Controlling Hydrocarbon Emissions from Tank Vessel Loading (1987) / Chapter Skim
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5 Cost Effectiveness
5 Cost Effectiveness
Pages 108-133
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From page 108... ...
THE COST OF CONTROL Capital Cost Estimates The committee commissioned an independent study by United Technical Design (UTD, 1987) to estimate the capital investments in vessels and terminals necessary to meet the standards now under consideration.
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From page 109... ...
Vessel characteristics are: 800 ft long by 125 ft wide by 55 ft high; draft, 42 ft; 15 cargo tanks with a single gauging and alarm system; boiler flue gas providing inert gas at 5-7 percent oxygen content; normal loading rate 35,000 bbl/hour; 2 pressure/ vacuum (PV) valves on the inert gas (IG)
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From page 110... ...
The estimated capital cost of these retrofits is $831,000 (Table Ocean Barge (19.000 dwt) _ ft wide by 30 ft high; draft, 24 ft; i z cargo tanks with gauging or alarms; no IG system; cargo similar to case 2; up to 15,000 bbl/hour; individual PV valve on each tank, loading manifold midship; diesel-driven pumps aft, with no electric generator.
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From page 111... ...
Total job cost estimate Rounded-off Case 4 364,000 140,000 161,000 665,000 66,500 66,500 33,250 831,250 831,000 Inland River Bangs Vessel characteristics are: 265 ft long by 54 ft wide by 12 ft high; draft, 9 ft; 10 cargo tanks with no automatic gauging or alarms; no IG system; cargo similar to case 2; loading rate 4,000 bbl/hour; individual PV valves at each tank set at 1 psi; loading manifold aft; diesel driven cargo pump aft, with no electric generator. Design assumptions are: 5-4)
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From page 112... ...
21,300 21,300 266,250 266,000 dock; loadings handled by one person at waterfront and one at tank farm. Design assumptions are: · Installation of four complete hydrocarbon vapor transfer lines and associated incinerator feed headers.
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From page 113... ...
The estimated capital cost of making these retrofits is $2.57 million (Table 5-6~. Case 7 Product Terminal Serving Ships and Barges Terminal characteristics are: one pier for loading two ships of up to 55,000 dwt and two docks for loading four inland barges at each dock; each of two tankship loading stations can provide 25,000 bbl/hour, each of eight barge loading stations can load 4,000 bbl/hour; closest available space for
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From page 114... ...
Total job cost estimate Rounded-off Cost ($) 659,000 271,300 49,800 980,100 98,000 98,000 49,000 1,225,100 1,225,000 incinerator is 1 mile from docks; 220-volt AC electricity and natural gas service available 100 yd from space; all gasoline tanks have floating roofs; terminal operated by one person at each dock or pier and two at the tank farm.
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From page 115... ...
First, the study limited its evaluation of operating costs to basic utilities such as natural gas and electricity, and ascribed all operating costs to the terminals. Second, it omitted from consideration the operating and maintenance costs of cooling water systems for the inert gas scrubbers in cases 5 and 7; in fact, these cooling systems can account for substantial proportions of operating and maintenance costs at marine terminals.
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From page 116... ...
Contingency allowance (assume 5 300,000 percent of subtotal) Total job cost estimate Rounded-off 7,502,160 7,502,000 TABLE 5-8 Estimated Annual Operating and Maintenance Costs for the Seven Case Studies Case 1.
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From page 117... ...
report and engineering cost estimates obtained from barge operators, the Booz-Allen study estimated capital costs for retrofitting a variety of inland tank barges, from small vessels in "clean" service (carrying gasoline, middle distillates, or other light products) to large ones engaged in "dirty" service (crude oil, residual fuel oil, and similar cargoes)
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From page 118... ...
As described in the Marine Board's sample vapor control system Dirty Service ~ 15 Years Old Dirty Service > 15 Years Old Clean Service 15 Years Old Clean Service > 15 Years Old FIGURE 5-1 Installed capital costs for vapor control system on an inland barge. Source: Booz-Allen & Hamilton (1987~.
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From page 119... ...
The volumes and types of traffic at marine terminals vary widely, for example, so that a low-volume terminal will experience higher costs than a higher-volume terminal, all other things being equal. The layout of the terminal and vapor control facilities can affect costs substantially by determining the distances that vapor and inert gas must be piped.
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From page 120... ...
The large gasoline terminal selected for study is actually small compared with the loading rate of 82,000 bbl/hour and, by extension, the annual throughput of 430 million bbl/year (assuming a 60 percent utilization) of the hypothetical product terminal serving both ships and barges used in the UTD report (United Technical Design, Inc., 1987~.
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From page 123... ...
Companies were surveyed to ascertain annual loading throughputs of crude oil and gasoline, maximum pumping rates, and other operational information. An important element in selecting specific sites to study involved the companies' willingness and availability to participate.
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From page 124... ...
NA Manning, direct operators Tank farm 2 9 Dock 3 1/dock Tankermen ? 1/dock Cost of Control at Terminals Fixed capital costs at terminals for the study were based entirely on the UTD study (United Technical Design, Inc., 1987)
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From page 125... ...
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From page 128... ...
Retrofitting costs were estimated by the UTD study (United Technical Design, Inc., 1987~. To estimate the vessel retrofit costs associated with vapor control at each terminal, it is necessary to determine a mix of vessels sufficient to serve the terminal, considered as a dedicated fleet.
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From page 129... ...
Cost of control is calculated to be $5,206 per metric ton of VOC emissions reduced at the small terminal. Fixed capital costs for the larger terminal are likewise predicted to be $8,086,000.
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From page 130... ...
Vessel Type 25 40-50 5,000 130-150 10,000 20,000 400-600 25,000 1,000 Inland river barge 19 kdwt ocean barge 35 kdwt product carrier 70 kdwt crude carrier control unit use increases. For marine terminals, control unit use is directly proportional to product throughput because displaced vapors are a function of product loaded.
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From page 131... ...
The emission factors used for the 70 kdwt oil carrier, 35 kdwt product carrier, 19 kdwt ocean barge, and inland river barge are 0.61, 1.8, 1.8, and 3.4 pounds per 1,000 gallons loaded, respectively. These factors are the same as those used to estimate nationwide marine vessel emissions in Chapter 1.
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From page 132... ...
Terminal Only Terminal Plus Vessel Retrofit 20 40 TERMINAL THROUGHPUT (millions bbl/yr) 60 -crude oil terminal for ships.
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From page 133... ...
Terminal Plus Vessel Retrofit Terminal Only 20 24 28 Cost-effectiveness -- product terminal serving ships and barges. Source: United Technical Design, Inc.
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