks and Opportunities FIGURE 2-2. Primary water budget components for a 31-year simulation of the SFWMD model using the structures in place in 1995 (the "1995 Base" case of the Restoration Plan)
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Major Storage Components 25 base scenarios and model runs, but until then, the 1999 CERP still is the reference. Information on the update is at http://www.evergladesplan.org/pm/recover/icu.cfm.
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26 Re-Engineering Water Storage in the Everglades: Risks and Opportunities FIGURE 2-3. Primary water budget components for the June 1998 model run D13R of the Restoration Plan.
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Major Storage Components 27 FIGURE 2-4. A qualitative depiction of the original flow patterns in the Everglades.
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28 T A B LE 2 -1 S to ra ge C om po ne nt s of th e R es to ra tio n P la n ST O R A G E C O M PO N EN T A vg A nn ua l A cr efe et in A vg A nn ua l A cr efe et ou t M ax A nn ua l A cr efe et In M ax A nn ua l A cr efe et o ut M ax a nn ua l in flo w ou tfl ow To ta l C ap ac ity A cr efe et A S R ca pa ci ty fo r 30 % in j lo ss C on st ru ct io n C os ts O & M C os ts (p er y r)
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Major Storage Components 29 Data sources and other notes for Table 2-1 Many values in the table are based on simulation output, which are reported to more significant figures than can be verified. These values provide only general comparisons of the magnitudes of flows and storage capacity, as no quantitative estimates of uncertainty are available.
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30 Re-Engineering Water Storage in the Everglades: Risks and Opportunities FIGURE 2-5. Drainage basin of Lake Okeechobee.
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Major Storage Components 31 Although Lake Okeechobee no longer provides the hydrologic services to the Everglades that it provided in its natural state, it still provides substantial water storage under current operating conditions. The lake's surface elevation and associated area and volume vary considerably both intra-annually and inter-annually in response to wet and dry climatic conditions, but at a normal high-water stage of 15 feet (4.6 m)
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32 Re-Engineering Water Storage in the Everglades: Risks and Opportunities FIGURE 2-6. "Water Supply/Environmental" (WSE)
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Major Storage Components 33 TABLE 2-2 Stage-Volume and Stage-Area Relations for Lake Okeechobee Stage (ft.) Volume (acre-feet)
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34 Re-Engineering Water Storage in the Everglades: Risks and Opportunities modifications that were ultimately incorporated in the Restoration Plan are intended to further reduce stage fluctuations that may have detrimental effects on the littoral zone habitat, water supply for surrounding communities and agriculture, and levee integrity. Thus, these modified rules will likely reduce the available storage in the lake in any year compared to the current operating rules.
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Major Storage Components 35 TABLE 2-3 Summary of Lake Okeechobee Water Quality Characteristics, 1994-2003* Characteristic Units† n‡ Mean Median Range Std.
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36 Re-Engineering Water Storage in the Everglades: Risks and Opportunities loads -- that is, some of the phosphorus recycled from the sediments will be lost from the lake in surface outflows each year, and over time the sediments will become a less important contributor to maintenance of high algal abundance in the lake. Implications of the above discussion on use of Lake Okeechobee for additional water storage are fairly clear, at least in the short term.
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Major Storage Components 37 FIGURE 2-7. Location of water conservation areas.
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38 Re-Engineering Water Storage in the Everglades: Risks and Opportunities To restore more natural water levels and flows within the WCAs, a set of Restoration Plan projects is planned to decompartmentalize the WCAs by removing a number of barriers to sheetflow such as portions of the Miami Canal, which would be backfilled for several miles, and the Tamiami Trail, which will be elevated by installing a set of bridges; and removal of the levee L-29. These activities are described in the Project Management Plan for the WCA-3 Decompartmentalization and Sheetflow Enhancement Project Part 1 (http://www.evergladesplan.
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Major Storage Components 39 cially phosphorus, from the EAA (and to a smaller extent from eutrophic Lake Okeechobee) , on plant communities (both emergent macrophytes and periphyton)
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40 Re-Engineering Water Storage in the Everglades: Risks and Opportunities FIGURE 2-8. Location of conventional storage reservoirs.
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Major Storage Components 41 an above-ground reservoir and a 2,500-acre stormwater treatment area (STA) for a total storage capacity of approximately 200,000 acre-feet.
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42 Re-Engineering Water Storage in the Everglades: Risks and Opportunities EAA and Vicinity An above-ground reservoir system is planned for construction in the Talisman Land acquisition of the Everglades Agricultural Area (EAA) , on land that is currently under sugar cane cultivation.
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Major Storage Components 43 (2000) showed that enhanced mercury methylation occurs in mesocosms containing Everglades soils subjected to repeated wet-dry cycles.
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44 Re-Engineering Water Storage in the Everglades: Risks and Opportunities restoration objectives." The panel did express concerns that the PIR did not present evidence as to what "thresholds of restoration measures" will support a more natural regime of algal blooms. That is, what specific changes in freshwater residence time, and what levels of reduction of nutrient loading, will significantly influence patterns of phytoplankton production in the estuary?
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M aj o r S to ra g e C o m p o n en ts 4 5 FI G U R E 2 -9 .
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46 Re-Engineering Water Storage in the Everglades: Risks and Opportunities FIGURE 2-10. Approximate location of ASR wells.
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Major Storage Components 47 A disadvantage of ASR, relative to surface storage, is that it is a highly engineered storage technology, with significant long-term energy requirements for injecting and recovering water from the subsurface. In addition, well and pump maintenance for a distributed system of hundreds of wells is necessary.
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48 Re-Engineering Water Storage in the Everglades: Risks and Opportunities If the water can be recovered efficiently and if it is of suitable quality, the release of the stored water to the ecosystem during dry years would help to maintain critical water levels and flows in the southern Everglades. Use of ASR as an alternative to storage in Lake Okeechobee or the Water Conservation Areas would reduce environmental damages associated with extreme water level fluctuations in the existing storage features.
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Major Storage Components 49 In-Ground Reservoirs Two in-ground reservoirs constructed in former quarries are planned for the Lake Belt area of Miami-Dade County. A third smaller, shallower in-ground reservoir also is planned for western Palm Beach County near the L-8 canal.
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50 Re-Engineering Water Storage in the Everglades: Risks and Opportunities FIGURE 2-11. Approximate location of Lake Belt storage.
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Major Storage Components 51 maintenance and repair costs to consider as well. Operational costs in terms of pumping and distribution should be similar to those of other surface reservoirs.
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52 Re-Engineering Water Storage in the Everglades: Risks and Opportunities FIGURE 2-12. Map showing the location of the proposed Central and North Lake Belt Storage Areas, L31N Seepage Management, and the West Miami-Dade Wastewater Reuse Facility.
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Major Storage Components 53 The major ion composition of the lakes also could be an issue. Constructed in a limestone stratum, the lakes will have hard water (high in calcium, magnesium and bicarbonate alkalinity)
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54 Re-Engineering Water Storage in the Everglades: Risks and Opportunities runoff in the C-11 diversion canal. Higher-quality seepage from the WCAs and marshes will be collected and returned to the Water Conservation Areas via features associated with the C-11 Impoundment project or stored in either the C-9 or C-11 Impoundment.
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Major Storage Components 55 struction cost of about $58 million. Even though the SFWMD owns the levees themselves, total land requirements for the Everglades National Park and WCA 3A/3B projects are 3,900 acres and 5,887 acres, respectively, corresponding to estimated real-estate costs of $95 million and $168 million (Tables 9-1 and 9-2, USACE and SFWMD, 1999)
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56 Re-Engineering Water Storage in the Everglades: Risks and Opportunities directed south toward C-102 and 73,000 ac-ft/yr directed north to C-100 (USACE and SFWMD, 1999, p.
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Major Storage Components 57 (i.e., >50 percent by 2020) will not likely be achieved through incremental improvements in existing technologies, but will require novel technologies.
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58 Re-Engineering Water Storage in the Everglades: Risks and Opportunities TABLE 2-4 Comparison of Water Quality Criteria for South Miami-Dade WWTP Variable Raw Wastewater 1999-2004 SMDWWTPa Effluent Reuseb Class IIIc Biscayne Bay OFW Total Suspended Solids, mg/L 110 9.06 5 3.5 Biological Oxygen Demand 5, mg/L 110 5 5 12 Total Nitrogen, mg/L 40 18.4 3 0.27 Total Phosphorus, mg/L 1.09 1 0.005 Fecal Coliform, no./100 mL 55,385 2.2 2.2 2.2 a South Miami-Dade Waste Water Treatment Plant b State of Florida standards for reuse of reclaimed water and land application (Chapter 62-610, FAC) : meet at a minimum secondary treatment and the requirements for public access irrigation with a TSS concentration of 5.0 mg/L or less, and high level of disinfection.
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Major Storage Components 59 TABLE 2-5 Comparison of Selected Storage Components in Terms of Sequencing, Water Quality and Technology Characteristics STORAGE COMPONENT Construction Complete Water Quality Impacts Proven Technology? Passive/Active Operation Lake Okeechobee YES Intermediate Water Conservation Areas YES Relatively passive Conventional Surface Reservoirs YES Intermediate North Storage Reservoir (Kissimmee)
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60 Re-Engineering Water Storage in the Everglades: Risks and Opportunities construct. A similar normalization of operation and maintenance costs, illustrated in Figure 214, indicates that waste-water reuse incurs the highest annual costs, followed by ASRs.
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Major Storage Components 61 O&M cost per average annual acre-foot outflow 0 100 200 300 400 Conventional Surface Reservoirs ASRs Lake Belt Reservoirs Seepage Management Water Reuse FIGURE 2-14. Operation and maintenance costs in 1999 dollars normalized by average annual acre-foot of outflow.
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