Controlling Hydrocarbon Emissions from Tank Vessel Loading (1987) / Chapter Skim
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1 Introduction
1 Introduction
Pages 7-32
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From page 7... ...
In contrast, the Los Angeles/Long Beach and Philadelphia marine VOC emission levels are very low in comparison to total VOC emission levels. Marine emission levels in Houston were higher than Los Angeles/Long Beach and Philadelphia, but prevailing wind conditions indicate that the marine VOC emission sources were not contributing to nonattainment levels.
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From page 8... ...
Controlling vapor emissions from gasoline and crude oil loading would require extending this practice broadly. Processing flammable vapors could present an added hazard at barge and tankship terminals, and would entail substantial investments by the tank vessel and terminal industries.
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The Coast Guard, except to a limited degree, has no specific regulations in place to address the safety of vapor control devices on board tank vessels, although it does approve and inspect vapor recovery equipment under its general regulatory and inspection authority. The Coast Guard has general authority to review and approve the safety aspects of shoreside facilities at terminals.
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From page 11... ...
The displaced gases contain the VOC vapors of the cargo being loaded and vapors from the previous cargo, if the tank was not purged of gas or "gas-freed" since the last time it was loaded. A cargo tank that has undergone crude oil washing (see Chapter 2)
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From page 12... ...
and given in the agency's AP-42 publication. Table 1-2 lists additional emission factors from Scott Environmental Technology, Inc.
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From page 13... ...
The gas piping of inert gas systems can be used as a vapor header, through which cargo vapors could be piped to vapor recovery or disposal units. It can also be used in transferring vapors from tank to tank during ballasting, thus limiting emissions (see Chapter 21.
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Under present regulations, ships take water into empty cargo tanks. Before the ship reloads, the ballast water is discharged either into shore reception facilities or as clean ballast after a load on top (LOT)
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. COW is the cleaning of cargo tanks with high-pressure jets of crude oil while the ship is discharging.
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Coast Guard data.
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LL o m z 200 100 100 cn LL CO 75 LIJ o C[: LIJ m z 50 25 o 100 J LL O) 75 cn LL o ~: LIJ m z 50 25 O SBT or COW SBT or SBT ~COW at or SBT or 15 yrs COW COW SBT or CBT at 15yrs .~.~..~ SBTor CBT Crude Oil SBT or SBT or SBT Under t5 yrs old Over 15 yrs old 20-40 40-70 Over70 20-40 40-70 Over70 Over20 MDWT MDWT MDWr MDWT MDWT MDWT MDWT Existing New, from 1980-1982 New, after 1982 Product SBT or CBT at 1 5 yrs SBT or SBT o' CBT CBT SBT or CBT _ ~ ~ ~; ~,, t ~ Under 15 yrs old 20-40 40-70 Over70 20-40 40-70 Over70 Over 30 MDWT MDWT MDWT MDWr MDWr MDWT MDWT Existing New, from 1980-1982 New, after 1982 SBT or other at 15 yrs S2BhT or Oil/Product ~; ........
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From page 18... ...
Most lightering is done from more than 30 miles offshore, so that emissions from these operations are well dispersed before reaching land. About 20 million tons of cargo, mainly crude oil, were lightered nearer to shore in 1985.
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government data obtained from the Maritime Administra In total, tank vessel loadings of crude oil and gasoline are declining, as pipelines exploit their cost advantages and as oil consumption has remained stable. Figure 1-6 illustrates this trend.
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From page 20... ...
tions forbid vessels with segregated or clean ballast tanks to ballast into uncleaned cargo tanks, except in emergencies. They also require vessels with crude oil washing systems to provide a method to prevent VOC emissions during ballasting of cargo tanks.
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Source: Appendix D The estimates in Table 1-6 show that more than 95 percent of all VOC emissions from vessels are from crude oil and gasoline.
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Exports of gasoline and crude oil are less than 1 percent of the total loadings for domestic movement of these cargoes. FOCUS FOR ASSESSMENT The foregoing estimates show that 95 percent of the VOCs emitted from marine cargo handling are associated with loading crude oil and gasoline at marine terminals.
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29 TABLE 1-9 Domestic 1985 Crude Oil Movements by State with 1985 Ozone Nonattainment Status of Loading Ports Handling More Than 100,000 Short Tons Percentage of Loadings State Nonattainment Attainment Total Short Tons Areasa Areas (thousands) Alabama 9372, 489 Alaska 100101,237 California 594112,795 Delaware 1008,155 Florida 100 659 Illinois 100 809 Louisiana 326821,845 New Jersey 100 197 New York 100 961 Ohio 100 743 Puerto Rico 100483 Texas 49517,048 Virgin Islands 100283 Total 157,704 aLoadings in nonattainment areas are about 23.5 percent of total.
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From page 30... ...
30 TABLE 1-10 Domestic 1985 Gasoline Movements by State with 1985 Ozone Nonattainment Status of Loading Ports Handling More Than 100,000 Short Tons Percentage of Loadings State Nonattainment Attainment Total Short Tons Areas Areas (thousands) Arkansas 100304 California9192,082 Connecticut100 40 Delaware100 1,315 Hawaii 100196 Illinois68321,421 Indiana55451,109 Louisiana9379,297 Massachusetts100 318 Minnesota 100785 Mississippi 1002,784 Missouri100 13 New Jersey100 1,557 New York99123,117 Ohio100 624 Oregon100 489 Pennsylvania29712,458 Puerto Rico 100614 Tennessee100 317 Texas100 17,175 Virginia 1001,268 Virgin Islands 1001,336 Washington59S4,881 Total 73,989 aLoadings in nonattainment areas are 78.8 percent of total.
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From page 31... ...
California Michigan Long Beach8,957 Detroit82 Los Angeles69 Saginaw186 Suisun Bay33,608 Total268 San Francisco41 San Pablo6,315 New Jersey Carquinez48,796 Camden150 Strait Total150 Oakland255 Total98,091 New York Albany45 Florida New York23,521 Port Everglades1,394 Total23,566 Palm Beach225 Miami227 Pennsylvania Total1,846 Philadelphia173 Total173 Louisiana New Orleans7,321 Puerto Rico Lake Charles254 San Juan10,298 Total7,575 Total10,298 Maryland Texas Baltimore1,220 Texas City462 Total1,220 Houston137,124 Corpus Christi70,362 Massachusetts Port Arthur17,682 Boston8,998 Freeport14,650 Total8,998 Total240,280 aNational total for gasoline exports is 392,455 tons Source: U.S. Army Corps of Engineers data for 1985 .
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From page 32... ...
TABLE 1-12 Ports Loading More Than 1 Million Tons of Crude Oil and Gasoline Annually, 1985 1985 Ozone Loadings Attainment (thousands of Port Statusa tons) Alabama Mobile N 2,318 Alaska Valdez A 99,625 Kenai A 1,177 Delaware Lower Delaware Bay A 8,155 California San Francisco N 3,949 Carquinez Strait N 1,300 Morro Bay A 4,270 Santa Barbara Channel Islands N 2,048 Suisun Bay N 1,100 Illinois Madison County N 1,777 Louisiana Baton Rouge Cameron Parish Destrehan Lake Charles New Orleans Ostrica Plaquemine Parish Red and Atchafalaya Rivers A Terrebonne Parish Vermillion Parish N A N N N A A A A Mississippi Pascagoula A New York Upper Bay N New York N New York and New Jersey Channels N 3,158 2,926 1,964 2,952 1,383 3,130 2,006 1,194 2,011 1,312 2,784 2,276 13,434 7,949 Pennsylvania Marcus Hook A 1,747 Texas Beaumont N N N N N Corpus Christi Houston Channel Houston Texas City Port Isabel and vicinity A Virgin Islands Chris tians ted A 2,900 7,428 3,206 2,137 2,870 3,125 1,620 aN = area in nonattainment for ozone; A - area in attainment.
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